Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
http://recetox.muni.cz
1
RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, CR
holoubek@recetox.muni.cz; http://recetox.muni.cz
Ivan Holoubek
CHEMIE ŽIVOTNÍHO PROSTŘEDÍ IV
Vybrané typy environmentálních polutantů
(04/05)
Persistentní organické polutanty (POPs)
Persistentní, bioakumulativní a toxické látky (PBTs)
Persistentní toxické látky PTS
Mezinárodní úmluvy
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Introduction to Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention – objectives, responsibilities of
signature country;
Stockholm Convention – considerations in the
implementation;
POPs Review Committee. National Implementation Plan
Global monitoring plan
Effectivenness evaluation
SC Guidelines
POPs in Turkey – country situation, POPs Inventory report;
National Implementation Plan of the SC
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Global Chemicals Policy Goals: from Stockholm
1972, Rio 1992 and Johannesburg 2002
Stockholm principle 13:
“States should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach
to their development planning so … that development is
compatible with the need to protect and improve
environment for the benefit of their population.”
Rio Agenda 21, Chapter 19:
Environmentally Sound Management Of Toxic Chemicals,
Including Prevention Of Illegal International Traffic In
Toxic And Dangerous Products
World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD 2002)
“By 2020 chemicals are to be used and produced in ways that
lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on
human health and the environment”
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Words to Actions: Treaties to Partnerships
SAICM:
Strategic Approach to
International Chemicals
Management
ILO
170,
174
Rotterdam
Convention:
Prior
informed
consent
Basel Convention:
Transboundary
Movements of
Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal
Chemical ‘life cycle’
Chemical
‘coverage’
Specific
Halogenated
Compounds
Other
chemicals
of concern
Trade Waste & disposalProduction Use
MercuryHeavy metals
Montreal Protocol: Ozone Depleting Substances
Stockholm Convention: Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Global agenda to prevent and control releases of
persistent toxic contaminants
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Chemicals covered by the three conventions
 Basel covers hazardous wastes that are explosive, flammable,
reactive, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, toxic or ecotoxic
 Rotterdam covers 43 pesticides and industrial chemicals that
have been banned or severely restricted for health or
environmental reasons
 Stockholm covers 14 pesticides, and 8 industrial chemicals
and by-products
Common Link
Most POPs are covered by all three Conventions
Many pesticides are subject to the three Conventions
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 Common objective
“To protect human health and the environment”
 Covers “cradle-to-grave” management
 Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous Wastes and their Dispo adopted in 1989
179 Parties
 Rotterdam Convention – international trade of certain
hazardous chemicals adopted in 1998
153 Parties
 Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants
adopted in 2001
179 Parties
The three chemicals conventions
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Scope and coverage of the three conventions
Regulating for chemicals/wastes use
(restrictions/bans)
X X X
Import/export controls X X X
Evaluation and hazard assessment X X
Waste management X X
Hazard/risk communication X X X
Replacement/alternatives X X
Environmental releases/emission
reporting
X
Technical assistance X X X
Financial assistance x x
Basel Convention
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What does the Convention aim at?
Protecting human health and the environment from
persistent organic pollutants
www.pops.int
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Stockholm Convention
Stockholm, Sweden, May 22-23, 2001
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POPs
International
impacts
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Scale of impacts
Scale of
impacts
Global
RegionalLocal
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It differentiates between three categories of POPs:
 Intentionally produced POPs that are slated for elimination;
 Intentionally produced POPs are to be reduced and
ultimately eliminated, except where there is a specified
“acceptable purpose,” such as disease vector control, or
exempted usage, in which case the production and/or use of
the substance is restricted; and
 POPs that are unintentionally produced as the result of
human activity and which are slated for continued
minimization and, where feasible, ultimate elimination of
total releases derived from anthropogenic sources.
