var cathegories= [ { label: "Labium oris", desc_cs: "Epidermis (vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel rohovějící) a kožní adnexa ventrálně, vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel nerohovějící a smíšené žlázky dorsálně. Příčně pruhovaná svalová tkáň.", desc_en: "Stratified squamous epithelium - ventrally keratinized, dorsally non-keratinized. Striated muscle tissue. Mixed glands.", organ: 4 }, { label: "Apex linguae", desc_cs: "Na dorsum linguae výrazné papily (vazivo + vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel), na facies mylohyoidea převážně hladký povrch. Příčně pruhovaná kosterní svalová tkáň. Smíšená slinná žláza – gl. apicis linguae.", desc_en: "Apparent papillae (connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium) on dorsum lingue. Facies mylohyoidea rather smooth. Striated skeletal muscle tissue. Mixed salivary gland – gl. apicis linguae.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Papilla vallata", desc_cs: "Nápadná jazyková papila, oddělená od okolní sliznice nápadnou rýhou. Papila krytá nekeratinizujícím vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem s chuťovými pohárky. Serózní Ebnerovy žlázky. Příčně pruhovaná svalovina.", desc_en: "Apparent lingual papilla separated from surrounding mucosa by apparent furrow. Papilla covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with taste buds. Serous Ebner’s glands. Striated skeletal muscle tissue.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Tonsilla lingualis", desc_cs: "Lymfatická tkáň (uzlíky) krytá nekeratinizujícím vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem. Mucinózní žlázy vyúsťující do slizničních prohlubní (krypt). Příčně pruhovaná kosterní svalová tkáň.", desc_en: "Lymphatic tissue (follicles) covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Mucous glands opening to mucosal crypts. Striated skeletal muscle tissue.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Palatum molle", desc_cs: "Orální strana: nekeratinizující vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel, mucinózní žlázky. Nasální strana: víceřadý cylindrický epitel s řasinkami, smíšené žlázky. Vazivově-svalová aponeuróza.", desc_en: "Oral side: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, mucous glands. Nasal side: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia. Mixed glands. Aponeurosis composed of collagen connective tissue and muscle tissue.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Tonsilla palatina", desc_cs: "Částečně opouzdřená lymfatická tkáň s lymfatickými uzlíky krytá nekeratinizujícím vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem. Do slizničních invaginací (krypt) obvykle nevyúsťují žádné žlázky.", desc_en: "Partially encapsulated lymphatic tissue with lymphatic follicles, covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Usually no glands open to mucosal crypts.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Dens", desc_cs: "Sklovina (obvykle není na preparátu přítomna), dentin, cement, zubní pulpa. Gingiva s gingivo-dentální uzávěrou.", desc_en: "Enamel (usually absent in section), dentin, cementum, pulp. Gingiva with epithelial attachment.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Glandula parotis", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro, septa. Pouze serózní aciny. Žíhané vývody. Adipocyty v různém rozsahu.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Serous acini only. Striated ducts. Adipocytes in varying numbers.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Glandula submandibularis", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro, septa. Smíšená žláza s převahou serózních acinů. Mucinózní tubuly se serózními Gianuzziho lunulami. Žíhané vývody.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Mixed gland with prevailing serous acini. Mucous tubules with serous demilunes of Gianuzzi. Striated ducts.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Glandula sublingualis", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro, septa. Převážně mucinózní tubuly. Serózní Gianuzziho lunuly.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Prevailing mucous tubules. Serous demilunes of Gianuzzi.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Oesophagus", desc_cs: "Dutý orgán, stratifikace stěny odpovídá obecnému schématu. Nekeratinizující vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel, řídké kolagenní vazivo, příčně pruhovaná – hladká svalovina. Mucinózní žlázky. Adventicie/seróza.", desc_en: "Hollow organ. Stratification of the wall follows the general architecture of hollow organs. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, loose collagen connective tissue. Striated skeletal - smooth muscle tissue. Mucous glands. Adventitia/serosa.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Cardia", desc_cs: "Přechod epitelů v gastroezofageální junkci (vrstevnatý dlaždicový – jednovrstevný cylindrický). Rozvětvené tubulózní mucinózní žlázy v lamina propria.", desc_en: "Change of epithelium type at esophagogastric junction (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium). Branched tubular mucous glands in l. propria.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Fundus ventriculi", desc_cs: "Sliznice tvořená jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem. Žaludeční jamky. Rozvětvené tubulózní slizniční žlázy s nápadnými acidofilními (krycími) a bazofilními (hlavními) buňkami.", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. Gastric pits. Branched tubular glands in l. propria with apparent acidophilic (parietal) and basophilic (chief) cells.