Adobe Systems tkalina@fsps.muni.cz Tests and assessment in endurance running Tomas Kalina Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic Adobe Systems Tomas Kalina, tkalina@fsps.muni.cz …few words about me ̶O-runner since 1998, „former“ road and track runner and Ironman triathlete, floorball player, climber, hiker, MTB rider, … ̶PhD student in Sports Science, MUNI SPORT (S&C) ̶At MUNI: ̶Teaching classes S&C, T&F, SS ̶Quality coordinator for study programmes ̶Research: running economy, data analysis, … ̶S&C coach in O, long-distance running, football, … ̶Lecturing in coaches training (T&F, O, floorball, football, karate, XC skiing, …) ̶Certified coach in O, T&F and DNS Adobe Systems Define footer – presentation title / department 3 Adobe Systems Adobe Systems Focus of the lecture ̶Endurance/distance running (ER) ̶Definition, factors ̶A testing purpose in running ̶4 categories of tests/assessments in ER: ̶Performance tests ̶Movement screening ̶Strength diagnostics ̶Capacity tests ̶ ̶ ̶ Steering to a optimum performance through constant testing to ensure continued success Adobe Systems Cited: http://tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/testing/testing2.html Sports diagnostics ̶„A test or quiz is used to examine someone's knowledge of something to determine what he or she knows or has learned. Testing measures the level of skill or knowledge that has been reached. ̶Evaluation is the process of making judgments based on criteria and evidence. ̶Assessment is the process of documenting knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs, usually in measurable terms. The goal of assessment is to make improvements, as opposed to simply being judged. In an educational context, assessment is the process of describing, collecting, recording, scoring, and interpreting information about learning.“ Adobe Systems ̶Purpose? ̶Reliability? ̶Validity? ̶Rules? ̶Order? ̶Comparison? Steering to a optimum performance through constant testing to ensure continued success Adobe Systems Midgley, A.W., McNaughton, L.R. & Jones, A.M. Sports Med (2007) 37: 857. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737100-00003 Factors affecting distance running performance Výsledek obrázku pro endurance performance determinants Adobe Systems WHO? (micro-contest) WHAT? Adobe Systems ̶Lab testing (VO2max test) ̶Kipchoge, Kenya (marathon WR: 2:01:39 = 2:53/km pace) ̶ Adobe Systems Performance testing ̶lab X field ̶max (test/race) X submax ̶HR, SmO2, VO2, VCO2, VE, GCT, VO, W, La, v, … Nenà k dispozici žádný popis fotky. Adobe Systems Foster, Carl & Lucia, Alejandro. (2007). Running economy: The forgotten factor in elite performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 37. 316-9. VO2max and running economy Adobe Systems BILLAT, V. L., A. DEMARLE, J. SLAWINSKI, M. PAIVA, and J.-P. KORALSZTEIN. Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 12, 2001, pp. 2089–2097. Physiological factors for marathon performance time among top-class (TC) and high-level (HL) male runners. Physiological responses during the 10-km run at vmarathon among TC and HL male runners. Adobe Systems V-slope Barnes, Kyle & Kilding, Andrew. (2015). Running economy: Measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Medicine - Open. 1. 10.1186/s40798-015-0007-y. Who is (probably) better? A B Adobe Systems …and more and more data More and more field testing (wearables) https://scontent-prg1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/23845839_343799572759809_8623135057227237097_o.jpg?_ nc_cat=111&_nc_ht=scontent-prg1-1.xx&oh=6629ba1e149498da3addb9e65930e1b4&oe=5D4D8279 Výsledek obrázku pro garmin running dynamics Výsledek obrázku pro garmin running dynamics Výsledek obrázku pro heart rate garmin intervals Výsledek obrázku pro heart rate garmin Výsledek obrázku pro stryd Adobe Systems Paavolainen, L.M., Häkkinen, K.K., Hämäläinen, I., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of applied physiology, 86 5, 1527-33 . Výsledek obrázku pro endurance performance determinants Adobe Systems Adobe Systems Výsledek obrázku pro eva vrabcova Adobe Systems Movement screening ̶Contol and mobility during fundamental movement patterns ̶ ̶Frequency: ongoing in every S&C session ̶FMS ̶Y balance