AEB_154 European Iron Age

Filozofická fakulta
podzim 2018
Rozsah
4/0/0. 3 kr. Ukončení: z.
Vyučující
prof John Collis (přednášející)
Mgr. Petra Goláňová, Ph.D. (pomocník)
doc. Mgr. Klára Šabatová, Ph.D. (pomocník)
Garance
prof. Mgr. Jiří Macháček, Ph.D.
Ústav archeologie a muzeologie – Filozofická fakulta
Kontaktní osoba: Jitka Šibíčková
Dodavatelské pracoviště: Ústav archeologie a muzeologie – Filozofická fakulta
Rozvrh
Po 18:00–19:40 T207, St 16:00–17:40 T207, Pá 12:00–13:40 T205
Předpoklady
- to understand spoken and written English
Omezení zápisu do předmětu
Předmět je nabízen i studentům mimo mateřské obory.
Mateřské obory/plány
předmět má 12 mateřských oborů, zobrazit
Cíle předmětu
- get detailed knowledge of Iron Age societies and our approaches to study them - provide expert guidance over a very wide range of theories
Výstupy z učení
- students will acquire the skills to select, summarise and evaluate key aspects of the field
Osnova
  • Defining the Celts.
  • This will start with a discussion of how the ancient peoples of the British Isles came to be considered to be Celts in the 16th century. From this initial suggestion, we will follow the impact this had in the identification of the Celts that developed using the ancient written sources, language, religion (Druids), craniology, art, and material culture (La Tène), and how these British ideas were finally transferred to the continent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • Locating the Celts.
  • Linked with the definitions of the Celts, attempts were made to identify the origin of the Celts, initially using biblical and classical sources (Paul-Yves Pezron) from the Tower of Babel to the Indo-Europeans (Henri Arbois de Jubainville), and how these became linked with the site of La Tène. More recent attempts to locate the origin of the Celts and the Celtic languages on the Atlantic coast are equally flawed, and are still based on the ‘culture historical paradigm’ which relates to the racist interpretations of the 1930s and the concept of ‘eugenics’.
  • Why is Celtic Art considered to be ‘Celtic’?
  • Celtic Art was another innovation by British scholars in the 19th century. We will look at the first appearance of the term in the mid-19th century, and how the definition was gradually changed to include more continental material, and it final acceptance by Joseph Déchelette. We will consider the work of Paul Jacobsthal in the 1940s, and how under in the writings of authors such as Pierre-Marie Duval and Vincent and Ruth Megaw the spread of the art style was taken to indicate the spread of the Celts from southern Germany and across Europe.
  • Celts, Ancient and Modern.
  • In most books on the Celts the speakers of what are nowadays called Celtic languages are considered somehow to be the descendants of the Celts of the classical world. I shall be arguing that the Ancient and Modern Celts are largely two different phenomena, linked by language, but not geographically nor chronologically – there is a thousand year gap between the two phenomena, and virtually no geographical overlap. The definition of the Modern and Ancient Celts is different, the ways in which they are studied, and the investigation of the Ancient Celts are almost entirely in the hands of people who are not speakers of Celtic languages. The problems arise from scholars trying to impose definitions of the Modern Celts on the ancient world.
  • The Wessex hill-fort debate.
  • The debates among archaeologists on topics such as the definition of the Celts and Celtic Society mainly have their origin in the 1980s and 1990s, and were concerned with the function of hill-forts and the nature of the societies that constructed them. We shall look at the theories of Barry Cunliffe, the excavator of the hill-fort of Danebury, based in part on eugenic interpretations of the past, but also incorporating ideas from the ‘New Archaeology’ of the 1960s (central places, etc.), and the criticisms of these interpretations by myself and J.D. Hill amongst others which have had a more general impact on Iron Age studies across Europe. In part my views were coloured by my excavations on the farming settlement of Owslebury, near Winchester.
  • The Auvergne Survey.
  • Since the 1970s I have been involved in excavation and survey in the Auvergne area of central France. When I started the main interest was in historical questions like the ‘arrival’ of the Celts and location of the battle of Gergovia, and in art-historical studies mainly based on pottery. We introduced more modern questions like the nature of urbanisation, and new methodologies such as stratigraphical and open area excavation, as well as systematic field survey. It involved large-scale excavations and a major rethink of Iron Age chronology and also challenged concepts such as the ‘arrival’ of the Celts. It is now one of the best studied areas of Iron Age Europe, with major excavations on sites such as Aulnat/Clermont-Ferrand, Corent, Gondole and Gergovie. It is also an area with considerable written documentation of the Celts (Luernios, Bituitos, Vercingetorix) and where local people considered themselves to be Celts as late as the 5th century AD (Avitus, Sidonius Apollinaris).