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Pylorus", desc_cs: "Sliznice tvořená jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem. Rozvětvené tubulózní slizniční žlázy mucinózního charakteru. Zesílená cirkulární vrstva hladké svaloviny v t. muscularis externa (m. sphincter pylori).", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. Branched tubular mucous glands in l. propria. Thickened circular layer of smooth muscle in t. muscularis externa (m. sphincter pylori).", organ: 4 }, {label: "Duodenum", desc_cs: "Sliznice tvoří klky a krypty, kryta jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem. Mucinózní žlázy (Brunnerovy) v podslizničním vazivu.", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. Villi and crypts. Mucous glands (Brunner’s) in t. submucosa.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Intestinum tenue", desc_cs: "Klky a krypty (na podélném případně příčném řezu). Jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel. Žlázy nejsou přítomny.", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. Villi and crypts. Glands absent.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Intestinum crassum", desc_cs: "Sliznice s hlubokými invaginacemi (kryptami). Jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel s četnými pohárkovými buňkami. Longitudinální vrstva t. muscularis externa redukována. Seróza (apendices epiploicae).", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells. Deep crypts. Longitudinal layer of t. muscularis externa reduced. Serosa forms appendices epiploicae.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Appendix vermiformis", desc_cs: "Sliznice s invaginacemi (kryptami) bohatá na lymfatické uzlíky. Jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel s četnými pohárkovými buňkami. T. muscularis externa úplná.", desc_en: "Mucosa with crypts, lined by simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells. Lymphatic follicles. T. muscularis externa complete.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Hepar", desc_cs: "Buňky uspořádány do trámců směřujících k tenkostěnné véně (v. centralis). Vazivo jen v portobiliárních prostorech, které obsahují interlobulární arterii, vénu a žlučovod.", desc_en: "Cells in trabecules oriented towards thin-walled vein (v. centralis). Connective tissue only in portobilliary areas with interlobular artery, vein and bile duct.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Vesica fellea", desc_cs: "Sliznice zvlněna v řasy, kryta jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem. Žádné žlázky. Svalová vrstva nepravidelně uspořádaná. Seróza nebo adventicie.", desc_en: "Mucosa with folds, lined by simple columnar epithelium. Glands absent. Muscle layer irregular. Serosa or adventitia.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Pancreas", desc_cs: "Vazivový obal a septa s vývody a cévami. Serózní aciny nepravidelného tvaru. Langerhansovy ostrůvky oddělené tenkým vazivovým obalem od exokrinní složky.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule and septs with ducts and vessels. Serous acini of rather irregular shape. Islets of Langerhans with thin connective tissue capsule.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Epiglottis", desc_cs: "Elastická chrupavka. Linguální strana kryta vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem, laryngeální strana víceřadým cylindrickým epitelem s řasinkami. Slizniční vazivo obsahuje smíšené žlázy.", desc_en: "Elastic cartilage. Lingual side lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Laryngeal side lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Mucosal connective tissue contains mixed glands.", organ: 4 }, {label: "Larynx", desc_cs: "Plica ventricularis a p. vocalis. Víceřadý cylindrický epitel s řasinkami a pohárkovými buňkami v celém rozsahu mimo plica vocalis (vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel). Slizniční seromucinózní žlázy. Příčně pruhovaná kosterní svalovina (m. vocalis).", desc_en: "Plica ventricularis and p. vocalis. Pseudosratified columnar epithelium with cilia except plica vocalis (stratified squamous epithelium). Mucosal seromucous glands. Striated skeletal muscle tissue (m. vocalis).", organ: 3 }, {label: "Trachea", desc_cs: "Víceřadý cylindrický epitel s řasinkami a pohárkovými buňkami. Slizniční seromucinózní žlázy. Fibrokartilaginózní vrstva s hyalinními chrupavkami. Adventicie.", desc_en: "Pseudosratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells. Mucosal seromucous glands.Fibrocartilagineous layer with hyaline cartilages. Adventitia.", organ: 3 }, {label: "Pulmo", desc_cs: "Alveoly vystlané jednovrstevným dlaždicovým epitelem. V interalveolárních septech kapiláry. Bronchioly a krevní cévy.", desc_en: "Alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium. Interalveolar septs with capillaries. Bronchiols and blood vessels.", organ: 3 }, {label: "Ren", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro. Kůra obsahující corpuscula renis a průřezy proximálními a distálními tubuly (jednovrstevný kubický až nízce cylindrický epitel). Dřeň obsahující jen průřezy kanálků různého kalibru.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Cortex with corpuscula renis and cross sections of proximal and distal tubules (simple cuboidal epithelium). Medulla with sections of tubules of varying size.", organ: 5 }, {label: "Ureter", desc_cs: "Sliznice vybíhá v řasy, krytá přechodným epitelem. Hladká svalovina uspořádaná do vnitřní longitudinální a zevní cirkulární vrstvy. Adventicie.", desc_en: "Mucosa with apparent folds lined by transitional epithelium. Smooth muscle tissue arranged into inner longitudinal and outer circular layers. Adventitia.", organ: 5 }, {label: "Vesica urinaria", desc_cs: "Sliznice krytá přechodným epitelem. Hladká svalovina nezřetelně rozdělená ve vrstvy. Adventicie (převážně).", desc_en: "Mucosa lined by transitional epithelium. Smooth muscle tissue inapparently divided into layers. Mostly adventitia.", organ: 5 }, {label: "Testis", desc_cs: "Vazivový obal (tunica albuginea) a málo zřetelná septa. Průřezy kanálků se zárodečným epitelem. Intersticiální vazivo se steroidogenními buňkami.