The objective of SC
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Main groups:
 Technical chemicals
 Pesticides
 Industrial by-products O
OCl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CCl Cl
CCl3
H
 Wastes
 Obsolete POPs
 Contaminated sites
Persistent Organic Pollutants
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IP and UP POPs
 Intentionally produced (IP): Chlorinated pesticides, transformer/capacitor
oils (PCB), polybrominated flame retardants, …
 Unintentionally produced (UP): Dioxins/furans (byproducts in thermal
processes)
Elimination of stockpiles (IP) destruction
(conservation)
Elimination of byproducts (UP) prevention
and destruction
Decontamination (IP + UP) - remediation of soils,
sludges, water, sediments, …
Elimination of wastes (IP) destruction
(conservation)
CCl Cl
CCl3
H
O
OCl
Cl
Cl
Cl
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12 original POPs
Chemical Pesticides
Industrial
chemicals
Unintentional
production
Annex
Aldrin + A
Dieldrin + A
Endrin + A
Chlordane + A
DDT + B
Heptachlor + A
Mirex + A
Toxaphene + A
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) + A/ C
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
+ + A / C
Polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins
(PCDDs) and
+ C
polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
+ C
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10 new POPs (added May 2009, 2010)
Chemical Pesticides
Industrial
chemicals
Unintentional
production
Annex
Chlordecone
Lindane
Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
Endosulfan
+
+
+
+
+
A
A
A
A
A
Commercial
pentabromodiphenyl ether
Commercial
octabromodiphenyl ether
Hexabromobiphenyl
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,
its salts and perfluorooctane
sulfonyl fluoride
+
+
+
+
+
A
A
A
B
Pentachlorobenzene + + + A, C
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How does it work?
 Eliminate or restrict the production, use, import and export of
POPs
 Reduce releases from unintentional POP production
 Promote BAT/BEP to reduce POP emissions
 Eliminate POPs stockpiles and wastes
 Target additional new POPs for action
 Mechanism for financial and technical assistance
 Information exchange by Clearing House Mechanism
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Worldwide distribution of Parties
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What is the status of the Convention?
 adopted on 22 May 2001
 entered into force on 17 May 2004
 164 Parties to date (31 May 2009)
 6 COPs have already been convened
 COP-1, May 2005, Punta del Este, Uruguay
 COP-2, Geneva, May 2006
 COP-3, Dakar, Senegal, May 2007
 COP-4 Geneva , Switwzerland, May 2009
 COP-5, Geneva, Switzerland, April 2011
 COP-6, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2013
 Was amended to add 9 new chemicals at COP 4 + 1 at COP 5
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How does the Convention do it?
 Elimination (POPs listed in annex A)
 Restriction (POPs listed in annex B)
 Continued reduction (POPs listed in annex C)
 Management of stockpiles and wastes
 Preparation of NIP
 Listing of new chemicals
 Promotion and research
 Technical assistance and Financial mechanism
 Exchange of information
 Reporting
 Effectiveness evaluation
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Benefit of SC for global chemical management
 Capacity building
 Research and development
 Access to funding
 Legislative framework
 Technological improvement
 Awareness raising
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For more information
chm.pops.int
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Some key articles
Article
number
Theme
3 Intentional production and use
4 Exemptions
5 Unintentional production
6 Wastes
7 Implementation Plans
8 Listing of chemicals
15 Reporting
16 Effectiveness evaluation
Stockholm Convention on POPs
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Tools
 Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of
Dioxin and Furan Releases: Air, Water, Land, Products,
Residues
 Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials
Containing PCBs
 Food contamination monitoring and assessment programme
 Brief Guide to analytical methods for measuring lead in
paint
 Brief guide to analytical methods for measuring lead in
blood
 Guidance for Estimating Exposure to Mercury to Identify
Populations at risk
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Implementation plans (art. 7)
 All Parties to prepare a NIP
 Provide an indication on how the Party will implement its
obligations under the Convention
 Identifies the priorities
 Identifies technical and financial needs for the Party in
implementing its obligations
 Process for development and implementation promotes
stakeholder engagement
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UNEP/POPS/COP.1/INF/13: “Interim guidance for developing national
implementation plans for the Stockholm Convention”
Country
Baseline
Inventories
National
Capacities
Priority
Setting
Action
Plans
Financial Mechanism
INTEGRATED
PROCESS
Capacity Building PROCESS
Country OWNERSHIP
SUSTAINABILITY
‘A LIVING
Document’
The NIP documents
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Commitment required
 Approval of inventories
 Establishing priorities (justification for donor support)
 Development of action plans & strategies
 Endorsement of the NIP
Inter-ministerial coordination !!!
