Pharmacognosy lab exercise 2 Amorphous drugs Natural fibers Natural antidiabetics Starches - Amyla §Macromolecules composed from glucose units, consist of water-soluble amylose and water-swelling amylopectine §Obtained from crushed plant material by washing with water and consequent chemical adjustment w w § § https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Remixer_University/Username%3A_Kasey.J.Clear.3@nd.edu/Organic_C hemistry/2%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.01%3A_Starch_and_Cellulose Polysaccharides. Starches contain also small amounts of lipids and proteins, 10-20% water. Amylose – linear chains of alpha (1-4) glycosidically bonded glc units. Has a structure of a helix (1 helix=6 glc). Amylose content in starch varies between 15-25%. Amylose in water changes to a colloid solution. Amylose reacts with Lugol reagent, it bonds iodine which creates blue color. Amylopectin - alpha (1-4) bonds, but for every 20-25 units there is also alpha (1-6) bonding, thus it creates a widely branching molecule. Amylopectin is not soluble in cold water, it only swells.However, in higher temp. It creates a colloid solution. Starches - Amyla §Used as additive compounds to manufacture powders, tablets, suppositories and unguents; dietetics; §Pharmacopoeial starches: w Solani amylum, w Oryzae amylum, w Tritici amylum, w Maydis amylum §Important starches: Marantae amylum w w w § § amyloplast1 Starches are also chemically modified to gain better qualities such as endurance against temperatures. These chemical modifications include partial hydrolysation, esterification and crosslinking. Partial hydrolysis of starches leads to dextrines, which should not be interchanged with dextran. Solani amylum CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Solanum tuberosum w Solanaceae (potato) w w §Macroscopy: very smooth white powder, squeaking when pressed, without taste and smell w §Usage: additive substance for dosage forms, food industry, chemistry, dietetics Obrázok, na ktorom je vnútri Automaticky generovaný popis Solani amylum is gained from the pulverized tubers by repeated washing with water. Also used for glucose preparation, productionof dextrines and glues. Solani amylum CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: big grains egg or pear shaped with eccentric hilum, eccentric embedded, size 30-100 mm amylolast amysol Solanum Oryzae amylum CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Oryza sativa, w Poaceae (rice) w §Macroscopy: very smooth white powder, squeaking when pressed w without taste and smell w §Usage: adjuvant in pharmacy, talcum powders w § § IS located in the endosperm of grains. Starch is isolatd from waste that is generated in the process of sorting and polishing of the grains. First the waste is let to swell and is alkalized to disrupt the protein layer surrounding the starch grains. Isolation is then done by washing with water Oryzae amylum CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: multi-angular grains without concentric stratification, with vague central disruption, diameter 2-5 mm, usually aggregated into egg-shaped formations w w § § amyor Picture 005 Tritici amylum CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Triticum aestivum w Poaceae (wheat) w §Macroscopy: very soft smooth white powder, squeaking between fingers, without taste and odour w §Usage: adjuvants in pharmacy w § § triticum A dough is prepared from wheat flour, and from this dough starch is washed by water. Tritici amylum CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: big grains of lentiform shape, without stratification, size 10-45 mm; or small round grains, size 2-10 mm w § § amytri Picture 003 Maydis amylum CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Zea mays w Poaceae (corn) w w §Macroscopy: very smooth white to yellowish powder, squeaking when pressed, without taste and smell w §Usage: adjuvant in pharmacy w w § § zea Starch is located in the endosperm of grains. Maydis amylum CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: multi-angular cornered grains with diameter 2-23 mm, or rounded grains with size 25-32 mm, with