XXII. MEZINÁRODNÍ KOLOKVIUM O REGIONÁLNÍCH
VĚDÁCH. SBORNÍK PŘÍSPĚVKŮ
22nd
INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON REGIONAL
SCIENCES.CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Place: Velké Bílovice (Czech Republic)
June 12-16, 2019
Publisher: Masarykova univerzita (Masaryk University Press), Brno
Edited by:
Viktorie KLÍMOVÁ
Vladimír ŽÍTEK
(Masarykova univerzita / Masaryk University, Czech Republic)
Vzor citace / Citation example:
AUTOR, A. Název článku. In Klímová, V., Žítek, V. (eds.) XXII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních
vědách. Sborník příspěvků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2019. s. 1–5. ISBN 978-80-210-9268-6.
DOI.
AUTHOR, A. Title of paper. In Klímová, V., Žítek, V. (eds.) 22nd
International Colloquium on Regional
Sciences. Conference Proceedings. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-80-
210-9268-6. DOI.
Publikace neprošla jazykovou úpravou. / Publication is not a subject of language check.
Za správnost obsahu a originalitu výzkumu zodpovídají autoři. / Authors are fully responsible for the content and
originality of the articles.
© 2019 Masarykova univerzita
ISBN 978-80-210-9268-6 (online : pdf)
 
 
 
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DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-9268-2019-30
COMPARISON OF ROAD FREIGHT CHARGING IN
VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF
SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Komparace zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy v zemích
Visegradské skupiny v kontextu udržitelného regionálního rozvoje
TOMÁŠ KUČERA
NIKOLA VITEKOVÁ
Katedra technologie a řízení dopravy
Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera
Univerzita Pardubice
Department of Transport Technology and Control
Faculty of Transport Engineering
University of Pardubice
 Studentská 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
E-mail: tomas.kucera@upce.cz, nikola.vitekova@student.upce.cz
Annotation
Road transport plays an important role in the social and economic development of the state and regions. On the
other hand, road transport is a source of emissions, noise and vibration and causes health and safety risks to
humans. Road freight charging is being introduced for reasons of road freight transport restrictions. The article
aims to make a comparison of the road freight charging in the Visegrad Group countries in the context of
sustainable regional development. The article uses a comparison method, which belongs to the category of logical
scientific methods. The websites of road transport charging operators are the source of the data in the individual
countries of the Visegrad Group countries. The results of the comparison of road freight charging in the Visegrad
Group countries are given for each country, with particular emphasis on the legal framework, toll rates and toll
payment method in the specific country.
Key words
road freight transport, Visegrad Group countries, road freight charging, sustainable regional development
Anotace
Silniční doprava hraje důležitou roli v sociálním a ekonomickém rozvoji státu a regionů. Na druhé straně je silniční
doprava ve vztahu k životnímu prostředí zdrojem emisí, hluku a vibrací a způsobuje zdravotní a bezpečnostní rizika
pro člověka. Zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy je zaváděno z důvodů omezení silniční nákladní dopravy.
Článek si klade za cíl provést komparaci zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy v zemích Visegradské skupiny
v kontextu udržitelného regionálního rozvoje. V článku je využita metoda komparace, která se řadí do kategorie
logických vědeckých metod. Zdrojem dat jsou webové stránky provozovatelů zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy
v jednotlivých zemích Visegradské skupiny. Výsledky komparace zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy v zemích
Visegradské skupiny jsou uvedeny za každou zemi zvlášť s důrazem na právní rámec, sazby mýtného a způsob
platby mýtného v dané zemi.
Klíčová slova
silniční nákladní doprava, Visegradská skupina, zpoplatnění silniční nákladní dopravy, udržitelný regionální
rozvoj
JEL classification: R48, R42, M21
1. Introduction
Transport has an important role in human evolution (Kučera, 2017). Road transport is one of the most widely used
modes of transport. Road freight transport is largely irreplaceable because it is used by the entire industry. Road
transport plays an important role in the social and economic development of the state and regions. However, on
the other hand, in relation to the environment, it is the source of emissions, noise and vibration and causes health
XXII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Sborník příspěvků Velké Bílovice 12.–14. 6. 2019
 
241
and safety risks. The negative effects of transport on the environment are conditioned by the increasing transport
requirements of the company in connection with the globalization process, which is also reflected in the demands
on regional transport infrastructure. Continuous problems are in the development of transport infrastructure and
the issue of financial charging of the infrastructure at regional level (Nidziy, 2017). The share of taxes and charges
is different on the total cost of carriers. Their proportionality varies from country to country. The different types
of taxes and charges relate to the different production factors of road transport operators. Some of them are related
to traffic routes, used road infrastructure and others are related to vehicle operation or vehicle crew (Konecny,
Semanova, Gnap, Stopka, 2018). The total and marginal costs of road use, excluding congestion and other external
costs, usually take into account two sets of factors (Martin, Thoresen, 2015) such as impact on road haulage
operators in terms of operating costs and impact of heavy vehicles on road infrastructure.