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Types of change
 Changes in obligations arising
from amendments to the
Convention
 COP decisions that may affect
how a Party implements the
Convention (e.g. adoption of
guidance)
 Changes in availability of
financial and technical
assistance
 Changes in access to
infrastructure
External factors Internal factors
 Reporting under Article 15
 Change in national priorities
 Significant change in national
circumstances
 Inventories of POPs, after
improvement or updating,
indicating a change in the
scope of the problem
addressed
New chemicals added to the Convention:
9 new POPs in 2009
1 new POP in 2011 + 1 in 2014
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Listing of new POPs
Guidelines on updating of NIPs have been
developed
Guidance for the inventory
PBDEs listed under the
Stockholm Convention
Guidance for the inventory
of PFOS and related
chemicals
Guidance for socio-
economic
assessments
Guidance for
action plan costing
Guidance for
developing a NIP
UNIDO/UNITAR/SSCGEF funding
NIP updating Inventories
Guidance for the control
of the import of POPs
Guidance for strengthening the regulatory
framework to enable regular monitoring
products and articles that may contain
new POPs
Guidance for BAT
/BEP for production
& use of PFOS
Guidance on labelling of
products or articles that contain
new POPs or use new POPs
during manufacture
Action plan development
Guidance for BAT /BEP
for recycling & waste
disposal of articles
containing PBDEsRevised
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Elaborated process for reviewing and updating
NIPs
Identification of
the need to review
or update NIP
Initiate process to
review/ update
NIP
Coordinating
mechanism and
process
organization
Assessment of the
effects
of the external/
internal triggering
factors
Formulation of
revised/Updated
NIP
Endorsement
Transmission
Annex to decision SC-2/7
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Guidance for developing and updating a NIP
 Guidance for developing a National
Implementation Plan for the
Stockholm Convention
 Guidance for the review and
updating of NIPs (annex to decision
SC-1/12)
 Elaborated process of reviewing and
updating national implementation
plans (annex to decision SC-2/7).
Revised
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Resources for action plan development
Existing guidelines:
 BAT/BEP for Annex C chemicals
 Toolkit for quantification of dioxin
and furan releases
 Waste disposal of POPs (Basel
Convention)
 Guidance for action plan costing
New Guidance on:
 Regulatory framework for monitoring
of new POPs
 Control of import
 Labelling
 BAT/BEP production & use of PFOS
 BAT/BEP recycling & waste disposal
PBDEs
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What is an action plan?
 A “road map” for the implementation
of activities addressing an identified
priority issue
 Can also be referred as “project planning”
 AP has a clearly defined start and end
 AP development can be ongoing process
(accommodating changes as new information emerges)
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Outline of an action plan
 Objectives
 Background
 Actions
 Timelines
 Budget
 Coordination
 Monitoring, evaluation
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Annex A ELIMINATION
http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-A.En.pdf
Annex B RESTRICTION
http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-B.En.pdf
Annex C UNINTENTIONAL PRODUCTION
http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-C.En.pdf
Annex D INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS AND SCREENING
CRITERIA (POPs screening criteria)
Annex E INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RISK PROFILE
Annex F INFORMATION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
Annexes of the SC
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Annex A (Elimination)
Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative
measures necessary to eliminate its production and use of
chemicals
in Annex A subject to the provisions of that Annex
Annex B (Restriction)
Each Party shall restrict its production and use of chemicals in
Annex B in accordance with the provisions of that Annex
Annex C (Continuing minimization)
Each Party shall take measures to reduce the total releases derived
from anthropogenic sources of each of the chemicals listed in
Annex C, with the goal of their continuing minimization and,
where feasible, ultimate elimination
Annexes of the SC
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Elimination of POPs (Art. 3)
Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and
administrative measures necessary to eliminate its
production and use of chemicals in Annex A subject to the
provisions of that Annex.
