Pharmacognosy lab exercise 8 Leaves, herbs Belladonnae folium CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae(Deadly Nightshade) •Belladonnae folii exctractum siccum normatum CzPh 2017 •Belladonnae folii tinctura normata CzPh 2017 •Belladonnae pulvis normatus CzPh 2017 Image of Illustration of Atropa belladonna Image:Atropa belladonna 220605.jpg ATROPA BELLA-DONNA 4ES Belladonnae folium CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: oval leaves, sharpened, integerrimum, on the face brown-green, reversed side grey-green, infrequently and smoothly hairy, numerous grey dots, narcotic odour, sharp bitter taste § §Content compounds: tropane alkaloids (L-hyoscyamine – racemization to atropine), coumarins § §Usage: isolation of alkaloids: neurotropic parasympatolytic, spasmolytic, antiasthmatic beladona2 Image:L-Hyoscyamin.svg L-hyoscyamine Belladonnae folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: upper epidermis with covering trichomes (polycellular, spiky) and glandular trichomes with uni-cellular pod and uni- or poly-cellular head, sand cells, stomata of Brasiccaceae type w folbelbunky piskovebb kr beladona1 Belladonnae folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w w glandular trichome w w covering trichome w w w w w w w sand cells w Hyoscyami folium §Mother plant: Hyoscyamus niger, Solanaceae (Black Henbane ) Hyoscyamus niger - blín černý Hyoscyami folium §Macroscopy: long leaf, matt grey-green, both sides hairy, distinct central vein with higher number of trichomes, narcotic odour, sharp bitter-sweet taste § §Content compounds: tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine) § §Usage: isolation of alkaloids: parasympatolytic hyoscyami1 atropine Hyoscyami folium §Microscopy: stomata of Brasiccaceae type, covering trichomes poly-cellular, glandular trichomes with poly-cellular pod and uni- or poly-cellular head, crystals of calcium oxalate in leaf mesophyl w kr Calcium oxalate crystals covering trichomes hyosc Hyoscyami folium §Microscopy: w w w glandular trichome w w covering trichome w w crystals w w Mucilage cells can be in the epidermis too. Stramonii folium CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Datura stramonium, Solanaceae (Thorn Apple, Devil´s Weed) §Stramonii folii pulvis normatus CzPh 2017 § Datura_stramonium_10 Stramonii folium CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: fragile leaf, thin, almost bald, stalked, strogly lobular, serrated, on the face richly green, on the reversed side brighter, weak narcotic odour, taste sharp bitter § §Content compounds: tropane alkaloids (up to 0.25%), higher scopolamine content § §Usage: isolation of alkaloids (sedative effect of scopolamine), production of semisynthetic derivatives stramoni2 http://www.polypompholyx.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/scopolamine.png scopolamine Stramonii folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: stomata of Brasiccaceae type, covering trichomes 2 - 5 cellular with grainy cuticle, shortly stalked glandular trichomes with poly-cellular head, aggregates of calcium oxalate in leaf mesophyl, multi-edged cells of epidermis w Stramonii folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: w w w covering trichome glandular trichomes druses of calcium oxalate stoma vein Melissae folium CzPh 2017 Melissae herba CzPh 2017National part wMother plant: Melissa officinalis, Lamiaceae Lemon Balm §Melissae folii extractum siccum CzPh 2017 melissa-officinalis-1 ZITRONE2 Melissae folium CzPh 2017 Melissae herba CzPh 2017National part §Macroscopy: 4-edged stem, opposite w leaves stalked broadly oval, serrate margins, w on the face richly green, wrinkled, softly hairy, w reversed side of leaves brighter, almost bald, w white flowers in pseudo-verticiles, pleasant w citrus odour, pleasant aromatic taste § § §Content compounds: essential oil – monoterpenes (citronellal, citral, nerole, geraniol, linalool), sesquiterpens (caryophylen); rosmarinic acid, tannins, flavonoids § §Usage: sedative, nervinum; carminative, spasmolytic; antibacterial and antiviral effect herba Drying at low temperature, store for short time – essential oils are volatile Perfumery, cosmetics, food industry – food conservation Essential oils irritate the kidney parenchyma and respiratory tract epitel – they increase production of urine and mucus – expectorant effect. Tea from lemon balm for calming Melissae folium CzPh 2017 Melissae herba CzPh 2017National part §Microscopy: •surface - stomata (Caryophylaceae