test ̶Arabesque ̶Standing rotation Adobe Systems Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American journal of sports physical therapy : NAJSPT, 4(2), 92–99. Y balance test (YBT) Jackson S, Cheng MS, Kolber M, Smith AR. An investigation of relationships between physical characteristics of recreational runners and lower extremity injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(1):A41. ̶Score: ̶Absolute reach distance (cm) = (Reach 1 + Reach 2 + Reach 3) / 3 ̶Relative (normalised) reach distance (%) = Absolute reach distance / limb length * 100 ̶Composite reach distance (%) = Sum of the 3 reach directions / 3 times the limb length * 100 ̶RightAnterior, LeftA, RPosterioMedial, LPM, RPLateral, LPL ̶Between-limb asymmetry, based on composite YBT scores, was significantly greater in injured runners than in their uninjured counterparts. An asymmetry of 3.6% or greater predicted 69.2% of the injuries. Výsledek obrázku pro y balance test Adobe Systems Functional Movement Screen (FMS) ̶FMS score = sum of individual tests (worse L/R score) ̶Simple, easy, reliable, valid (?) Výsledek obrázku pro fms Smith, C. A. , Chimera, N. J. , Wright, N. J. & Warren, M. (2013). Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(4), 982–987. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182606df2. Adobe Systems FMS – Overhead squat Výsledek obrázku pro fms Adobe Systems FMS – Hurdle step Výsledek obrázku pro fms hurdle step Adobe Systems FMS – In-line lunge Výsledek obrázku pro fms inline lunge Adobe Systems FMS – Shoulder mobility Výsledek obrázku pro fms shoulder mobility Adobe Systems FMS – Active leg raise Výsledek obrázku pro fms active straight leg raise Adobe Systems FMS – Trunk stability push-up Výsledek obrázku pro fms trunk stability push up Adobe Systems FMS – Rotary stability Výsledek obrázku pro fms rotary stability Adobe Systems 29 Arabesque ̶Ability to hinge from the hips ̶ROM ̶Unilateral balance and control ̶ ̶Errors: ̶Poor posture ̶Excessive knee bend on support leg ̶Lack of ROM ̶Shoulder-hip-ankle misalignment ̶Lack of balance and control Adobe Systems Standing rotation ̶Ability to lock the pelvis to the ribcage during roation movement ̶IR range of movement in the hip ̶Ability to pronate and supinate at the foot ̶ ̶Errors: ̶Lack ROM on one or bothe sides ̶Torso is twisted ̶Knee doesn‘t rotate with the pelvis ̶Opposite foot doesn‘t roll inwards ̶Nearsite foot doesnt‘t roll outwards Adobe Systems Hop and stick ̶Eccentric control at the knee and hip ̶Ability to maintain posture during explosive movement ̶Relative hip and knee dominance when generating and controlling force ̶ ̶Errors: ̶Ankle-knee-hip misalignment ̶Excessive flexion on landing ̶Torso is too upright or thrown forward on takeoff and/landing ̶Poor posture ̶Lack of balance on landing ̶ ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Lisman, P. , Hildebrand, E. , Nadelen, M. & Leppert, K. (9000). Association of Functional Movement Screen and Y-Balance Test Scores With Injury in High School Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Publish Ahead of Print,doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003082. FMS, YBT – Houston, we have a problem… ̶neither the FMS (CS, presence of pattern asymmetry, and low score on an individual test) nor YBT (asymmetry and CS) are associated with lower extremity injury risk in high school athletes (football, lacrose, basketball). These findings have practical application for athletic trainers and strength and conditioning professionals tasked with conducting preseason injury risk assessments in, and developing foundational training programs for, high school athletes. The authors support the use of FMS and YBT to identify deficiencies in functional movement patterns and dynamic balance from which targeted interventions can be implemented. An important goal of a strength and conditioning program is to improve the performance of key movement patterns (i.e., adding strength, power, speed, and agility). The development of better quality in these movement patterns is crucial to the efficacy of the overal program. Adobe Systems Running gait & posture Výsledek obrázku pro gait running Adobe Systems Frank, Clare & Kobesova, Alena & Kolář, Pavel. (2013). Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization & sports rehabilitation. International journal of sports physical therapy. 8. 62-73. Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization ̶ Key principles: ̶Diaphragm = respiration + stabilization ̶Joint centration ̶Isolated leg/arm movement ̶Foot activation ̶Functional capacity ̶Excercises in developmental positions ̶ ̶ anterior_pelvic_tilt Výsledek obrázku pro functional capacity DNS threshold Adobe Systems Define footer – presentation title / department 35 Adobe Systems https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a20794927/thats-not-fat-how-ryan-hall-gained-40-pounds-of-muscle/ Strength diagnostics ̶Maximum strength ̶Explosive strength ̶Plyometric qualities ̶ ̶Frequency: weekly Výsledek obrázku pro ryan hall strength Adobe Systems Strength diagnostics ̶Vertical jump ̶Re-bound jump from 30 cm – RSI = fly time / contact time (sometimes cm / s) ̶Hop and stick distance (unilateral!) ̶1RM ̶Directly X undirectly? ̶Squat? Leg press? ̶Deadlift? SL DL? Adobe Systems Define footer – presentation title / department 38 ̶ Výsledek obrázku pro calves running kenyan Adobe Systems Capacity tests ̶Capacity of specific muscles and tissues around joints susceptible to injury ̶Frequency: indirectly and directly every 3-6 months ̶Single calf raise (> 30 reps) ̶SL hamstring bridge (> 30 reps) ̶Press ups (> 40 reps) ̶Prone extension (> 180 sec) ̶Side plank (> 120 sec) ̶Double leg hold (> 120 sec) Adobe Systems Define footer – presentation title / department 40 ̶ Výsledek obrázku pro beijing marathon finish …almost at the finish! Adobe Systems It makes perfect sense, right? Adobe Systems Characteristic of RRI n (%) Duration of RRI in wks mean (SD) Lost training sessions/wk mean (SD) Pain intensity mean (SD) Type Muscle strain/rupture/tear 25 (30) 3.6 (2.7) 4.3 (2.9) 5.8 (2.0) Low back pain 12 (14) 2.4 (0.8) 1.6(1.0) 5.2 (2.5) Tendinopathy 10(12) 4.0 (2.1) 2.8 (2.0) 6.0 (2.0) Plantar fasciitis 7(8) 4.7 (3.5) 5.7 (5.5) 5.8 (2.5) Meniscal or cartilage damage 6(7) 3.2 (1.8) 4.0 (5.0) 3.6 (2.4) Contusion/haematoma/ecchymosis 4(5) 2.5 (1.0) 4.6 (2.3) 6.4(1.8) Intense spasm or severe cramp 3(4) 2.0 (0.0) 3.8 (4.2) 4.8 (2.2) Sprain (injury of the joint and/or ligaments) 2(2) 3.0(1.4) 3.3 (2.3) 3.7 (0.6) Stress fracture (overload) 2(2) 4.0 (0.0) 3.8 (4.2) 7.8(1.5) Arthritis/synovitis/bursitis 1(1) 2.0a 2.0a 9.0a Dislocation, subluxation 1(1) 2.0a 3.0a 3.0a Patellar chondromalacia 1 (1) 12.0a 3.7(1.4) 8.7 (0.8) Not identified 10 (12) 3.3 (1.8) 4.4 (3.3) 3.9 (2.2) This is the (another) reason why we are doing it Characteristic of RRI n (%) Duration of RRI in wks mean (SD) Lost training sessions/wk mean (SD) Pain intensity mean (SD) Anatomical location Knee 16 (19) 4.3 (3.0) 4.2 (3.3) 4.9 (2.7) Foot/toes 14(17) 3.7 (2.7) 4.5 (4.4) 5.6 (2.4) Leg 12 (14) 4.0 (3.1) 3.9 (2.1) 5.5 (2.2) Lumbar spine 12 (14) 2.5 (0.9) 1.8(1.0) 5.6 (2.4) Thigh 12(14) 2.5 (1.2) 3.4 (3.1) 5.9 (1.9) Ankle 6(7) 2.7 (1.0) 2.4(1.8) 5.3 (2.6) Hip/groin 5(6) 4.0 (3.5) 6.8 (4.0) 7.3(1.4) Achilles tendon (calcaneal) 3(4) 4.7 (1.2) 1.7(1.7) 6.1 (2.1) Cervical spine 2(2) 3.0(1.4) 4.3 (4.2) 4.7 (3.1) Pelvis/sacrum/buttocks 2(2) 7.0 (4.2) 4.6(1.1) 5.4(1.5) Hespanhol Junior, Luiz & Costa, Leonardo & Lopes, Alexandre. (2013). Previous injuries and some training characteristics predict running-related injuries in recreational runners: A prospective cohort study. Journal of physiotherapy. 59. 263-269. 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70203-0. Adobe Systems Paavolainen, L.M., Häkkinen, K.K., Hämäläinen, I., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of applied physiology, 86 5, 1527-33 . Blagrove RC, Howe LP, Cushion EJ, Spence A, Howatson G, Pedlar CR, Hayes PR. Effects of Strength Training on Postpubertal Adolescent Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 Jun;50(6) 1224-1232. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001543. PMID: 29315164. … & hundreds more! …and of course Výsledek obrázku pro running winning boston ̶Building stronger, faster and more resilient runners. ̶Runners shouldn‘t be afraid about being bulky, they should be afraid about being weak! Adobe Systems Thank you for you attantion! Q&A tkalina@fsps.muni.cz