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Elimination: Annex A
Annex A: Elimination of production and use of chemicals
 Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, Aldrin, Beta hexachlorocyclohexane,
Chlordane, Chordecone, Commercial octabromodiphenyl ether,
Commercial octabromodiphenyl ether, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor,
Hexabromobiphenyl, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Lindane, Mirex, PCBs,
Pentachlorobenzene, and Toxaphene
Specific exemptions: (Article 4: Register)
 Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, HCB, Lindane, Mirex
General exemptions:
 For unintentional trace contaminants: quantities in articles before entryinto-force
of the Convention and laboratory-scale research quantities
 For HCB: closed-system limited intermediate
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Elimination: Annex A Part II (PCBs)
1) Cease production of new PCBs immediately.
2) Eliminate use of in-place PCB equipment by 2025.
3) Achieve environmentally sound disposal of PCB wastes as
soon as possible and not later than 2028.
4) Report every five years on progress of PCB elimination to
the COP
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Restriction: Annex B
Each Party shall restrict its production and use of chemicals in
Annex B in accordance with the provisions of that Annex.
 Currently listed: DDT, PFOs
 Production and use of chemicals in Annex B is eliminated,
except for “acceptable purposes”
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For DDT
Parties shall:
 Eliminate production and use unless they have notified the
Secretariat of their intent to use it
If so, they must:
 Restrict such production/use to disease vector in accordance
with WHO recommendations
 Provide information on use to the Secretariat every three
years
COP shall:
 Encourage Parties using DDT to develop and implement an
action plan to ensure that DDT use is restricted to disease
vector control, and implementation of suitable alternatives
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Continued reduction: Article 5 Annex C
Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional
production
 Develop and implement an action plan to evaluate and
address releases
 Promote alternatives and BAT/BET for priority sources
of releases
 When applying BAT/BEP, Parties to consider
guidelines adopted by COP
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 Listed in Annex B (Restriction) with
Specific exemptions and Acceptable purposes
 Listed in: Annex A (Elimination)
 Production: Total ban - No exemption
 Use: Total ban - No exemption
 Listed in: Annex C (Unintentional production)
 Listed in: Annex A (Elimination)
 Production: Total ban - No exemption
 Use: Total ban of use in new products and articles
 Exemption for recycling of articles: May allow
recycling of articles that (may) contain the chemicals
Annexes of the SC - examples
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Article 8: Listing of new POPs
1. A Party
Submits a
proposal
containing
Annex D
information
Mid May of
Year 1
2. POPRC
Applies
screening
criteria in
Annex D
October
of Year 1
3. POPRC
Develops
risk profile
based on
Annex E
information
submitted
by Parties
October of
Year 2
4. POPRC
Develops
risk
management
evaluation
based on
Annex F
information
submitted by
Parties and
recommends
to COP
October of
Year 3
5. COP
Decides
whether to
list the
chemical
in Annex
A, B, or C
to the
Conventio
n
Year 4 or 5
Secretariat verifies POPRC decides
whether to
proceed
POPRC decides
whether to
proceed
Secretariat
communicates to
Parties
The depositary
communicates to
Parties
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How to submit a proposal
PARTY TO THE CONVENTION
Prepares dossier on
proposed chemical
Proposal:
ANNEX D information
SECRETARIAT
POPRC
Deadline:
5 months in advance
of the POPRC
meeting at which it is
to be discussed
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Annex D information requirements
1. Chemical identity
2. Persistence
3. Bio-accumulation
4. Potential for long-range environmental transport
5. Adverse effects
6. Statement of the reasons for concern and a short
statement indicating the need for global control
Secretariat checks proposal for
completeness, and if satisfied,
forwards the proposal to
POPRC
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Annex D screening criteria
1. Persistence
2. Bio-accumulation
3. Potential for long-range environmental transport
4. Adverse effects
POPRC applies screening criteria &
if satisfied, invites submission of
information in Annex E for drafting of
a risk profile
If proposal is set aside, a Party may resubmit it to
the POPRC for reconsideration;
If the POPRC again sets the proposal aside the
Party may challenge the decision and the COP shall
consider the matter.