  • Constructing chronologies.
  • In Wessex over 30 years of excavation at Danebury failed to develop a chronology better than that of Cunliffe’s doctoral thesis in the 1960s. The Auvergne also produced problems of definition of the ‘La Tène’ chronology with discrepancies between, for instance, the chronological nomenclature of the brooches and that of the pottery. This was part of a larger problem across Europe where the same nomenclature might be used, but the definitions were different, e.g. between Bavaria and Switzerland. I have suggested that we try to avoid the terms Hallstatt and La Tène, not only as ‘cultures’ but also as terms used for chronology, and I have been advocating a new approach which is based on stratigraphical groups, and where we abandon the traditional approach of ‘type fossils’ and ‘phases’ taken over from geology, and revert to a concept of ‘horizons’ and single ‘attributes’ as used in the 19th century by Thomsen and by Tischler. We have yet to apply this in the Auvergne on any scale, but I have published preliminary chronologies for the Iron Age at Owslebury.
  • Integrating linguistics, genetics and archaeology.
  • Celtic Studies deals with one of the key questions in Europe, the nature of identity, of ethnicity and the concept of ‘race’. The latest new set of data which is appearing is genetic, with initially studies of the X and Y chromosomes, but more recently with the complete human genome, and improved methods of obtaining ancient DNA. The major recent book on genetics is that by David Reich, but I am concerned with the vocabulary that he is using (terms like ‘mixed’) and the models for genetic change which are similar to those of the 1930s, though certainly he is no believer in eugenics (‘purity of race’). I shall look at a most informative research project based on eugenics, the Harvard survey of ‘Celtic’ Ireland in the 1930s and the thinking that lay behind it. The interpretations by the geneticists uses the concept of invasion as the main motors for genetic change, ignoring the other models of change that people such as myself and Colin Renfrew were developing in the 1970s using alternative models such as ‘Peer Polity interaction’ and ‘overlapping systems’ to ‘explain’ culture change, and their possible relevance to present debates.
Literatura
  • Le pâtural, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme : un établissement agricole gaulois en Limagne d'Auvergne. Edited by John Collis - Christèle Ballut - Laurent Bouby - Yann Deberge - Jon D. Lyon: Association de liaison pour le patrimoine et l'archéologie en Rhône-Alpes et en Auvergne, 2007, 340 s. ISBN 2916125019. info
  • The Celts : origins, myths & inventions. Edited by John Collis. 1st pub. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2003, 256 s. ISBN 0752429132. info
  • COLLIS, John. The European iron age. Repr. London: Routledge, 1998, 192 s. ISBN 0415151392. info
Výukové metody
Výuka bude probíhat pouze v měsíci říjnu v osmi blocích (v pondělí 18-20 hod a ve středu 16 -18 hod). The lectures will take place only in October - Mondays (18-20 o´clock) and Wednesdays (16-18 o´clock).
Vyučovací jazyk
Angličtina
Informace učitele
Complete bibliography (will be precised for each topic): Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London, Verso Editions and NLB. Carew, Mairéad 2018. The Quest for the Irish Celt: the Harvard Archaeological Mission to Ireland, 1932 1936. Newbridge, Irish Academic Press. Champion, T. 1996. The Celt in Archaeology. In T. Brown (ed.) Celtism. Amsterdam and Atlanta, Studia Imagologica, pp.61–78. Clancy, Thomas O. 2015. “On our terms ‘Celtic’ and ‘Celts’”. Lecture delivered Glasgow, Dec 1st 2015. Reported by Megan Kasten http://cscs.academicblogs.co.uk/on-our-terms-celtic-and-celts/ Collis, J.R. 1971. Functional and theoretical interpretations of British coinage. World Archaeology 3:71–84. Collis, J.R. 1972. The Dacian horizon - settlements and chronology. Slovenská Archeologia 20:313–316. Collis, J. 1984. The European Iron Age. London, Batsford. Collis, J. 1985. Aulnat (Puy–de–Dôme) and urbanisation - the theoretical problems. Etudes Celtiques 21:111–117. Collis, J.R. 1994. Reconstructing Iron Age Society. In K. Kristiansen and J. Jørgensen (eds.) Europe in the First Millennium B. C. Sheffield, J.R. Collis Publications, pp. 