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule (t. albuginea) with inapparent septs. Sections of tubules with germinative epithelium. Interstitial connective tissue with steroidogenic cells.", organ: 6 }, {label: "Epididymis", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro přecházející v intersticium. Průřezy úzkých kanálků (d. efferentes) s hvězdicovitým luminem vystlané jednovrstevným epitelem s nestejnou výškou buněk (kubické a cylindrické), vícenásobné průřezy kanálku (d. epididymidis) s širším luminem, vystlané dvouřadým-víceřadým cylindrickým epitelem se stereociliemi.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule continuous with interstitial connective tissue. Sections of narrow ducts (d. efferentes) with radial lumen lined by alternating tall ciliated columnar cells and cuboidal cells. Multiple sections of duct with wider lumen (d. epididymidis) lined by bilayered-pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia.", organ: 6 }, {label: "Funiculus spermaticus", desc_cs: "Vazivový obal. Ductus deferens, arterie, venózní plexus pampiniformis, nervové pleteně. Příčně pruhovaná kosterní svalová tkáň (m. cremaster).", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Ductus deferens, artery, venous plexus pampiniformis, nerve plexus. Striated skeletal muscle (m. cremaster).", organ: 6 }, {label: "Vesicula seminalis", desc_cs: "Několik průřezů luminem. Sliznice tvoří členitý labyrint řas. Jednovrstevný kubický až dvouřadý cylindrický žlázový epitel. Hladká svalová tkáň (tunica muscularis). Adventicie.", desc_en: "Multiple luminal sections. Folded mucosa. Simple cuboidal to bilayered columnar glandular epithelium. Smooth muscle tissue (t. muscularis). Adventitia.", organ: 6 }, {label: "Prostata", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro. Členité tuboalveolární žlázky vystlané jednovrstevným kubickým až dvouřadým cylindrickým epitelem. Corpora amylacea. Fibromuskulární stroma.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Compound tubulo-acinar glands lined by simple cuboidal to bilayered columnar epithelium. Corpora amylacea. Fibromuscular stroma.", organ: 6 }, {label: "Penis", desc_cs: "Corpora cavernosa a corpus spongiosum urethrae. Lakuny vystlané endotelem, husté kolagenní vazivo, hladké svalové buňky. Tunica albuginea. Urethra masculina vystlaná nejčastěji vrstevnatým cylindrickým epitelem.", desc_en: "Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum urethrae. Endothelium lined lacunae, desne collagen connective tissue, smooth muscle cells. Tunica albuginea. Urethra masculina typically lined by stratified columnar epithelium.", organ: 6 }, {label: "Ovarium, corpus luteum", desc_cs: "Povrch krytý jednovrstevným kubickým nebo plochým epitelem a tunica albuginea. Kůra tvořena vysoce buněčným vazivem, obsahuje folikuly v různém stupni vývoje. Dřeň bohatě vaskularizovaná. Corpus luteum tvořené steroidogenními granuloza-luteinovými a theca-luteinovými buňkami. Uvnitř fibrinové jádro.", desc_en: "Surface lined by simple cuboidal or squamous epithelium. Tunica albuginea. Cortex composed of highly cellular connective tissue and follicles in various stages of development. Medulla richly vascularized. Corpus luteum composed of steroidogenic granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells. Fibrin clot.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Tuba uterina – ampulla", desc_cs: "Sliznice s bohatě větvenými řasami je tvořena jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem s řasinkovými a sekrečními buňkami a vazivem (l. propria). Tenká t. muscularis externa tvoří 2 vrstvy (vnitřní cirkulární, zevní longitudinální). Seróza.", desc_en: "Mucosa with branched folds lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and peg cells, and connective tissue (l. propria). Thin t. muscularis externa forms two layers (inner circular, outer longitudinal). Serosa.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Tuba uterina – isthmus", desc_cs: "Slizniční řasy nízké, kryté jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem s řasinkovými a sekrečními buňkami. Silná vrstva zevní svaloviny (převážně cirkulární). Seróza.", desc_en: "Mucosa with low folds lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and peg cells. Thick t. muscularis externa (mostly circular). Serosa.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Uterus – phasis proliferativa", desc_cs: "Endometrium: jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel a l. propria obsahující úzké tubulózní žlázky. Zona functionalis a zona basalis. Silná hladká svalová vrstva (myometrium). Perimetrium (seróza).", desc_en: "Endometrium: simple columnar epithelium and l. propria with narrow tubular glands. Zona functionalis and zona basalis. Thick smooth muscle layer (myometrium). Perimetrium (serosa).", organ: 7 }, {label: "Uterus – phasis secretoria", desc_cs: "Vysoké endometrium (jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel a lamina propria). Žlázy dilatované, mají pilovitý tvar. Zona functionalis rozdělená na pars compacta a pars spongiosa.", desc_en: "Tall endometrium (simple columnar epithelium and l. propria). Dilated, indented glands. Zona functionalis composed of pars compacta and pars spongiosa.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Vagina", desc_cs: "Dutý orgán. Nekeratinizující vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel bohatý na glykogen. Venózní pleteně v l. propria. T. muscularis externa tvořena hladkou svalovou tkání. Adventicie z hustého kolagenního vaziva.", desc_en: "Hollow organ. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium rich in glycogen. Venous plexus in l. propria. Smooth muscle layer (t. muscularis externa). Adventitia of dense collagen connective tissue.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Labium minus", desc_cs: "Na obou stranách epidermis bez vlasových folikulů. Řídké kolagenní vazivo s mazovými žlázkami.", desc_en: "Epidermis on both sides, hair follicles absent. Loose collagen connective tissue with sebaceous glands.