There are several studies on the economic consequences of road freight charging, be it in terms of fuel, or some
form of differentiated road charging (Lo, Hickman, 1997; Barker, Kohler, 2000). Road charging is considered
as an instrument to deal with the externalities of traffic congestion (Vandyck, Rutherford, 2018; Cavallaro,
Giaretta, Nocera, 2018; Chang, Tseng, Hsieh, Hsu, Lu, 2018). The importance of sustainable regional development
is widely accepted and discussed at present time (Hou, Liu, Zhang, 2019; Khan, Sandano, Pratt, Farid, 2018;
Li, Tang, Han, Bethel, 2018). Litman (2008) states that the concept of sustainable regional development is based
on three pillars, economic, environmental and social. Road freight charging is being introduced for reasons of road
freight transport restrictions and their impact on sustainable regional development. Charges may be time or power.
The article deals with the comparison of road freight charging in the Visegrad Group countries. This group includes
countries such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. These neighbors in one block have a similar
historical and cultural past and economic structure (Kijek, 2017; Palečková, 2017; Lengyel, Kotosz, 2018;
Ivanova, Masarova, 2018; Ulbrych, 2018; Uryszek, 2018). The paper is also based on the results and findings
obtained from expert studies of charging, fees and costs in road transport (Konecny, Gnap, 2017).
2. Aim, methods and data
The article aims to make a comparison of road freight charging in the Visegrad Group countries in the context
of sustainable regional development. The article will use the comparison method, which can be integrated into
the logical category. Hall (2013) mentions that before any judgment on a solved scientific problem is made,
scientists try to determine what is the same as the objects already known and how they differ from them. Marder
(2011) argues that comparison can be described as a process of identifying the signs of consensus and dissimilarity
of an object under investigation and confronting it with other objects. The method of comparison is of great
importance in clarifying the processes of change, development, dynamics of the examined relationship, revealing
the tendencies and patterns of its development. For the effective use of the comparison method, the rules are used
to compare only one-to-one phenomena. The websites of road transport charging operators are the source
of the data in the individual countries of the Visegrad Group countries.
3. Results and discussion
The toll is a charge that is levied on the use of different types of roads, tunnels or bridges. Each of the Visegrad
Group countries shows the results and discussion separately with the impact on region.
3.1 Toll in the Czech Republic
The use of motorways and selected I. class roads by vehicles with a tonnage of more than 3.5 tons is subject to
toll payment, as shown in Figure 1. These vehicles are not obliged to have a time coupon but use an electronic toll
system. Vehicles using this system shall be equipped with an electronic device communicating with
the toll system (IODA, 2016).
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Fig. 1: Toll road sections in the Czech Republic
Source: Myto CZ (2019)
Legal Framework
Road haulage operators and their drivers must abide by the rules that determine the legal framework and
the practical implementation of performance charging in the Czech Republic.
Obligations are stipulated by act no. 13/1997, as amended by acts no. 80/2006, no. 347/2009 and no. 196/2012, its
implementation is regulated by implementing regulations such as Government regulation no. 484/2006.,
amendment 272/2007., 26/2010., 415/2010, 243/2011, 354/2011 and 352/2012; Decree of the Ministry
of Transport of the Czech Republic no. 470/2012.
Toll rates in the Czech Republic
As it is a performance charge (the cost of using the transport infrastructure depends on the realized transport
performance – the number of kilometers traveled by the vehicle), this is very important in the toll rate charge list,
which is shown in Table 1.
Tab. 1: Toll rates in the Czech Republic
Source: Authors based on Myto CZ (2019)
Toll payment method
There are two ways to pay tolls. The first method is based on pre-pay, or second, on post-pay. 
 
3.2 Tolls in Slovakia
Tolls must be paid not only on motorways and expressways, but also on many I. class roads that are subject
to the most advanced satellite technology, see Figure 2. This technology works on the principle of GPS navigation,
i.e. recording the position of a road vehicle through a navigation device. Every car must be equipped with this
device. This is the so-called on-board unit.