31–39. Collis, J.R. 2003. The Celts: Origins, myths and inventions. Stroud, Tempus Publishing. (Second revised edition 2006). Collis, J.R. 2008. Constructing chronologies: lessons from the Iron Age. In A. Lehoërff (ed.) Construire le Temps. Histoire et méthodes des chronologies et calendriers des derniers millénaires avant notre ère en Europe occidentale. Actes du XXXe colloque international de HALMA-IPEL, UMR 8164 (CNRS, Lille 3, MCC) 7-9 décembre 2006, Lille. Glux-en-Glenne, Bibracte. Collection Bibracte 16:85–104. Collis, J.R. 2009. Die Konstruktion von Chronologien. In R. Karl and J. Leskovar (eds.) Interpretierte Eisenzeiten: Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsbericht der 3. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie. Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich 22:373–421. Collis, J.R. 2009. An emperor in Rome and other famous Celts. In S. Grunwald, J.K. Koch, D. Mölders, U. Sommer and S. Wolfram (eds.) Artefact: Festschrift für Prof. Sabine Rieckhoff zum 65. Geburtstag. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie Band 172, Teil 2. Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. Pp. 409–416. Collis, J.R. 2012. ‘Reconstructing Iron Age Society’ revisited. In T. Moore and X.-L. Armada (eds.) Western Europe in the first millennium BC: crossing the divide. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Pp. 223–241. Collis, J.R. 2014. Building a new Iron Age chronology. In J. Bullinger, P. Crotti and C. Huegenin (eds.). De l’âge du Fer à l’usage du verre. Mélanges offerts à Gilbert Kaenel, dit «Auguste», à l’occasion de son 66e anniversaire. Cahiers d’archéologie romande 151:133–144. Collis, J.R. 2014. The Celts: more myths and inventions. In C.N. Popa and S. Stoddart (eds.). Fingerprinting the Iron Age: approaches to identity in the European Iron Age. Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the Debate. Oxford, Oxbow Books. Pp. 303–317. Collis, J.R. 2017. Celts Ancient and Modern: recent controversies in Celtic Studies. Studia Celtica Fennica 14:58–70. Collis, J.R. 2017. From ‘Late Keltic Art’ to ‘Early Celtic Art’: changes in interpretations of the Celts from Daniel Wilson to Paul Jacobsthal and beyond. In J. Kysela, A. Danielisová, J. Militký (eds.). Stories that made the Iron Age: studies in the Iron Age Archaeology dedicated to Natalie Venclová. Prague 2017:27–39. Collis, J.R. 2018. Celtoscepticism and the future of Celtic studies. In M. Hornsby and K. Rosiak (eds.) Eastern European Perspectives on Celtic Studies. Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 70–80. Cunliffe, B.W. 1983. Danebury: anatomy of a hillfort. London, Batsford. Cunliffe, B.W. 1995. Danebury: an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire. 6: a hillfort community in perspective London, Council for British Archaeology, Research Report 102. Cunliffe, B.W. 2005. Iron Age Communities in Britain. Fourth edition. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. Cunliffe, B.W. 2018. The Ancient Celts. Second edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Cunliffe, B. and Koch, J.T. (eds.) 2010. Celtic from the West: alternative perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Oxford, Oxbow Books. Dietler, M. 1994. ‘Our ancestors the Gauls’: Archeology, ethnic nationalism, and the manipulation of Celtic identity in modern Europe. American Anthropologist 96(3):584–605. Dietler, M. 2007. Celticism, Celtitude and Celticity: the consumption of the past in the age of globalization. In S. Rieckhoff (ed.) Celtes et Gaulois: l’archéologie face à l’Histoire. Celtes et Gaulois dans l‘Histoire, l’historiographie et l’idéologie moderne. Festschrift pour Christian Goudineau. Glux-en-Glenne, Bibracte 12/1:237–248. Fernández-Götz, M. 2016, Celts: art and identity’ exhibition: ‘New Celticism’ at the British Museum Antiquity 90:237–244. Garrow, D, Gosden, C. and Hill, J.D. (eds.) 2008. Rethinking Celtic Art. Oxford, Oxbow Books. Gwilt, A and Haselgrove, C. (eds.) 1997. Reconstructing Iron Age Societies. Oxford, Oxbow Monograph 71. Hill, J.D. 1989. Rethinking the Iron Age. Scottish Archaeological Review 6:16–23. Hill, J. D. 1993a. Danebury and the hillforts of Iron Age Wessex. In T.C. Champion and J.R. Collis eds. 1993:95-116. Hill, J.D. 1993b. Can we identify a different European past? A contrastive archaeology of later prehistoric settlements in southern England. Journal of European Archaeology 1:57–76. Hill, J.D. 2006. Are we any closer to understanding how later Iron Age societies did (or did not) work? In C. Haselgrove, (ed.). Celtes et Gaulois face à l’Histoire: les mutations de la fin de l’âge du Fer. Glux-en-Glenne, Bibracte 2/4:169–179. Hill, J.D. 2012. How did British Middle and Late Pre-Roman Iron Age societies work (if they did). In T. Moore and X.