type), •covering and glandular trichomes, •glandules of Lamiaceae type • • glandule • • covering trichome • • • glandular trichome § w žlázky melisa herbamelisa3 Melissae folium CzPh 2017 Melissae herba CzPh 2017National part §Microscopy: stem – transversal section – covering and glandular trichomes, epidermis, reinforcing collenchyma, cortex parenchyma, thickened phloem fibers, collateral vascular bundle with sclerenchymatic sheath § w w epidermis with trichomes collenchyma phloem fibers kambium medullar parenchyma xylem Mucilage cells can be in the epidermis too. Menthae piperitae folium CzPh 2017 Menthae piperitae herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Mentha x piperita, Lamiaceae (Peppermint) §Menthae piperitae folii extractum siccum CzPh 2017 §Menthae piperitae etheroleum CzPh 2017 Image of Illustration of Mentha X piperita https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Field_of_Mentha_x_piperita_02.jpg/360px-F ield_of_Mentha_x_piperita_02.jpg Menthae piperitae folium CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: 4-edged green-brown stems, opposite leaves stalked, oval, sharply serrated margins, slightly hairy, purple vains on the reversed side, purple flowers in pseudo-verticiles creating spikes, menthol odour, taste spicy hot taste, later cooling § menherb Menthae piperitae folium CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: essential oil - monoterpens (menthol, menthone), menthofurane, felandrene, piperidone; tannins, flavonoids § § § § § § § §Usage: stomachic, carminative, antiseptic, spasmolytic, choleretic; taste and smell corigens in tea mixtures; pure menthol: derivans, antiseptic, local anaesthetic https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHzjo4w4xkZg6p-nDI7BEg4oO_rVKPCyMxf1DNdlr6A-W ilm9W menthol Image result for menthone menthone mata Menthae piperitae folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: surface – lobular cells, stomata (Caryophylaceae type), on the reversed side covering and glandular trichomes, glandules of Lamiaceae type • • • • • glandule • • glandular trichome • • • covering trichome w w folmatazlazky1 Menthae piperitae folium CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: stem – transversal section: nippled cuticle with trichomes, epidermis, collenchymatic cells, narrow cortex, collateral vascular bundles, in wood parenchyma cells with crystals of calcium oxalate w herbmata epidermis collenchyma in hypodermis phloem medullar parenchyma xylem Thymi herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis Lamiaceae (Thyme) wThymi typo thymolo etheroleum CzPh 2017 § Thymi herba 2445432610_29eec03895 Thymi herba CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: 4-edged stems, hairy sessile short line-like leaves with underwinded margin, on the face green and bald, on the reversed side glandulary pointed, flowers white or purplish in verticiles, pleasant aromatic odour and taste § §Content compounds: essential oil – monoterpens (thymol, carvacrol); tannins, flavonoids § §Usage: expectorans, stomachic, antiseptic, astringent, antiphlogistic thymi1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Thymol_structure.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carvacrol_acsv.svg/464px-Carvacrol_acsv.sv g.png thymol carvacrol thimi Thymi herba CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: surface – wavy epidermal cells, nodular covering trichomes, glandular trichomes, glandules of Lamiaceae type § § § § § § § § § § § § § • covering trichome § § § § • glandule § w w herbthymi1 Mucilage cells can be in the epidermis too. Thymi herba CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: Stem – transversal section – epidermis with plate-shaped cells with nippled cuticle, trichomes, reinforcing collenchyma, collateral vascular bundle, vessels with libriform, medullar rays uni-linear, in medulla chain parenchyma • § w herbthymi2 epidermis with cuticle hypodermis with collenchyma medullar parenchyma veins with libriform MACROSCOPY Marrubii herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae (White Horehound or Common Horehound ) m_vulgare4 m_vulgare2 Marrubii herba CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: bitter substances (diterpenic lactone marrubiin), essential oils, tannins, saponins § §Usage: amare, choleretic, carminative; secretolytic expectorant, mild anti-inflammatory effect marrherb §Macroscopy: 4-edged white felt-like stems, opposite leaves, wrinkled, oval, on the margin serrated, on