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Hypophysis cerebri", desc_cs: "Dvě odlišné části. Přední lalok (adenohypofýza) tvořený trámčitým epitelem s bazofilními, acidofilními a chromofobními buňkami, intersticiální vazivo a četné krevní kapiláry (sinusoidy). Zadní lalok (neurohypofýza) obsahuje buňky (pituicyty) a nemyelinizovaná nervová vlákna.", desc_en: "Two distinct parts. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) composed of trabecular epithelium with basophilic, acidophilic and chromophobe cells. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) composed of pituicytes and non-myelinated nerve fibers.", organ: 8 }, {label: "Corpus pineale", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro (pia mater), septa. Buňky (pinealocyty a gliové buňky) uspořádány do nepravidelných trámců či skupin. Corpora arenacea (mozkový písek).", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule (pia mater). Cells (pinealocytes and glial cells) in irregular cords or clusters. Corpora arenacea (brain sand).", organ: 8 }, {label: "Glandula thyroidea", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro, septa. Folikuly (váčky) různé velikosti vystlané jednovrstevným epitelem (kubický až cylindrický) obsahují homogenní, převážně eozinofilní koloid. Bohatá kapilární síť.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule, septs. Follicles of varying size lined by simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium containing homogenous, mostly eosinophilic colloid. Rich capillary network.", organ: 8 }, {label: "Glandula parathyroidea", desc_cs: "Vazivový obal a septa. Dva typy buněk: početnější hlavní – malé, s výrazným jádrem a světlou cytoplazmou, méně početné oxyfilní - velké s nápadně světlou nebo naopak eozinofilní cytoplazmou. Časté adipocyty v intersticiu.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule, septs. Two distinct types of cells. Chief cells: small cells with distinct nucleus and pale cytoplasm. Oxyphilic cells: less abundant cells with pale or eosinophilic cytoplasm. Abundant adipocytes in interstitium.", organ: 8 }, {label: "Corpus suprarenale", desc_cs: "Kůra tvořená trámčitým epitelem, podle tvaru trámců lze rozlišit tři zřetelné zóny. Bohatě vaskularizovaná dřeň tvořená chromafinními buňkami.", desc_en: "Cortex composed of trabecular epithelium divided in three distinct zones. Richly vascularized medulla with chromaffin cells.", organ: 8 }, {label: "Thymus", desc_cs: "Tenké vazivové pouzdro a septa. Tmavší kůra a světlá dřeň. Cytoretikulum. Lymfocyty. Bohatá vaskularizace. Hassalova tělíska. Involuce s věkem.", desc_en: "Thin connective tissue capsule, septs. Dark cortex, pale medulla. Cytoreticulum. Lymphocytes. Rich vascularization. Hassall’s corpuscles. Age dependent involution.", organ: 8 }, {label: "Arteria et vena", desc_cs: "Cévy obklopené vazivem. Stratifikace stěny odpovídá obecnému schématu arterií a vén.", desc_en: "Vessels embedded in loose collagen connective tissue. Wall stratification follows the general architecture of hollow organs.", organ: 1 }, {label: "Aorta", desc_cs: "Silná t. media. Koncentricky uspořádané elastické membrány. Vasa vasorum a nervi vasorum v adventicii.", desc_en: "Thick t. media. Concentrically arranged elastic membranes Vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum in adventitia.", organ: 1 }, {label: "Vena cava", desc_cs: "Tenká až chybějící t. media, silná adventicie s longitudinálními snopci hladkých svalový buněk. Bez elastických membrán.", desc_en: "Thin or even absent t. media, thick adventitia with longitudinally arranged bundles or smooth muscle cells. Elastic membranes absent.", organ: 1 }, {label: "Myocardium", desc_cs: "Kardiomyocyty spojené interkalárními disky. Bohatá vaskularizace.", desc_en: "Cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs. Rich vascularization.", organ: 1 }, {label: "Lymphonodus", desc_cs: "Tenké vazivové pouzdro, septa. Kůra s lymfatickými uzlíky. Dřeň s nápadnými sinusy. Retikulární vazivo.", desc_en: "Thin connective tissue capsule, septs. Cortex with lymphatic follicles. Medulla with apparent sinuses. Reticular connective tissue.", organ: 2 }, {label: "Lien", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro a trabekuly. Parenchym tvořený bílou pulpou (retikulární vazivo a lymfocyty) a červenou pulpou (provazce retikulárního vaziva s četnými erytrocyty – červeně, sinusy).", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule, trabecules. Parenchyma composed of white pulp (reticular connective tissue and lymphocytes) and red pulp (cords of reticular connective tissue with abundant erythrocytes, sinuses).", organ: 2 }, {label: "Cutis – phalanx distalis digiti manus", desc_cs: "Epidermis s tlustou vrstvou zrohovatělých buněk (stratum corneum proprium). Sulci cutis. Dermis a hypodermis.", desc_en: "Epidermis with thick layer of keratinized cells (stratum corneum proprium). Sulci cutis. Dermis a hypodermis.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Cutis – axilla", desc_cs: "Tenká epidermis. V dermis apokrinní, ekrinní i mazové žlázy a vlasové folikuly.", desc_en: "Thin epidermis. Apocrine, eccrine and sebaceous glands in dermis. Hair follicles.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Cutis capillata", desc_cs: "Tenká epidermis. V dermis pouze ekrinní a mazové žlázy a vlasové folikuly. Apokrinní žlázy nejsou přítomny.", desc_en: "Thin epidermis. Only eccrine and sebaceous glands in dermis. Hair follicles. Apocrine glands absent.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Unguis", desc_cs: "Nehtové lůžko a ploténka. Bohatá kapilární síť. Epidermis a dermis.", desc_en: "Nail bed and nail plate. Rich capillary network. Epidermis and dermis.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Mamma non lactans", desc_cs: "Převážně vazivo (husté a řídké kolagenní), tuková tkáň, ostrůvky epitelové tkáně (některé luminizované).", desc_en: "Mostly loose and dense collagen connective tissue, adipose tissue, isolated, occasionally luminized cluster of epithelial tissue.