distinct central two to five star shaped disruptions w § § amymay Picture 012 Marantae amylum §Mother plant: Maranta arundinacea w Marantaceae (arrowroot) w w §Macroscopy: very smooth soft white powder, squeaking when pressed, without taste and smell w §Usage: starch, dietetics w w § § Obrázok, na ktorom je keramický riad Automaticky generovaný popis Marantae amylum §Microscopy: starch grains egg-shaped, ellipsoid, pear-shaped, or spindle-like with a central disruptions with a shape of flying bird , concentric or eccentric, size 10 - 60 mm maranta amymar Lycopodium §Mother plant: Lycopodium clavatum w Lycopodiaceae w (common club moss) w §Macroscopy: smooth soft yellow powder floating on the water, adhesive, without taste and smell w §Usage: component of wound powders, w adjuvant for pills manufacturing, w special effects, fireworks § § w w § § lycopodium5 Lycopodium §Constituents: fatty oils, resin, malic acid, citric acid § §Microscopy: quadrilateral spores – three flat sides, one strongly concave, with a reticular surface structure and dentated margins, size 30 mm Lycopodium Fatty oils comprise acylglycerols from oleic and linolic acid. Terpene sporopolenin on the surface. Lycopodium §Attention do not confuse with pollen Lycopodium1 Eucaliptus-glob- Corylus Pinus-murray Obsah obrázku tkanina, boční, visící, různé Popis se vygeneroval automaticky. Faex medicinalis §Washed, devoid of bitter substances beer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae w Saccharomycetaceae w §Macroscopy: bright yellow powder of characteristic taste and odour § §Content compounds: polysaccharides, fats, proteins, NK, vitamins w §Usage: source of vitamin B, dietetic, tonic, roborant, dried yeast as filling agent for pills § Výsledek obrázku pro faex medicinalis By heating the yeast at 120 C for two hours we gain dried yeast – Faex siccata. Polysaccharides 6-17%, cell wall is composed of glycanes (1-3 and 1-6 bonds). Cell wall lacks cellulose, lignin and pectins. Cells contains yeast glycogen, mananes, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, enzymes and vitamins – mainly vitamin B group. Vit. B – to treat acne, eczema, neuritis Faex medicinalis §Microscopy: round to oval cells with diameter 8-10 mm, sometimes it is possible to see cell division, cytoplasm is granulated w § § faex Saccharomyces https://www.intechopen.com/books/modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences/sample-pr eparations-for-scanning-electron-microscopy-life-sciences Natural fibers §Fibers from seed (cotton wool) § § §Fibers from stem (tow - flix, hemp, jute) § § §Fibers from leaves (sisal) § § §Fibers from fruits (cocos) § w § Lana gosypii depurata CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: Gossypium spp. w Malvaceae w (cotton plant) w §Macroscopy: purified (pinned), defatted and bleached fibrous trichomes from seed w §Content compounds: pure cellulose § §Usage: high suction ability – dressing material w § § cotton-02 Obrázok, na ktorom je text, mapa Automaticky generovaný popis http://botanystudies.com/the-cell-wall-and-its-structure/cellulose-structure/ Conyains also small amount of water, fats and waxes. Length of fibers 5-25 mm. Lana gosypii depurata CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: unicellular trichomes covered with cuticula § § lana Picture 039 Cellulosum ligni CzPh 2017 §Mother plant: coniferous species e.g. Pinus w Pinaceae (pine) w §Macroscopy: very short fibers obtained from wood-pulp § §Content compounds: cellulose w §Usage: dressing material w w § § pinus Cellulose fibers are very short. Can contain up to 20% cellulose from deciduous trees. Examples of cellulose in CzPh 2009 §Cellulosi pulvis §Cellulosum microcrystallinum §Cellulosi acetas §Ethylcellulosum §Hydroxyethylcellulosum w w § § Cellulose acetate Ethyl cellulose Hydroxyethyl cellulose Microcrystalline cellulose is partially depolymerized cellulose, used as a bulking agent and emulsifier. Ethylcellulose – OH groups modified to ethyleter. Used as thin-film coating material, emulsifier. Cellulosum ligni CzPh 2017 §Microscopy: short fibers of cellulose with fascicular formations § § lana Picture 031 Other