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Annex D: INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS AND
SCREENING CRITERIA (POPs screening criteria)
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Annex D: INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS AND
SCREENING CRITERIA (POPs screening criteria)
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Annex E information requirements for the risk
profile
1. Sources
2. Hazards
3. Environmental fate
4. Monitoring data
5. Exposure in local areas
6. Status of chemical under international conventions
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Annex F information on socio-economic
considerations
1. Efficacy and efficiency
2. Alternatives
3. Environmental fate
4. Impacts on society of implementing possible control
measures
5. Waste disposal implications
6. Access to information and public education
7. Control and monitoring capacity
8. Control actions
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POPs listed in 2009 and 2011
Chemical Pesticides
Industrial
chemicals
Unintentional
production
Annex
Chlordecone
Lindane
Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
Endosulfan
+
+
+
+
+
By-product of lindane
By-product of lindane
A
A
A
A
A
Commercial pentabromodiphenyl
ether
Commercial octabromodiphenyl
ether
Hexabromobiphenyl
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its
salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl
fluoride
+
+
+
+
+
A
A
A
B
Pentachlorobenzene + + A, C
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Actually discussed new POPs
Chlrorinated naphthalenes
Hexachlorobutadiene
Pentachlorophenol
Decabromodiphenylether
Dicofol
PFOA (perfluorooctane acid)
Short chain chlorinated paraffines
ClyClx
x + y = 1~8
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
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Promotion and research
 Public information, awareness and education (Article 10)
Parties shall promote the provision of POPs information to
the public and decision makers, including training
programs, public participation in efforts to address POPs
 Research, development and monitoring (Article 11): Parties
shall encourage/undertake such activities pertaining to
POPs and their alternative, and identifying new POPs
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Technical Assistance and Financial resources
Technical assistance (Art. 12)
 Recognizes that rendering of timely and appropriate
technical assistance is essential for the implementation of
the Convention
 Calls for arrangements for the delivery of technical
assistance
 There are 8 Stockholm Convention Regional and
subregional centres for capacity-building and the transfer
of technology
Financial resources and mechanisms
 Article 13 establishes a financial mechanism
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Information exchange (Art. 9) & Clearing House
Mechanism
Parties shall:
 Facilitate/undertake exchange of POPs information
 Designate national Stockholm Convention Official Contact
Points and/or Focal Points
Clearing house mechanism:
 Secretariat to promote exchange of information between
Parties and stakeholders;
 Promotion of technical and scientific exchanges
 Direct linkage between Parties and Secretariat
 www.pops.int
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Reporting
Each Party reports on measures taken to implement the
Convention
 Second reports are due by 31st October 2010
 Then every 4 years thereafter, next deadline: October 31
2014
Information considered:
 Quantities of POPs listed in Annex A and B produced,
imported, exported, and where possible the States from
which POPs are exported
On line reporting is available in the Convention web page
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Global Monitoring Plan (GMP)
Provides a framework for the collection of comparable monitoring
data and information on the presence of the POPs listed in
annexes A, B and C of the Convention
Allows trends to be identified in levels over time as well as to
provide information on their regional and global
environmental transport
The GMP is being implemented in all 5 UN regions
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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Globální POPs monitoring - ovzduší
Ovzduší:
Pasivní vzorkování jako doplněk
aktivního velkoobjemového
vzorkování:
 Není potřeba čerpadlo a proud
 Malé a laciné
 Jednoduché
UNEP - Stockholm Convention on POPs
“Effectiveness Evaluation”
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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Česká národní monitorovací síť POPs ve volném ovzduší
metodou pasivního vzorkování (MONET-CZ)
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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Studium modelových zdrojů POPs a studium
lokálních vlivů
Spalovny odpadů
Spolana Neratovice DEZA Valašské Meziříčí
Cementárny
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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MONET-CZ =
Czech Republic
MONET-PIs =
Pacific islands -
Fiji
MONET-CEECs
= 20 CEE
countries + 2 CA
countries
MONET-Africa
= 17 African
countries
MONET-EUROPE – 55 sampling
sites round whole Europe
RECETOX Monitoring Network
MONET = MOnitoring NETwork
NADI
NAUSORI
LAUCALA
© RECETOX 2007
Global/national POPs monitoring - MONET
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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66
RECETOX/Národní POPs Centrum ČR –
MONET-CZ/REGION – Krajské studie
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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67
MONET-EUROPE – 2009-2011 – 55 odběrových
míst
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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launched Dec. 2004 at 50 sites!