Emission class EURO 0 – II EURO III – IV EURO V EURO VI
Toll
Rate
(CZK)
Axles  2  3   4+  2  3  4+  2   3  4+  2  3  4+ 
Motorways
(Friday 15–20 h)
4.24 8.10 11.76 3.58 6.87 9.94 2.33 4.46 6.46 2.12 4.05 5.88
Motorways
(other time)
3.34 5.70 8.24 2.82 4.81 6.97 1.83 3.13 4.52 1.67 2.85 4.12
I. class roads
(Friday 15–20 h)
2.00 3.92 5.60 1.69 3.31 4.74 1.10 2.15 3.07 1.00 1.96 2.80
I. class roads
(other time)
1.58 2.74 3.92 1.33 2.31 3.31 0.87 1.50 2.15 0.79 1.37 1.96
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Fig. 2: Toll road sections in Slovakia
Source: Myto (2019)
Technology for toll system utilization
The Slovak electronic toll system uses newly introduced on-board units that integrate three technologies such
as GPS satellite technology for positioning (secures the collection of data on the use of demarcated road sections);
GSM/GPRS technology for communication within mobile networks (used for data transmission between the onboard
unit and other information subsystems within the electronic toll system) and DSRC microwave technology
for short distance communication (used to control toll payers as part of the toll collection process).
Legal framework
The basic legislative regulation is act no. 474/2013 on the collection of tolls for the use of certain road sections
and amending certain laws in full.
Also included are the following decrees and regulations such as Decree of the Ministry of Transport
and Construction of the Slovak Republic no. 475/2013, laying down sections of motorways, expressways, I. class
roads, II. class roads and III. class roads toll collection classes; Government order no. 497/2013, which lays down
the method of calculating tolls, the amount of toll rates and the system of toll discounts for the use of specified
road sections; Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic no. 476/2013,
of implementing certain provisions of the act on toll collection for the use of specified roads and on amendments
to certain acts.
Toll rates in Slovakia
Toll rates are adjusted annually, always on 1 January, these rates are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The rate is also
granted for the categories of vehicles such as vehicles with a maximum permissible gross vehicle weight of 3.5 tons
to 12 tons depending on the EURO vehicle emission class and irrespective of the number of axles intended for the
carriage of more than nine persons including and for vehicles not intended for the carriage of passengers; vehicles
with a maximum permissible gross vehicle weight of 12 tons or more depending on the EURO emission class
of the vehicle and irrespective of the number of axles intended for the carriage of passengers; vehicles with
a maximum permissible gross vehicle weight of 12 tons or more depending on the EURO vehicle emission class
and the number of axles not intended for passenger transport.
The type of road also determines the toll rate:
 Defined sections of motorways and expressways.
 Defined sections of I. class roads parallel to motorways and expressways.
 Defined sections of I. class roads that are not parallel to motorways and expressways, defined sections of other
I. class roads.
Tab. 2: Toll rates for the use of motorways and expressways; restricted I. class roads and roads that are
parallel to motorways and expressways
Vehicle categories
Emission class
EURO 0 – II EURO III, IV EURO V, VI, EEV
Road freight
vehicle
3.5 tons – to 12 tons 0.108 € 0.098 € 0.085 €
12 tons and
more
2 axles 0.231 € 0.209 € 0.181 €
3 axles 0.244 € 0.220 € 0.190 €
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4 axles 0.253 € 0.228 € 0.198 €
5 axles 0.244 € 0.220 € 0.190 €
Source: Authors based on Myto (2019)
Tab. 3: Toll rates for the use of restricted I. class roads and roads that are not parallel to motorways and
expressways
Vehicle categories
Emission class
EURO 0 – II EURO III, IV EURO V, VI, EEV
Road freight
vehicle
3.5 t – to 12 t 0.085 € 0.076 € 0.066 €
12 tons and
more
2 axles 0.181 € 0.164 € 0.140 €
3 axles 0.190 € 0.172 € 0.147 €
4 axles 0.195 € 0.176 € 0.150 €
5 axles 0.190 € 0.172 € 0.147 €
Source: Authors based on Myto (2019)
Method of payment
Prepaid toll payments can be made in cash, by bankcard or by fuel card at a contact or distribution point. Only
on the fuel card, the publisher must be approved by the toll collector. The minimum amount of prepaid toll in cash
is EUR 50 including VAT and the minimum balance can be EUR 12 including VAT. In the post-toll posting mode
(on invoice), a bank transfer, fuel card issuer or contact points can be used to pay.
3.3 Toll in Poland
For road haulage operators over 3.5 tons, they are obliged to use the viaTOLL electronic toll system. Every road
freight vehicle must have an electronic device in the vehicle for this system. The toll is automatically deducted
from this device from the prepaid credit. Operation is also possible via a mobile application. Figure 3 shows toll
road sections in Poland.
Fig. 3: Toll road sections in Poland
Source: Viatoll (2019)
Toll rates in Poland
The viatoll system is mandatory for all vehicles with a maximum permissible gross vehicle weight of over 3.5 tons
and buses, regardless of their maximum permissible gross vehicle weight. All viatoll revenues go to the Polish
state road fund account and are intended for further investment in the Polish road network and for upgrading
existing road infrastructure. The electronic toll rates are shown in Tables 4 and 5.