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Mamma lactans", desc_cs: "Vazivová septa oddělující lalůčky žlázového epitelu, nepravidelné tuboalveolární žlázky v některých lalůčcích dilatované, vystlané plochým až kubickým epitelem, v jiných lalůčcích žlázky užší vystlané kubickým až cylindrickým epitelem.", desc_en: "Connective tissue septs dividing lobuli of glandular epithelium. Irregular, occasionally dilated tubuloacinar glands, lined by squamous, cuboidal or columnar epithelium.", organ: 11 }, {label: "Cortex cerebri", desc_cs: "Šedá i bílá hmota, v šedé hmotě stratifikace neuronů podle vrstev. Nápadné pyramidové buňky.", desc_en: "Gray and white matter. Neurons in gray mater stratified to layers. Apparent pyramidal cells.", organ: 9 }, {label: "Cerebellum", desc_cs: "Průřezy četných závitů se zřetelně rozvrstvenou kůrou. Purkyňovy buňky.", desc_en: "Sections of numerous gyri with clearly stratified cortex. Purkinje cells.", organ: 9 }, {label: "Medulla spinalis", desc_cs: "Šedá hmota v podobě písmene H, bílá hmota periferně. Somatomotorické multipolární neurony v předních rozích.", desc_en: "Gray matter in form of letter “H”, white matter located in periphery. Somatomotoric multipolar neurons in anterior horns.", organ: 9 }, {label: "Ganglion", desc_cs: "Vazivové pouzdro, velké gangliové buňky obklopené plochými satelitními buňkami, nervová vlákna.", desc_en: "Connective tissue capsule. Large ganglionic cells surrounded by squamous satellite cells. Nerve fibers.", organ: 9 }, {label: "Nervus", desc_cs: "Podélný nebo příčný řez několika svazky nervových vláken. Vazivová složka: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium.", desc_en: "Transverse or longitudinal section through several bundles of nerve fibers. Connective tissue constituting endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium.", organ: 9 }, {label: "Bulbus oculi – segmentum anterius", desc_cs: "Rohovka, duhovka, řasnaté těleso.", desc_en: "Cornea, iris, ciliary body.", organ: 10 }, {label: "Bulbus oculi – segmentum posterius", desc_cs: "Bělima (husté kolagenní vazivo), cévnatka (řídké vazivo s obsahem pigmentových buněk), sítnice (pravidelné rozvrstvení neuronů). Odstup zrakového nervu (n. opticus).", desc_en: "Sclera (dense collagen connective tissue), choroid (loose collagen connective tissue), retina (apparent stratification of neurons). N. opticus (can be absent in section).", organ: 10 }, {label: "Palpebra", desc_cs: "Vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel rohovějící (epidermis) na jedné straně, vrstevnatý cylindrický epitel na opačné straně (spojivka). Tarsální ploténka (husté kolagenní vazivo) s četnými mazovými žlázkami. Příčně pruhovaný kosterní sval.", desc_en: "Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and stratified columnar epithelium (conjuctiva). Tarsal plate (dense collagen connective tissue) with abundant sebaceous glands. Striated skeletal muscle tissue.", organ: 10 }, {label: "Auricula", desc_cs: "Kůže s kožními adnexy na obou stranách (zřetelné vlasové folikuly), podkožní vazivo s početnými adipocyty, cévy, nervy. Elastická chrupavka.", desc_en: "Skin with skin adnexa (hair follicles), subcutaneous connective tissue with adipocytes, vessels and nerves. Elastic cartilage.", organ: 10 }, {label: "Funiculus umbilicalis", desc_cs: "Jednovrstevný plochý epitel, rosolovité vazivo, dvě arterie, jedna véna.", desc_en: "Simple squamous epithelium. Wharton’s jelly. Two arteries, single vein.", organ: 7 }, {label: "Placenta", desc_cs: "Choriová ploténka (téměř rovná stejnoměrně silná vrstva řídkého vaziva) krytá jednovrstevným amniovým epitelem, bazální ploténka (nepravidelná s výraznými velkými buňkami) na opačné straně. Průřezy silných (úponových) a drobných (volných) klků. Intervilózní prostor.", desc_en: "Chorionic plate (straight plate of loose collagen connective tissue) lined by simple amniotic epithelium. Basal plate (irregular, with large, apparent cells). Sections of stem and free villi. Intervillous space.", organ: 7 } ] var chapters = [ { "label": "1", "cid": "1", cs: "Kardiovaskulární systém", en: "Cardiovascular system", organs: [47,48,49,50] }, { "label": "2", "cid": "2", cs: "Lymfatický systém", en: "Lymphatic system", organs: [46,51,52] }, { "label": "3", "cid": "3", cs: "Dýchací systém", en: "Respiratory system", organs: [21,22,23,24] }, { "label": "4", "cid": "4", cs: "Trávicí systém", en: "Gastrointestinal system", organs: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] }, { "label": "5", "cid": "5", cs: "Močový systém", en: "Urogenital system", organs: [25,26,27,34] }, { "label": "6", "cid": "6", cs: "Mužský pohlavní systém", en: "Male reproductive system", organs: [28,29,30,31,32,33,34] }, { "label": "7", "cid": "7", cs: "Ženský pohlavní systém", en: "Female reproductive system", organs: [35,36,37,38,39,40,68,69] }, { "label": "8", "cid": "8", cs: "Endokrinní systém", en: "Endocrine system", organs: [41,42,43,44,45] }, { "label": "9", "cid": "11", cs: "Nervový systém", en: "Nerve system", organs: [59,60,61,62,63] }, { "label": "10", "cid": "9", cs: "Smyslové orgány", en: "Sensory organs", organs: [64,65,66,67] }, { "label": "11", "cid": "10", cs: "Kůže a kožní adnexa", en: "Skin and skin adnexa", organs: [53,54,55,56,57,58] } ]; var items = [ {"title":{"cs":"Artérie svalového typu s vénou (HE)","en":"Muscular artery and vein (HE)","lat":"Arteria typus muscularis con vena"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-11-1.jpg","id":"3705212","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":47,"chapter":["1"],"index":0}, {"title":{"cs":"Aorta (HEŠ)","en":"Aorta (HES)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-11-5.jpg","id":"3705216","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":48,"chapter":["1"],"index":4}, {"title":{"cs":"Aorta (orcein)","en":"Aorta (orcein)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-11-6.jpg","id":"3705217","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":48,"chapter":["1"],"index":5}, {"title":{"cs":"Aorta (orcein)","en":"Aorta (orcein)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-11-7.jpg","id":"3705218","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":48,"chapter":["1"],"index":6}, {"title":{"cs":"Vena cava (HE)","en":"Vena cava (HE)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-11-8.jpg","id":"3705219","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":49,"chapter":["1"],"index":7}, {"title":{"cs":"Myokard (HE)","en":"Myocardium (HE)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/myokard01.jpg","id":"3705222","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":50,"chapter":["1"],"index":10}, {"title":{"cs":"Myokard (Heidenhainův hematoxylin)","en":"Myocardium (Heidenhain´s iron hematoxylin)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/OH_img6-8.jpg","id":"3705223","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":50,"chapter":["1"],"index":11}, {"title":{"cs":"Lymfatická uzlina (HE)","en":"Lymph node (HE)","lat":"Lymphonodus"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-1.jpg","id":"3705228","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":51,"chapter":["2"],"index":16}, {"title":{"cs":"Lymfatická uzlina - kůra (HE)","en":"Lymph node cortex (HE)","lat":"Lymphonodus - cortex"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-2.jpg","id":"3705229","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":51,"chapter":["2"],"index":17}, {"title":{"cs":"Lymfatická uzlina (impregnace)","en":"Lymph node (impregnation)","lat":"Lymphonodus"},"file":"/MA/MA-2.4_node0005c.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Slezina (HE)","en":"Spleen (HE)","lat":"Lien"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-3.jpg","id":"3705231","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":52,"chapter":["2"],"index":19}, {"title":{"cs":"Slezina - bílá pulpa (HE)","en":"Spleen - white pulp (HE)","lat":"Lien - pulpa alba"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-4.jpg","id":"3705232","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":52,"chapter":["2"],"index":20}, {"title":{"cs":"Slezina - červená pulpa (HE)","en":"Spleen - red pulp (HE)","lat":"Lien - pulpa rubra"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-5.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Slezina - vazivové pouzdro (HEŠ)","en":"Spleen - fibrous capsule (HES)","lat":"Lien"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-6.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Slezina - retikulární vazivo (impregnace dle Gomoriho)","en":"Spleen - reticular fibers (impregnation according to Gomori)","lat":"Lien"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-12.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Thymus juvenilní (HE)","en":"Thymus - juvenile (HE)","lat":"Thymus (iuv.)"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-7.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Thymus juvenilní (HE)","en":"Thymus - juvenile (HE)","lat":"Thymus (iuv.)"},"file":"/MA/thymus-juv.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Thymus - dřeň (HE)","en":"Thymus - medulla (HE)","lat":"Thymus"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-12-8.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Thymus v involuci (HE)","en":"Thymus in involution (HE)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/MA-2.13_thymus_v_involuci01.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Thymus v involuci (HE)","en":"Thymus - involution (HE)","lat":"Thymus"},"file":"/MA/thymus0002inv.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["2"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Epiglottis (HE)","en":"Epiglottis (HE)","lat":"Epiglottis"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-2.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["3"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Hrtan - sliznice (HE)","en":"Larynx - sliznice (HE)","lat":"Larynx"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-3.jpg","id":"3705245","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":22,"chapter":["3"],"index":33}, {"title":{"cs":"Hrtan - plica vocalis (HE)","en":"Larynx - plica vocalis (HE)","lat":"Larynx"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-5.jpg","id":"","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":-1,"chapter":["3"]}, {"title":{"cs":"Hrtan - plica ventricularis (HE)","en":"Larynx - plica ventricularis (HE)","lat":"Larynx"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-4.jpg","id":"3705247","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":22,"chapter":["3"],"index":35}, {"title":{"cs":"Průdušnice - trachea (HE)","en":"Trachea (HE)","lat":"Trachea"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-6.jpg","id":"3705248","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":23,"chapter":["3"],"index":36}, {"title":{"cs":"Trachea - sliznice (HE)","en":"Trachea - mucosa (HE)","lat":"Trachea"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-7.jpg","id":"3705249","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":23,"chapter":["3"],"index":37}, {"title":{"cs":"Plicní parenchym (HE)","en":"Lung parenchyma (HE)","lat":"Pulmo"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-9.jpg","id":"3705251","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":24,"chapter":["3"],"index":39}, {"title":{"cs":"Plicní parenchym (HE)","en":"Lung parenchyma (HE)","lat":"Pulmo"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-10.jpg","id":"3705252","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":24,"chapter":["3"],"index":40}, {"title":{"cs":"Plíce - interalveolární septum (HE)","en":"Lungs - interalveolar septum (HE)","lat":"Pulmo"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-13-11.jpg","id":"3705253","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":24,"chapter":["3"],"index":41}, {"title":{"cs":"Ret - labium oris (HE)","en":"Lip - labium oris (HE)","lat":"Labium oris"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-1.jpg","id":"3705257","help":{"cs":"