GAPS
Global Atmospheric
Passive Sampling
Study
Updated : August 2006 (Tom)
Antarctica
Environment Canada - GAPS = Global Atmospheric
PAssive Sampling Study
T. Harner
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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69
2009 sampling sites
Bukasa Island,
UgandaMt. Kenya,
Kenya
IJRC-PTS,
China
MONET
(RECETOX,
Czech Rep.)
Spain
Global Passive Air Sampling Programs
= new GAPS sites added in 2009
MONET
(RECETOX,
Czech Rep.)
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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Malisch et al., Dioxin2010, San Antonio, TX
POPs v mateřském mléce, studie WHO, 2008-9 – HCB
[mg.kg-1 tuku]
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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POPs v mateřském mléce, studie WHO, 2008-9 – S 6 PCBs
[mg.kg-1 tuku]
Malisch et al., Dioxin2010, San Antonio, TX
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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72
Integrated POPs monitoring - Observatory Košetice
Superstation concept - Observatory Košetice, CR
$
$$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$$
NO99
Hazelrigg
Lancaster
Augsburg
DE9
DE1IS91
NO42
CZ3
FI96
SE97
SE2
air
precipitation
soil
vegetation
EMEP POPs Network
Comparison of existing
programmes (EMEP,
GAPS, MONET) and
approaches (active vs.
passive)
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
http://recetox.muni.cz
73
Global Monitoring Plan (GMP)
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
http://recetox.muni.cz
74
Effectiveness evaluation
Belgium Russian Fed. Fiji
New Zealand
Haiti
Brazil
0.17
47.3
0.85
8.5
1
190.1
40
2.44
10
1,464
0.75
80.8
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
2005-2006
2007-2008
2009-2010
2011-2012
2013-2014
Quantitiesof POPs exported for use
Exportforuse(t)
(Indicated in log scale. The number on the bars are the reported quantities in tonnes.)
0.1
Initial POPs POPs listed in 2009 and 2011
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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Effectiveness evaluation (art. 16)
Assess the progress of implementation of the Convention
through:
 Review and Analysis of National Reports
 Non-compliance reports
 Environmental monitoring
Contribution to overall environmental assessment (one of
UNEP’s Key mandate)
Data collection ongoing, first review was undertaken at COP4,
and provided baseline levels for future evaluations
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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76
Guidance for BAT/BEP
Guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance
on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and
Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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The United Nations Environment
Programme UNEP Standardized
Toolkit for Identification and
Quantification of Dioxin and
Furan Releases is designed to cover
all source categories and processes
that are listed in Annex C, Parts II
and III of the Stockholm
Convention.
The Toolkit can be used where there
are no measured data available and
provides default emission factors
for all source categories.