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Tab. 4: Electronic toll rates for class A and S national roads or their toll collection sections
Vehicle category The vehicle classes in EURO depending on the exhaust emission limits
Max. EURO II EURO III EURO IV Min. EURO V
1 2 3 4 5
3.5 tons – to 12 tons 0.40 PLN 0.35 PLN 0.28 PLN 0.20 PLN
12 tons and more 0.53 PLN 0.46 PLN 0.37 PLN 0.27 PLN
Source: Viatoll (2019)
Tab. 5: Electronic toll rates for GP and G class roads or their toll collection sections
Vehicle category The vehicle classes in EURO depending on the exhaust emission limits
Max. EURO II EURO III EURO IV Min. EURO V
1 2 3 4 5
3.5 tons – to 12 tons 0.32 PLN 0.28 PLN 0.22 PLN 0.16 PLN
12 tons and more 0.42 PLN 0.37 PLN 0.29 PLN 0.21 PLN
Source: Viatoll (2019)
Technology and method of payment
The viatoll system is based on short-range wireless communication technology. This system consists of several
elements and its operation is best imagined as follows:
There are tollgates above the toll roads, which are equipped with antennas. Antennas allow communication
between the system and the viabox in the vehicle. Each time a vehicle with a viabox passes under a tollgate,
the driver is charged a passage for a particular section of the toll road. The driver receives one signal from
the viabox. The process of reimbursement is fully automatic without the need to slow down or even stop
the vehicle.
The viatoll system is also running on toll sections of state motorways and vehicles that are equipped with a viabox
electronic unit can use the designated electronic toll stripes.
3.4 Tolls in Hungary
The use of motorways and expressways by road freight vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of more than 3.5 tons
is subject to tolls, as shown in Figure 4. The toll covers a total of 6 513 km of marked area (Hu-Go, 2019).
Fig. 4: Toll road sections in Hungary
Source: Hu-Go (2019)
Toll rates in Hungary
The amount of paid tolls proportional to the distance covered depends on the type of road used, the category of road
freight vehicle and its classification according to the emission standard, see Table 6.
Road freight vehicle breakdown category:
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 Category J2: Road freight vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of over 3.5 tons with 2 axles.
 Category J3: Road freight vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of over 3.5 tons with 3 axles.
 Category J4 Road freight vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of over 3.5 tons with 4 or more axles.
Tab. 6: Toll rates in Hungary
Vehicle categories J2 J3 J4
Road type Motorway Main route Motorway Main route Motorway Main route
A (≥ EURO V) 47.12 HUF 20.04 HUF 66.11 HUF 34.71 HUF 102.34 HUF 63.84 HUF
B (EURO II – IV) 55.44 HUF 23.58 HUF 77.78 HUF 40.83 HUF 120.40 HUF 75.10 HUF
C (≤ EURO I) 63.76 HUF 27.12 HUF 89.45 HUF 46.95 HUF 144.48 HUF 90.12 HUF
Source: Authors based on Hu-Go (2019)
In this system, road haulage operators can subscribe to the toll obligation through the on-board instrument or by
using a pre-purchased ticket.
Road haulage operators who often use toll sections in Hungary often use the use of on-board equipment or the use
of intermediary services. It is a comfortable solution based on fleet tracking. Users can subscribe to their prepaid
debit and then charge them for the use of toll roads.
Road haulage operators have to purchase a section ticket before using a charging road section (maximum 30 days
before use). The ticket purchased in advance is valid for two days, the validity of the purchased ticket just before
the use of the toll road section is until the end of the following calendar day, in any case in both cases for single
use only. The advantage of this system is that road haulage operators have the possibility to pre-plan their route
in the HU-GO interface available on the Internet or in established points of sale. To do this, road haulage operators
need to enter the starting and ending points (up to four waypoints) and the most important vehicle-related data
(license plate, nationality mark, number of axles, maximum permissible weight.
4. Conclusion
Transport is one of the key factors in the development of every modern society, and is not an end in itself but
a means of economic development and a prerequisite for achieving social and regional cohesion. Road freight
transport is the most used mode of transport in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, but in other
countries too. It is characterized by speed, availability and relatively low costs compared to other modes
of transport. The total cost of running international road haulage operators is heavily influenced by the operative
cost of vehicles and by the use of road infrastructure. The article aimed to make a comparison of the road freight
charging in the Visegrad Group countries in the context of sustainable regional development. The comparison
shows that there is very often a similar effort to charge the most important roads in selected Visegrad Group
countries.There are differences such as legal framework, toll rates and toll payment method, but on the other hand,
there is an attempt to charge road freight transport for environmental protection and regional impact.
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The work was created in connection with the scientific research project of the University of Pardubice
no. SGS_2019_010. The authors are grateful for their support.