-L. Armada (eds.) Western Europe in the first millennium BC: crossing the divide. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Pp. 242–263. Farley, Julia and Hunter, Fraser 2015. Celts: art and identity. London and Edinburgh, The British Museum and National Museums, Scotland. Jacobsthal, P. 1944. Early Celtic Art. Oxford, Clarendon Press. James, S. 1998. Celts, politics and motivation in archaeology. Antiquity 72:200–209. James, S. 1999. The Atlantic Celts. London, British Museum Press. Kaenel, G. 2008. Entre histoire et typologies: les chronologies de la période de La Tène. In A. Lehoërff (ed.) Construire le Temps. Histoire et méthodes des chronologies et calendriers des derniers millénaires avant notre ère en Europe occidentale. Actes du XXXe colloque international de Halma-Ipel, UMR 8164 (CNRS, Lille 3, MCC) 7–9 décembre 2006. Glux-en-Glenne, Bibracte. Collection Bibracte 16. Karl, R. 2010. The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: A re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic Cultures. In B. Cunliffe and J. Koch (eds.) Celtic from the West: alternative perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Oxford, Oxbow Books. Pp. 39–64. Koch, J.T. 2009. On Celts calling themselves ‘Celts’ and related questions. Studia Celtica 43:73–86. Megaw, R. and V. 1989. Celtic Art, from its Beginnings to the Book of Kells. London, Thames and Hudson. Megaw R. and V. 1996. Ancient Celts and modern ethnicity. Antiquity 70:175–181. Mennessier-Jouannet, C. and Deberge, Y. eds. (with J. Collis, A. Courtot, Y. Deberge, S. Faye, M. Garcia, K. Gruel, V. Guichard, L. Izac, M.-C. Kurzaj, D. Lallemand, R. Lauranson, D. Leguet, M. Loughton, F. Malacher, C. Mennessier-Jouannet, L. Orengo, D. Pasquier, A Quinqueton, V. Richard, V. Rousset, D. Tourlonias, D. Verrier and A. Witmann) 2017. Chronologie du mobilier archéologique du second âge du fer en Auvergne. Vol 1: Monographies des ensembles de référence. Tours, 65e Supplément à la Revue Archéologique du Centre de la France. Morse, M.A. 1997. What’s in a name? The ‘Celts’ in presentations of Prehistory and Ireland. Scotland and Wales. Journal of European Archaeology 4:305–328. Morse, M.A. 1999. Craniology and the adoption of the Three-Age System in Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65: 1–17. Morse, M.A. 2005. How the Celts came to Britain: Druids, skulls and the birth of Archaeology. Stroud, Tempus Publishing. Mullins, Gerry 2007. Dublin Nazi No.1: the life of Adolf Mahr. Dublin, Liberties Press. Poux, M. (ed.) 2011. Corent: Voyage au cœur d’une ville gauloise. Paris, Éditions Errance. Reich, David 2018. Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Renfrew, A.C. 1987. Archaeology and Language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins. London, Jonathan Cape (Reprinted 1989, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books). Renfrew, A.C. and Cherry, J. eds. 1988. Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Sims-Williams, P. 1998a. Celtomania and Celtoscepticism. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 36:1–35. Sims-Williams, P. 1998b. Genetics, linguistics and prehistory: thinking big and thinking straight. Antiquity 72:505–527. Sims-Williams, P. 2012. Bronze- and Iron-Age Celtic-speakers: what we don’t know, what we can’t know, and what could we know? Language, genetics and archaeology in the twenty-first century. Antiquaries Journal 92:427–449. (p.431 for discussion of Tartessian). Sims-Williams, P. 2012. Celtic civilisation: continuity or coincidence? Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 64:1–44. Sims-Williams, P. 2016. The location of the Celts according to Hecataeus, Herodotus, and other Greek writers. Etudes Celtiques 42:7–32. Trigger, B.G. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge, University Press.
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