Dioxin Toolkit
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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78
Hazards associated with the recycling chain
Disassembly
Metallurgical
treatment
Size reduction
and separation
Removal of hazardous
components
Hg switches: Hg
Batteries: Cd, Pb, Hg
Gas discharge lamps:
Hg
CRTs: Pb, phosphors
Formation of dust
particles containing
plastics, metals,
ceramic and silica
Emission of metal
fumes, mixed
chlorinated and
brominated dioxins
and furans
(PXDD/Fs)
Hazards
Recycling chain
Shredding Smelting Incineration and
landfilling
Emission of metal
fumes, PXDD/Fs
Leaching of heavy
metals and BFRs
Final
treatment
Risks in the recycling and waste treatment process
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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79
http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap (for general information)
http://www.unece.org/env/wgs (for documents)
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution and its POPs Protocol
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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80
The coverage of the Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution (49 Parties)
Artic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Slovenia
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Finland
Armenia
Sweden
Georgia
Norway
Belarus
Czech Rep. Ukraine
Denmark
Moldova
Germany
Yugoslavia
Austria
Bulgaria
Liechtenstein
Turkey
Italy
Monaco
Cyprus
Switzerland
Malta
Netherlands
Greece
Belgium
F.Y.R.of
Macedonia
Luxembourg
Albania
France
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Spain
Croatia
Portugal
Ireland
United
Kingdom
Romania
Russian Federation
Iceland
Kara SeaBarents Sea
North Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea Caspian
Sea
Aral
Sea
Canada
of America
Kyrgyzst
an
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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81
The Protocols in force
Geneva
1984
EMEP
Protocol
40
Parties
Cost-sharing of monitoring and evaluation work
Helsinki
1985
Sulphur
Protocol
22
Parties
Flat-rate reduction (30%) of 1980 emissions by
1993
Sofia
1988
NOx
Protocol
28
Parties
Flat-rate, stabilization of 1987 emissions by 1994,
BAT requirements
Geneva
1991
VOC
Protocol
21
Parties
Flat-rate reduction (30%) by 1999, optional base
year, stabilization for low-emission areas, BAT
requirements
Oslo
1994
2nd
Sulphur
Protocol
25
Parties
Effects-based emission ceilings (acidification),
mandatory limit values for major sources
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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82
The new Protocols
Aarhus
1998
Heavy Metals
Protocol
36 Signatories,
17 ratifications
Stabilize emissions of
cadmium, lead and mercury;
limit values for major sources
Aarhus
1998
POPs Protocol 36 Signatories,
17 ratifications
Stabilize emissions of PAH,
dioxins/furans and HCB;
phase out selected pesticides,
limit values for major sources
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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83
Programme
Coordinating Centre
Programme
Centre
Coordination Centre
for Effects
Main Research
Centre
Programme
Centre
Programme
Centre
Implementation Committee
ICP
Forests
TF
ICP
Integrated Monitoring
TF
ICP
Mapping
TF
ICP
Materials
TF
ICP
Vegetation
TF
ICP
Waters
TF
TF
Health
Working Group on
Effects
TF
Emissions Inventories
and Projections
TF
Measurement
and Modelling
Chemical
Coordinating
Centre
Meteorological
Synthesizing
Centre-West
Meteorological
Synthesizing
Centre-East
TF
Integrated
Assessment Modelling
Centre
Integrated
Assessment Modelling
EMEP
Steering Body
Ad hoc
expert group
on ammonia
Ad hoc
expert group
on POPs
TF
By-products
HMs and POPs
Working Group on
Strategies and Review
Executive Body
Intergovernmental bodies, expert groups and scientific
centres under the Convention
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
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84
Integrated POPs monitoring - Observatory Košetice
Superstation concept - Observatory Košetice, CR
$
$$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$$
NO99
Hazelrigg
Lancaster
Augsburg
DE9
DE1IS91
NO42
CZ3
FI96
SE97
SE2
air
precipitation
soil
vegetation
EMEP POPs Network
Comparison of existing
programmes (EMEP,
GAPS, MONET) and
approaches (active vs.
passive)
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
http://recetox.muni.cz
85
 1992 – now
 Canada-US network
 Bi-national Steering Committee
 5 year implementation plan
 International peer-review every 5 years
 Atmospheric loadings and trends of toxic chemicals in air and
precipitation
 5 master stations
Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network
(IADN)