Vrstevnatý dlaždicový epitel keratinizující (ventrálně) i nekeratinizující (dorsálně). Musculus orbicularis oris. Gll. labiales. Oblast červeně rtu.

","en":"

Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized (ventrally) and non-keratinized (dorsally). Musculus orbicularis oris. Gll. labiales. Vermilion border.

"},"cathegory":0,"chapter":["4"],"index":45}, {"title":{"cs":"Labium oris - ventrální strana (HE)","en":"Labium oris - ventral side (HE)","lat":"Labium oris"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-2.jpg","id":"3705258","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":0,"chapter":["4"],"index":46}, {"title":{"cs":"Labium oris - dorzální strana (HE)","en":"Labium oris - dorzální strana (HE)","lat":"Labium oris"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-3.jpg","id":"3705259","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":0,"chapter":["4"],"index":47}, {"title":{"cs":"Hrazená papila - papilla vallata (HE)","en":"Papilla vallata (HE)","lat":"Papilla vallata"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-8.jpg","id":"3705265","help":{"cs":"

Velká papila s výraznou cirkumpapilární brázdou. Epitel s chuťovými pohárky. Gll. gustatoriae (Ebneri).

","en":"

Large papilla with apparent circumpapillary trench. Epithelium with taste buds. Gll. gustatoriae (Ebneri).

"},"cathegory":2,"chapter":["4"],"index":53}, {"title":{"cs":"Měkké patro - palatum molle (HE)","en":"Soft palate - palatum molle (HE)","lat":"Palatum molle"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-10.jpg","id":"3705267","help":{"cs":"

Sliznice tvořena nasálně víceřadým cylindrickým epitelem s řasinkami, orálně nekeratinizujícím vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem. Aponeurosis palatina. Orálně mucinózní gll. palatinae, nasálně seromucinózní gll. nasales.

","en":"

Mucosa with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (nasally) or stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium (orally). Aponeurosis palatina. Orally mucous gll. palatinae, nasally seromucous gll. nasales.