the face almost bald, on the reversed face hairy, small white flowers in pseudo-verticiles, apple odour, very bitter taste Millefolii herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Achillea millefolium,Asteraceae (Yarrow) Image result for achillea millefolium Millefolii herba CzPh 2017 §Content compounds: essential oil (sesquiterpens – proazulens), bitter substances, flavonoids, tannins, manganese salts § §Usage: amare, stomachic, spasmolytic, choleretic, expectorant, mild antiseptic, diuretic mile2 §Macroscopy: whole stems with flower head of yellow-white flowers, leaves narrow cutted, divided to segments, aromatic odour, bitter taste Origani herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Origanum vulgare, O. onites, Lamiaceae, (Oregano, Wild Marjoram) orig Origanum vulgare L. Origani herba CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: weakly edged reddish stems, opposite leaves, purple flowers in terminal erect spikes, pleasant aromatic odour, spicy bitter taste § §Content compounds: essential oil ( thymol, carvacrol); tannins, bitter substances § §Usage: stomachic - amare, expectorant, spasmolytic, carminative herba Polygoni avicularis herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Polygonum aviculare, Polygonaceae (Common Kntograss, Birdweed) Polygonum aviculare agg. 2717479343_22d56a4bed Polygoni avicularis herba CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: green stems, leaves almost sessile, elipsoid, integerrimum, small flowers in underarm of leaves, without odour, bitter astringent taste § §Content compounds: flavonoids, mucilage, higher amount of soluble silica acid, tannins, phenolic glycosides, vitamin C § §Usage: expectorant, diuretic, astringent, antiphlogistic, haemostyptic herba Salviae officinalis folium CzPh 2017 Salviae herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Salvia officinalis, Lamiaceae (Sage) §Salviae tinctura CzPh 2017 §Salviae sclareae etheroleum CzPh 2017 §Salviae trilobae folium CzPh 2017 §Salviae lavandulifoliae etheroleum CzPh 2017 § Salvia officinalis Salvia_officinalis_01_by_Line1 Salviae officinalis folium CzPh 2017 Salviae herba CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: w rounded grey felt-like stems, strong w leaves, stalked, green-grey, prolonged w oval, flowers in poor verticiles with w two-labiate corolla, aromatic odour, w bitter astringent taste § § §Content compounds: essential oil (monoterpens – thujon, cineole, camphora, pinen); bitter substances (pikrosalvine); tannins, saponins, flavonoids w §Usage: antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, antihydrotic; wexternally - astringent, dermatologic, antilactagogue salherb Serpylli herba CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Thymus serpyllum, Lamiaceae (Wild Thyme) serpylum serobrazek Serpylli herba CzPh 2017 §Macroscopy: rounded stems, oval, w integerrimum leaves, almost sessile w with mild underwinded margin, on the w reversed side glandulary pointed, w purple-black and white flowers in w pseudo-verticiles, aromatic odour, spicy w bitter taste § §Content compounds: essential oil (thymol, carvacrol), tannins, bitter compounds, flavonoids, minerals § §Usage: expectorans, bronchospasmolytic, stomachic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic serpherb Urticae herba Urticae folium CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Urtica dioica, Urticaceae (Stinkink Nettle) §Urticae radix CzPh 2017 Urtica urens - kopřiva žahavka Urticae herba §Content compounds: chlorophyll, flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpens, sterols, minerals, vitamins K and C § §Usage: metabolic, diuretic, antiseptic, antirheumatic; astringens, hemostyptic urtica §Macroscopy: stem direct 4-edged, stalked leaves, oval, spiked, coarse serrated, flowers in leaves underarms, greenish, drug smells like spinach, bitter and acrid taste Visci albi herba wMother plant: Viscum album, Santalaceae (Mistletoe ) 363 Viscum album viscum_album Visci albi herba §Macroscopy: rounded, furcated branched stems, slightly fragile, prolonged oval leaves with compact margin, tough, leatherlike, uni-seminal fruits, weak odour, bitter taste § §Content compounds: cardiotoxic proteins viscotoxins, lectins (=glycoproteins) amines, flavonoids, polysaccharides, lignans § §Usage: hypotonic, antisclerotic (flavonoids), cytotoxic (lectins) w Intradermally – treatment of degenerative inflammatory diseases of joints, treatment of cancer visci1 Výsledek obrázku pro viscotoxin