1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 World Events 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 Reigns of Key Rulers Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 ending with the Peace of Westphalia Franco– Dutch War 1672– War of the Austrian Seven Years’ War 1756– American War of Independence 1775–1783 ✦ Absolutism in Denmark, 1661 Anglo–Dutch Wars, 1652–1684 ✦ Petition of Right, England, 1628 Civil Wars England 1642– 1648 ✦ Great Britain created by union of England and Scotland, 1707 ✦ Jacobite Rebellion, Great Britain, 1715 Frederick William (“the Great Elector”) creates state of Brandenburg–Prussia, 1640–1688 ✦ Holy Roman Empire dissolved, 1806 ✦ English Navigation Act, 1651 French Revolu- tion 1789– 1795 French and Indian Wars ✦ British East India Co. founded, 1600 Huguenot Wars, France, 1562–1598 Dutch Wars of Independence (Eighty Years’ War), 1568–1648 ending with the Peace of Prague ✦ Union of Utrecht, Netherlands, 1579 ✦ Independence of United Provinces proclaimed, Netherlands, 1581 ✦ Constitution of United Provinces, Netherlands, 1584 ✦ Dutch East India Co. founded, 1602 ✦ Dutch West India Co. founded, 1621  ✦ St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, France, 1572 ✦ Virginia becomes England’s first colony, 1584 ✦ Edict of Nantes, France, 1598 ✦ Boston Tea Party, America, 1773 ✦ Execution of Charles I, England, 1649 ✦ Habeas Corpus Act, England, 1679 ✦ Glorious Revolution, England, 1688 ✦ Declaration of Rights, England, 1689 ✦ Permanent Diet of the German Empire, Regensburg, 1663 ✦ Fall of the Bastille, 1789 ✦ Louis XVI executed, 1793 ✦ Reign of Terror, 1793–1794 ✦ New Constitution, 1795 Napoleonic Wars 1799–1815 ✦ Declaration of Rights of Man, France, 1789 ✦ Napoleon becomes first consul, 1798 ✦ Battle of Waterloo, 1815 ✦ Treaty of Paris, 1815 ✦ Declaration of Independence drafted, United States, 1776 ✦ Constitution ratified, United States, 1788 ✦ Bill of Rights, United States, 1789–1791 House of Hanover, Great Britain, 1714–1901 War of the League of Augsburg 1688– 1697 ending with the Treaty of ✦ Revocation of Edict of Nantes, France, 1685 Free Constitution, Sweden, 1719–1772 Nathaniel Culverwell, 1618– Samuel Pufendorf, 1632–1694 Emmerich de Vattel, 1714–1767 David Fordyce, 1711–1751 Richard Cumberland, 1632–1718 George Turnbull, 1698–1748 Pierre Bayle, 1647–1706 Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, 1681–1741 Francis Hutcheson, 1694–1746 Christian Thomasius, 1655–1728 Gershom Carmichael, 1672–1729 Henry Home, Lord Kames, 1696–1782 Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, 1694–1748 John Millar, 1735–1801 James Mackintosh, 1765–1832 Jean Louis De Lolme, 1740–1806 Francisco Suárez, 1548–1617 Hugo Grotius, 1583–1645 Algernon Sidney, 1622–1683 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1778 Immanuel Kant, 1724–1804 Edmund Burke, 1729–1797 David Hume, 1711–1776 Benjamin Franklin, 1706–1790 Adam Smith, 1723–1790 Thomas Paine, 1737–1809 Friedrich Schiller, 1759–1805 Denis Diderot, 1713–1784 Thomas Reid, 1710–1796 Edward Gibbon, 1737–1794 Joseph Priestley, 1733–1804 John Calvin, 1509–1564 Francis Bacon, 1561–1626 Martin Luther, 1483–1546 Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679 Galileo Galilei, 1564–1642 George Berkeley, 1685–1753 Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 1689–1755 G. W. Leibniz, 1646–1716 Isaac Newton, 1642–1727 Bernard Mandeville, 1670–1733 J. W. Goethe, 1749–1832 G. W. F. Hegel, 1770–1831 Jeremy Bentham, 1748–1832 Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1826 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 1694–1778 René Descartes, 1596–1650 ✦ Jacobite Rebellion, Great Britain, 1745–1746 frederick william i King of Prussia, 1713–1740 frederick ii (“the great”) King of Prussia, 1740–1786 catherine ii (“the great”) Russia, 1762–1796 louis xv France, 1715–1774 Cardinal Richelieu first minister France, 1624–1642 Cardinal Mazarin first minister France, 1642–1661 louis xvi France, 1774–1793 charles i England and Scotland 1625–1649 Commonwealth and the Cromwells’ Protectorate England 1649–1660 charles ii England and Scotland acceded 1649, restored 1660–1685 james As James VII of Scotland, 1685–1688 As James II of England, 1685–1688 anne Great Britain 1702–1714 george i Great Britain 1714–1727 george ii Great Britain 1727–1760 elizabeth 1 England 1558–1603 james As James VI, Scotland, 1567–1603   As James I, England, 1603–1625 louis xiii France, 1610–1643 henry iv France, 1589–1610 peter i (“the great”) Russia, 1689–1725 louis xiv France, 1643–1715 william and mary, England and Scotland 1689–1702 george iii Great Britain 1760–1820 napoleon i Emperor of France 1804–1815 John Milton, 1608–1674 War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714 ending with the Peace of Utrecht Baruch Spinoza, 1632–1677 Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper), 1671–1713 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 John Locke, 1632–1704 ✦ Absolutism in Sweden, 1680 Napoleon Bonaparte Classics Series Timeline uu Natural Law and Enlightenment Other Historical Figures Authors of the Natural Law Series Copyright © 2004 Liberty Fund, Inc.; 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300; Indianapolis, Indiana 46250 For more information about Liberty Fund books or to order titles in the Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics Series visit our online catalog at www.libertyfund.org. s e r i e s e d i t o r k n u d h a a k o n s s e n