"},"cathegory":4,"chapter":["4"],"index":55}, {"title":{"cs":"Zub (HE)","en":"Teeth (HE)","lat":"Dens"},"file":"/MA/teeth05.jpg","id":"3705270","help":{"cs":"

Dentin. Zubní pulpa. Gingiva a gingivodentální uzávěra.

","en":"

Dentin. Dental pulp. Gingiva and gingival epithelial attachment.

"},"cathegory":6,"chapter":["4"],"index":58}, {"title":{"cs":"Glandula parotis (HE)","en":"Parotid gland (HE)","lat":"Glandula parotis"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-15.jpg","id":"3705273","help":{"cs":"

Serózní aciny, žíhané vývody, vazivové pouzdro a septa s interlobulárními vývody.

","en":"

Serous acini, straited ducts, c.t. capsule and septs with interlobular ducts.

"},"cathegory":7,"chapter":["4"],"index":61}, {"title":{"cs":"Glandula submandibularis (HE)","en":"Submandibular gland (HE)","lat":"Glandula submandibularis"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-17.jpg","id":"3705276","help":{"cs":"

Dominantní serózní komponenta (acini), přítomné mucinózní tubuly se serózními demilunami. Vazivový obal a septa s interlobulárními vývody.

","en":"

Dominant serous component (acini). Mucous tubules with serous demilunes are present. C.t. capsule and septs with interlobular ducts.

"},"cathegory":8,"chapter":["4"],"index":64}, {"title":{"cs":"Glandula sublingualis (HE)","en":"Sublingual gland (HE)","lat":"Glandula sublingualis"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-20.jpg","id":"3705280","help":{"cs":"

Dominantní mucinózní komponenta. Občasné serózní acini. Vazivové pouzdro a septa s interlobulárními vývody.

","en":"

Mucous component dominant. Occasional serous acini. C.t. capsule and septs with interlobular ducts.

"},"cathegory":9,"chapter":["4"],"index":68}, {"title":{"cs":"Jícen (HEŠ)","en":"Esophagus (HES)","lat":"Esophagus"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-21.jpg","id":"3705282","help":{"cs":"

Jednotlivé vrstvy odpovídají obecnému schématu stavby dutého orgánu. Sliznice kryta vrstevnatým dlaždicovým epitelem. Zřetelná l. muscularis mucosae. Silná t. muscularis externa.

","en":"

Individual layers correspond to the general organization of hollow organ wall. Mucosa lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Apparent l. muscularis mucosae. Thick t. muscularis externa.

"},"cathegory":10,"chapter":["4"],"index":70}, {"title":{"cs":"Jícen (AZAN)","en":"Esophagus (AZAN)","lat":"Esophagus"},"file":"/MA/oesophagus03.jpg","id":"3705283","help":{"cs":"","en":""},"cathegory":10,"chapter":["4"],"index":71}, {"title":{"cs":"Gastroesofageální junkce (HE)","en":"Gastroesophageal junction (HE)","lat":""},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-22.jpg","id":"3705285","help":{"cs":"

Gastroesofageální junkce. Náhlý přechod epitelů z vrstevnatého dlaždicového (jícen) na jednovrstevný cylindrický (žaludek, cardia), včetně uspořádání l. propria mucosae. Gll. cardiacae. Často lymfatický uzlík.

","en":"

Gastroesophageal junction. Sudden change of stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) to simple columnar epithelium (stomach, cardia), incluing arrangement of l. propria mucosae. Gll. cardiacae. Lymphatic follicle often present.

"},"cathegory":11,"chapter":["4"],"index":73}, {"title":{"cs":"Žaludek - fundus ventriculi (HE)","en":"Stomach - fundus ventriculi (HE)","lat":"Fundus ventriculi"},"file":"/MA/HP_img6-14-23.jpg","id":"3705286","help":{"cs":"

Sliznice fundu zvlněna do řas, přítomny žaludeční jamky do kterých ústí tubulózní žlázky (gll. gastricae propriae). L. epithelialis mucosae kryta jednovrstevným cylindrickým epitelem, ve žlážkách přítomny světlé mucinózní, acidofilní (parietální) a bazofilní (hlavní buňky). Žlázky pouze v l. propria mucosae. Nápadná t. muscularis mucosae.

","en":"

Mucosa of fundus apparently folded. Gastric pits with glandular openings. Gll. gastricae propriae in l. propria mucosae. L. epithelialis mucosae with simple columnar epithelium. In glands pale mucous cells, acidophilic (parietal) and bosophilic (chief) cells. Apparent t. muscularis externa.

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Sliznice vytváří klky na podkladě l. propria, případně Kerckringovy řasy (submukóza). Lieberkuhnovy krypty. Jednovrstevný cylindrický epitel s pohárkovými buňkami.

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Žlázový parenchym tvořený serózními aciny, rozdělený vazivovými septy. Nápadné Langerhansovy ostrůvky.

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Glandular parenchyma composed of serous acini, divided by c.t. septa. Apparent islets of Langerhans.

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