Archiv závěrečné práce Petr Preclík FSS N-MS MV

Mgr. Petr Preclík, E.MA

Assessing the Impact of European Court of Human Rights on Russia's Conduct in Chechnya in the Context of the Judicialization of World Politics

Assessing the Impact of European Court of Human Rights on Russia's Conduct in Chechnya in the Context of the Judicialization of World Politics

Anotace: Předkládaná práce zkoumá, existuje-li vysledovatelný vliv Evropského soudu pro lidská práva (ESLP) na politiku Ruské Federace v Čečensku. Práce pro tento účel využívá teoretický model Alec Stone Sweeta, který říká, že judicializace je úspěšná, pokud judiciální mechanismus získá schopnost ovlivňovat strategické rozhodování aktérů, kteří jsou v jeho jurisdikci. Následný výzkum potvrdil, že ESLP touto kvalitou disponuje a přes určité diskutované limity ji dokáže vůči Rusku naplňovat a ovlivňovat tak jeho politiku v ozbrojeném konfliktu s čečenskými separatisty. Rada Evropy zastřešující ESLP tak představuje unikátní nereciproční mezinárodní režim, který by byl neudržitelný bez existence judiciálního mechanismu. Na druhou stranu, Sweetův argument, že judicializace představuje formu socializace a státy si po určité době na její existenci nejen zvyknou, ale začnou ji konstruktivně využívat, se dosud v případě Ruska nenaplnil. Naopak, s rostoucím množstvím rozsudků ESLP vůči Rusku roste i míra, s kterou Moskva vnímá ESLP jako hrozbu a aktivně se proto snaží sekuritizovat domácí i mezinárodní diskurs používaný v souvislosti se soudem. Existence takto napjatého vztahu je poté vysvětlena existencí dvou soupeřících win-setů na opačných úrovních Putnamova herního modelu. …víceméně

Abstract: The aim of the presented thesis is to assess the potential impact of the European Court for Human Rights (ECtHR) on the conduct of Russian Federation during the armed conflict in Chechnya. To this end, the research builds on the theoretical model of Alec Stone Sweet arguing that judicialization is successful as soon as the judicial mechanism develops authority over the strategic behaviour of actors under its jurisdiction. In this sense, the research proved that the ECtHR indeed possesses such quality and despite some discussed limitations is capable of influencing the Russian conduct in the fight against Chechen separatists. Council of Europe, in this sense, represents a unique non-reciprocal cooperative international regime that would be untenable without a judicial body. On the other hand, the research showed that Sweet's argument that judicialization is a form of socialization and states not only get progressively used to the judicial mechanism, but also engage constructively, has so far failed to materialise. To the contrary, with growing number of lost cases in Strasbourg, Russia started to securitize the discourse applied both domestically and internationally vis-à-vis the Court. The current tension is then explained by occurrence of two mutually hostile win-sets on opposite levels of Putnam's game model. …víceméně

judicializace, Evropský soud pro lidská práva, Rusko, Čečensko, lidská práva, judicialization, European Court for Human Rights, Russia, Chechnya, human rights

Zadání: The neoliberal theory of international regimes together with the constructivist theory of security as a speech act has claimed the importance of the political discourse applied by a state actor while taking any course of action. In order to maintain the one’s perceived status or one’s soft power within the international system, states are forced to legitimize their actions. One of the strongest tools of such legitimization is international law. Thus, it is no longer possible to dismiss international law within the discipline of international relations as the “language of politics is [currently] replenished with language of law” and even the security policies considered by many as the crudest hard-issue requires legal reasoning and explaining. Nevertheless, the simple need to legitimize one’s actions within the international law together with a wish to maintain one’s status does not prevent states from unlawful actions and the simple realist argument that “where is no power, there can be no law” maintains some of its original appeal. However, the question becomes somewhat more complicated, as soon as one considers the situation, when a citizen can bypass the state and “directly use international allies and extra-domestic fora to put pressure on the state.” Within the European context, the European Court for Human Rights (ECtHR) represents one of the strongest examples of such international forum whose decision may directly influence or even alter the political behavior of a state over which it exercises its jurisdiction. In this sense, the phenomenon of “de-politicization of democracy and judicialization of politics,” well described on the national level, is transposed onto the international level and the unlawful behavior of respective states bears much stronger consequences. For that reason, the presented thesis focuses on the Council of Europe and the ECtHR and discusses their alleged ability to influence the state’s decisions in security issues. Firstly, the thesis will discuss in general the phenomena of judicialization of politics and the, so often overlooked, overlap between the disciplines of international relations and international law, including human rights law and humanitarian law. Secondly, it will discuss the general trends in the field, that is, the applicability of European Convention on Human Rights during the state of emergency and then in state of war, potential convergence between the Convention and the international humanitarian law as presented in Geneva Conventions and their protocols; and attempted use of the Convention during the conflicts in Serbia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Thirdly and lastly, it will turn its attention to the comparison of current two examples, that is, Russia and Turkey. The question is whether the rulings of ECtHR have influenced or altered anyhow the conduct of these two members of Council of Europe in Chechnya and the so-called Kurdistan, respectively. Bibliography: Buzan, Barry, Wilde, Jawo De, Waever, Ole, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1997. 2Finnemore, Martha and Toope, Stephen J., Alternatives to Legalization: Richer Views on Law and Politics, p. 753-768, in International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, 2001. Goldstein, Judith and Keohane, Robert O. (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993. Umland, Andreas (ed.), The Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights in Russia: Philosphical, Legal, and Empirical Studies, Stuttgart: Ibidem Verlag, 2001. Jouannet, Emmanuelle, Universalism and Imperialism: The True-False Paradox of International Law?, p. 379-407, in European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2007. …víceméně

Jazyk práce: angličtina