PSD_TMPS Theory and Methodology of Psychology

Faculty of Arts
Spring 2010
Extent and Intensity
0/0/0. 15 credit(s). Type of Completion: zk (examination).
Teacher(s)
prof. PhDr. Josef Švancara, CSc. (lecturer)
doc. PhDr. Mojmír Tyrlík, Ph.D. (lecturer)
prof. PhDr. Tomáš Urbánek, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Guaranteed by
PhDr. Zdenka Stránská, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology – Faculty of Arts
Contact Person: Jarmila Valchářová
Prerequisites
Doctoral seminar I a II
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is only offered to the students of the study fields the course is directly associated with.
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
there are 6 fields of study the course is directly associated with, display
Course objectives
Student should have knowledge of both classical and new models and theories in psychology. These models should be used in his/her doctoral thesis and student have to explain it with respect to the research problem. He/she has to have complex knowledge of philosophy of science, methodology and research methods and he/she should be able to use and explain these knowledge in his/her research.
Syllabus
  • Philosophical Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology: The Emergence of Psychology; The Merging of Philosophy and Physiology into Modern Psychology; The Diverging Perspectives of Modern Psychology History of Psychology: Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology; From Associanism to Behaviorism; Gestalt psychology Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology: Goals of Research; Distinctive Methods of Research; Key Issues in Cognitive Psychology; Fields Within Cognitive Psychology Biological Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Organization of the Nervous System;The Central Nervous System: The Brain and the Spinal Cord; Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain; The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Cerebral Cortex; Hemispheric Specialization; Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Cortex; Association Areas; Information Processing in the Nervous System; Structural Components: Neurons and Glial Cells; Conduction of Information Within Neurons; Communication Between Neurons; Common Neurotransmitters Attention and Consciousness: Preconscious Processing; Controlled Versus Automatic Processing; Processes Habituation; Selective Attention; Vigilance and Signal Detection; Search; Divided Attention; Theories or Attention: Filter and Bottleneck Theories; Attentional-Resource Theories; Additional Considerations in Attention; Neurocognitive Findings on Attention and Consciousness; Attention and Perception Perception: Depth Perception; Perceptual Constancies; Deficits in Forms and Pattern Perception; Gestalt Approaches to Form Perception Theories or Perception: Constructive Perception Direct Perception; Synthesizing the Two Theories; A Computalional Theory of Perception; Spatiotemporal Boundary-Formation Theory Theoretical Approaches to Pattern Recognition: Bottom-up Theories; Top-down Influences on Perception; Comprehension Processes Auditory Perception: Speech Perception; Basic Facts About Speech; Theorelical Approaches to Sérech; Perception Is Speech Perception Special? Knowledge Representation: Mental Representation of Knowledge;Representations of Declarative Knowledge: Words Versus Picture; Mental Imagery; Dual-Code Hypothesis: Analogical Images Versus Symbols Propositional Hypothesis: Functional Equivalence: Mental Manipulations of Images; Possible Synthesis: Dual-Code; Kosslyn's Synthesis; Johnson-Laird's Synthesis; Cognitive Maps, Text Maps Representations of Declarative Knowledge: Concepts and Schemas; Semantic Network Models; Representations of Procedural Knowledge; The Production and the Production System; Conceptual Dependency; Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Non/declarative Knowledge; The Connectionist Model Memory: Exceptional Memory; Deficient and Outstanding Memory; Recall and Recognition; Implicit Versus Explicit Memory ; Model of Memory; The Sensory Store; The Short- Term Store; The Long- Term Store; Working Memory Model: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic Memory; Concepts and Schemas: The Structure of Semantic Memory Memory Processes: Encoding of Information; Initial Encoding of Information for Brief Storage and Temporary Use; Forms of Encoding for Long- Term Storage Forgetting Information from Working Memory; Interference Theory; Decay Theory