natural fibers §Flax fibers Linum ussitatissimum w Linaceae (flax, linseed) w §obtained from seed-removed, grassed or steeped stems of flax §Sclerenchyma fibres from wedge-shaped cells §markedly solid, heat-stable, weak acid resistant, rottenness resistant w §CzPh 2017 Fila non resorbilia sterilia w w w § § linum Stitching material Other natural fibers §Hemp fibers Cannabis sativa w Cannabaceae w §Sclerogenic stem fiber spindle-shaped, at the end sharpened § w §Usage: manufacturing of durable textiles (working cloths) w § § hemp picture.gif Other natural fibers §Jute fibre Corchorus capsularis w Malvaceae w §very solid phloemic fibers w §Usage: manufacturing of jute bags, sails, or carpets of durable textiles (working clothes) w § § Other natural fibers §Sisal Agave sisalana w Asparagaceae w §Sclerenchyma stem fiber spindle-shaped, at the end sharpened § §Usage: ropes, twines, cat scratching posts § §Fun fact: can be distilled to make a tequilla-like liquor § w w § § Other natural fibers §Coconut fibers, Coir w Cocos nucifera (coconut tree) w Arecaceae w §cavernous, very light fibers, resistant to sea water § §Usage: floormats, ropes, fishing nets w w § § Agar CzPh 2017 §Source: Dried mucilage obtained from red algae Gelidium spp., Gelidiaceae (class Rhodophycaeae) w §Macroscopy: transparent cca 30 cm long strips, or flakes or white powder, without odour, slimy taxture w §Content compounds: agarose, agaropectin § §Usage: mild laxative, dietetics, adjuvant w § § agar Gelidium Thallus is dried in the sun which also bleaches it. Agar is then extracted with boiling water. As the temperature drops down the extract changes to gel. The gel is then shaped into strips. Agaropectin contains beta-D-galactose units connected with (1-3) bonds and partially esterified with sulfuric acid at the 6th carbon. Agar speeds up the disintegration of tablets. Agar CzPh 2017 Agarose Agaropectin Agarose is the main compound, linaer polymer consists of beta-D-galactoses bonded with 3,6-anhydro-alfa-L-galactoses, bonds are (1-4). Disaccharides from these monoS are called agarobiose and neoagarobiose. Gelatina CzPh 2017, Gelatin §Denatured, partially hydrolyzed collagen from cartilages, bones and skin of cattle w w w w w w w §Macroscopy: flakes or powder of bright yellow colour, without odour and taste § §Content compounds: AMA: glycine, proline, alanine § §Usage: gelatine capsules, base of suppositories, resorbable sponges, substitute of blood plasma § gelatina Molecular mass 60 000 - 90 000. In natural collagen the AMA chains are formed as a levorotary spiral = helix, these helixes are then grouped by three and they form dextrorotary fibrils = superhelix Gelatina CzPh 2017, Gelatin Molecular mass 60 000 - 90 000. In natural collagen the AMA chains are formed as a levorotary spiral = helix, these helixes are then grouped by three and they form dextrorotary fibrils = superhelix A single collagen molecule, tropocollagen, is used to make up larger collagen aggregates, such as fibrils. It is approximately 300 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter, and it is made up of three polypeptide strands (called alpha peptides, see step 2), each of which has the conformation of a left-handed helix – this should not be confused with the right-handed alpha helix. These three left-handed helices are twisted together into a right-handed triple helix or "super helix", a cooperative quaternary structure stabilized by many hydrogen bonds. With type I collagen and possibly all fibrillar collagens, if not all collagens, each triple-helix associates into a right-handed super-super-coil referred to as the collagen microfibril. Cera flava CzPh 2017, Bee Wax §Beeswax made by bee workers (Apis mellifera syn. mellifica, Apidae) when building honeycombs w §Macroscopy: pieces of waxy yellowish mass, without taste and odor § §Content compounds: esters of higher fatty acids and higher aliphatic alcohols § §Usage: ointment base § § bee1 wax Cera alba CzPh 2017 Honeycombs are melted, the melted product is filtrated, purified by hot water or steam and bleachd chemically or in the sun to gain white wax Cera alba. Contains also free acids and alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, pigments and fragrant substances. YEllow wax is used for prepartion of white wax, ointment base, plasters, productionof waxed paper (Charta cerata), candles. White wax is used as oitment base, plasters, cosmetics, Charta cerata Adeps lanae CzPh 2017 §Obtained by isolation from sheep wool (Ovis aries, Bovidae) w §Macroscopy: substance of unguent consistence, very viscous, yellow to brown-yellow, weak characteristic odour § §Usage: emulgator w wA. lanae cum aqua (Lanolin) CzPh 2017(75:25) wA. lanae hydrogenatus CzPh 2017 (hydrogenation) § § sheep Picture 083 Waterless and purified fatty wax-like substance. Adeps lanae is able to bind 200-300% of water without loosing unguent consistence, therefore it is used as an ointment base for emulsion of water-oil type in cosmetics, in pharmacy as an ointment base for creams and ointments, these emulsion are very stable. By adding other stabilizing agents such as tocopherol it is possible to reduce the decomposition by light, oxygen or heat. Can be sterilized, so is used for eye ointments. Cetaceum (Spermaceti) §Purified solid portion of fatty-waxy mixture found in cranial cavities of Sperm whale (Physester macrocephalus, Physeteridae) w §Macroscopy: white substance, pearly glossy, on touch oily, weak characteristic odour and pale taste § §Usage: cosmetics, isolation of cetylalcohol w § § whale Picture 072 Contents: complex of esters of alcohols such as cetyl/, stearyl/, myricylalkohols and acids as palmitic, myristic,, lauric, stearic. Obsolete in pharmacy. Cera carnauba CzPh 2017 (Carnauba) §Mother plant: Copernicia cerifera, Arecaceae (Palmae) w §Macroscopy: bright brown or bright yellow powder or flakes of characteristic odour § §Content compounds: esters of fatty acids, higher alcohols § §Usage: cosmetics w § § copernicia carnauba carnauba1 Obtained mechanically from young leaves. Ointment base Guttapercha (gutta-percha) §Mother plant: different species of genus Palaquium, Sapotaceae w §Macroscopy: yellow-brown mass, soft in warm water, solid at room temperature w § § palquium Picture 078 Guttapercha (gutta-percha) §Content compounds: up to 75 % of polyterpenic hydrocarbon (gutta), resin, salts, nitrogen compounds § § §Usage: in stomatology as a dental cement, manufacturing of plasters, dressing material w § § Gummi elasticum (rubber, caoutchouc) §Mother plant: Mother plant: different species of Euphorbiaceae, genus Hevea § Hevea Hevea1 Gummi elasticum (rubber, caoutchouc) §Macroscopy: thin elastic slides or mass § §Content compounds: up to 60 % of water, emulsified rubber, proteins, saccharides § §Usage: rubber industry w § § Picture 099 Propolis §Propolis is obtained by bees during harvest of resinous substances from different deciduous and coniferous trees § §Macroscopy: resinous mass, green-brown to dark brown color, characteristic pleasant odor, bitter taste § §Content compounds: resins, waxes, volatiles, flavonoids, alcohols, aromatic aldehydes w §Usage: bactericidal, fungicidal, antivirotic, local anesthetic, stomatologic, antiphlogistic, dermatic w § § propolis bee1 Mel CzPh 2017 (honey) §Obtained by bees when processing and transformation of sweet juice (nectar) from different plants in the honey stomach w §Macroscopy: mass of soft consistance, colour, odour and taste depend on honey type § §Content compounds: glucose, fructose, saccharose, nitrogen compounds, vitamines, mineral compounds § §Usage: dietetic, energetic, local antiseptic effect w § § bee1 Natural antidiabetics §Stevia rebaudiana, Asteraceae § w § § Stevia Stevia1 Natural antidiabetics §Stevia rebaudiana, Asteraceae § §Content compounds: diterpenic glycoside stevioside, rebaudiosides A-E (20-120x higher sweeter than saccharose) w §Usage: sweetener (diet foods), additive to toothpaste (steviosid – destroys pathogenic bacterial of oral micro flora) w w § § Stevioside Rebaudioside A - Wikipedia Rebaudioside A Natural antidiabetics §Polymnia sonchifolia, Asteraceae (yacon) w §Content compounds: monosaccharides and disaccharides, inuline § §Usage: vegetables, juice from tubers as a sweetener w § § yacon_3 yacon_2 yacon_1 Inulin