Transferring Information From Working Memory to Long-Term Storage; Rehearsal; Organization of Information; Mnemonic Devices Development of Memory: Differences in Metacognitive Processes Retrieval: Difficulties in Studying Retrieval Processes; Retrieval From Short-Term Memory; Effects of Prior Knowledge on Encoding and Retrieval; Effects of Subsequent Knowledge on Retrieval; Context Effects of Encoding and Retrieval Language: General Properties of Language: Semantics and Syntax Language Acquisition: Stages of Language Acquisition; Theoretical Explanations of Language Acquisition; Cognition and Language Acquisition Semantics: Theories of Meaning; Relationships Among Concepts: Basic Levels, Explanations, and Inferences; Semantics and Other Aspects of Language Syntax: The Syntax Tendency; Parsing and Phrase Structure; Relationships Among Syntactical Structures; Relationships Between Syntactical and Lexical Structures Language in Context: Linguistic Relativity and. Linguistic Universal; Language in a Social Context; Speech Acts; Conversational Postulates; Language in a Cognitive Context; Scripts; Slips of the Tongue; Metaphorical Language Problem solving : The Problem-Solving Cycle; Hindrances to Problem Solving; Mental Sets, Entrenchment, and Fixation; Negative Transfer; Positive Transfer; Incubation Creativity: Psychometric Approaches; Cognitive Approaches; Personality and Motivational Approaches Decision Making and Reasoning > Classical Decision Theory; Satisficing; Elimination by Aspects; Heuristics and Biases Deductive Reasoning: Conditional Reasoning; Syllogistic Reasoning Inductive Reasoning: Reaching Causal Inferences; Categorical Inferences; Reasoning by Analogy Intelligence; Structure of Intelligence: A Factor-Analytic Approach; Early Factorial Models; Multidimensional Models Processes of Intelligence: An Information-Processing Approach; Nettelbeck: Inspection Time; Jensen: Choice Reaction Time; Hunt: Lexical Access Speed and Speed of Simultaneous Processing; Sternberg: The Componential Theory and Complex Tasks; Simon: Complex Problem Solving Integrative Approaches to Intelligence; Gardner: Multiple Intelligences; Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory Emotions and the Topography of the Mind Feeling Theories Emotions and Intentional Objects Psychological and Evolutionary Approaches Cognitivist Theories Perceptual Theories The Ontology of Emotions Rationality and Emotions Emotions and Self-knowledge Morality and Emotions Introduction to understanding science. Differen ways of acquiring knowledge. Common sense. Problem of demarcation. Theory and experience. Functions of science. Causality. Finality. Causality as reality or construct of mind. Mistakes in reasoning the causal relations between phenomenas. Open and semi-open system in psychology. Understending causal relations within whole system. Methodology. Method, methodics and technic. Essential methods in psychology. Exterospection and introspection. Object and subject of psychological searching. Positivism and phenomenology. Hermeneutics. Pragmatics. Nomothetic and idiographic paradigm. Logics in research. Induction and deduction, abduction. Concept and meaning. Therms. Definition. Subject and object of research. Psychic phenomena. Research in other humanities. Problem. Known and unknown. Problem in science as an knowledge about unknown. Problem as a question. Different kinds of questions. Theory as solving the problem. Structure of scienticic theries. Hypothesis. Verification. Kvalitative and kvantitative aspect of research. The gap or two sides of the same river. Kvalitative approach in research. Kvality and kvantity. Functions of kvalitative part of research - description, clasification, explication. Developing of theories. Kvantitative part of research. Scale. Operacional definition. Variables and invariants. Kinds of research variables. Internal and external validity. Sample and population. Sampling. Designs with two and more groups. Extent of sample. Various research designs. Prospective and retrospective design. Experimental and correlative design. Explorative and confirmative research. Research methods Observation. Structure. Selectivity. Observation shedules. Rating scales. Interview. Structure. Interview with indivudual. Group interview. Focus groups. Differend kinds of use - research, diagnostics, therapy. Dialogue. Managing of interview. Exploring the interview. Questionaire. Theme - questions. The kinds of questions. Validity and reliability. Use of questionaire in diagnostics and research. Experiment. Specifics of experiment in psychology. Experiment and theory. Various designs of experiment. Field and laboratory experiment. Anylysis of action results. Content analysis. A criteria of sorting of content elements. System of categories. Cognitive and emotional content of mind. Psycho-semantics. Relation betveen language and mind. Language and individual experience. Searching language use. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of research - the gap or two banks of the same river? Literature: Weiner, Bernard. Human motivation. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. ISBN 0-03-055226-5. Sternberg, Robert J. Kognitivní psychologie : Cognitive psychology (Orig.). Vyd. 1. Praha : Portál, 2002. 636 s. : i. ISBN 80-7178-376-5. Weiner, B. Human motivation: Metaphors, theories and research, Newbury Park, Ca: Sage, 1992 Gavin, Helen. The essence of cognitive psychology. 1st pub. London : Prentice-Hall Europe, 1998. xi, 215 s. ISBN 0-13-796459-5. Madsen, K.B. Teorie motivace. Praha: Academia, 1972. Madsen, K. B. Moderní teorie motivace : Modern theories of motivation : (a comparative metascientific study) (Orig.). Vyd. 1. Praha : Academia, 1979. 468 s. Weiner, Bernard. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1986. xi, 304 s. Springer series in social psychology. ISBN 0-387-96312-. Deckers, Lambert. Motivation : biological, psychological, and environmental. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 2001. xv, 464 s. ISBN 0-205-27115-4. Eysenck, Michael W. A handbook of cognitive psychology. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1984. ISBN 0-86377-016-9. Eysenck, Michael W. - Keane, Marc Peter. Cognitive psychology : a student's handbook. 4th ed. Hove : Psychology Press, 2000. viii, 631. ISBN 0-86377-551-9. Popper, K.R. Logika vědeckého zkoumání. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997. Kuhn, T.S. Struktura vědeckých revolucí. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997. Feyerabend, P.K. Rozprava proti metodě. Praha: Aurora, 2001.
Literature
  • HOSKOVEC, Jiří, Milan NAKONEČNÝ and Miluše SEDLÁKOVÁ. Psychologie XX. století : některé významné směry a školy. 1. vyd. [i.e. 2. vyd.]. Praha: Karolinum, 2002, 295 s. ISBN 8024603004. info
  • Struktura vědeckých revolucí. Edited by Thomas S. Kuhn. 1. vyd. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997, 206 s. ISBN 80-86005-54-2. info
  • BERTALANFFY, Ludwig von. Člověk - robot a myšlení : psychologie v moderním světě. Vyd. 1. Praha: Svoboda, 1972, 184 s. URL info
  • POPPER, Karl R. Věčné hledání : intelektuální autobiografie. Edited by Marek Tarnovský, Translated by Jana Odehnalová. v českém jazyce vydání p. Praha: Prostor, 1995, 231 stran. ISBN 8090113184. info
  • KOVÁČ, Damián. Psychológiou k metanoi. 1. vyd. Bratislava: Veda, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, 2007, 475 s. ISBN 9788022409650. info
  • EYSENCK, Michael W. and Mark T. KEANE. Kognitivní psychologie. Translated by Miroslav Filip. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 2008, 748 s. ISBN 9788020015594. info
  • STERNBERG, Robert J. Kognitivní psychologie. Translated by František Koukolík. Vyd. 1. Praha: Portál, 2002, 636 s. ISBN 80-7178-376-5. info
  • FRIESEN, Wallace V. and Phoebe ELLSWORTH. Emotion in the human face : guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Edited by Paul Ekman. New York: Pergamon Press, 1972. info
  • MADSEN, K. B. Moderní teorie motivace. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 1979, 468 s. info
Teaching methods
Lectures, presentation of own preliminary results, class discussions.
Assessment methods
Individual consultation every months. Preliminary study on a specified subject matter 3 weeks before the exam. Oral exam.
Language of instruction
Czech
Further comments (probably available only in Czech)
The course is taught annually.
Note related to how often the course is taught: individuální konzultace - každý měsíc.
The course is also listed under the following terms Spring 2007, Autumn 2007, Spring 2008, Autumn 2008, Spring 2009, Autumn 2009, Autumn 2010, Spring 2011, Autumn 2011, Spring 2012, Autumn 2012, Spring 2013, Autumn 2013, Spring 2014, Autumn 2014, Spring 2015, Autumn 2015, Spring 2016, Autumn 2016, Spring 2017, Autumn 2017, Spring 2018, Autumn 2018, Spring 2019, Autumn 2019, Spring 2020, Autumn 2020, Spring 2021, Autumn 2021, Spring 2022, Autumn 2022, Spring 2023, Autumn 2023, Spring 2024, Autumn 2024, Spring 2025.
  • Enrolment Statistics (Spring 2010, recent)
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