Table of contents
List of tables and figures..................................7
List of abbreviations....................................11
Preface.............................................13
1|      Language of science...............................17
1 | 1 Science, terminologies and hierarchical lexical sets.............. 17
1|2 The aims, methods and research questions of this study.......... 20
1 j 3 Occupational varieties and the style of science................. 22
1 | 4 Terms and their formation................................ 26
1|5 Semantic and syntactic condensation....................... 31
2|      Lexical units and relations between them.................33
2 | ' Semantic fields and lexemes.............................. 33
2 | 2 Sense relations seen through predicate calculus................ 35
2 | 3 Synonymy........................................... 38
2|4 Polysemy and synonymy of terms........................... 40
2 | 5 Oppositeness and antonymy.............................. 42
2 | 6   Hyponymy........................................... 44
2 | 6 | 1   Inclusion and entailment.......................... 44
2 | 6 | 2   Compatibility, incompatibility, paraphrases
and imperfect relations........................... 46
2 | 6 | 3   Relation between antonymy and hyponymy.............47
2 | 6 | 4   Markedness - general and specific words..............47
3|      Lexical hierarchies................................ 53
3|1   Classificatory hierarchies: introduction....................... 53
3 | 2   Taxonomy........................................... 60
3 | 2 | 1   Properties of taxonomy........................... 60
3 | 2 | 2   Natural and nominal kind hyponyms.................. 61
3 | 2 | 3   Taxonomic overspecification and underspecification...... 66
3 | 3   Meronomy........................................... 67
3 | 3 | 1   Meronyms and holonyms.......................... 67
3 | 3 | 2   Transitivity vs. intransitivity of meronymy.............. 69
3 | 4   Relation between taxonomy and meronomy................... 70
3 | 5   Relations similar to the part-whole relation ................... 72
3 | 6   Proportional series..................................... 75
3|6|1   Open vs. closed, consistent vs. inconsistent series........ 75
3 j 6 | 2   Endonyms, exonyms, analogues and lexical siblings....... 77
3 | 6 | 3   Paronymy..................................... 81
3 | 7   Non-branching lexical hierarchies.......................... 82
3|7|1   Derivation of non-branching hierarchies............... 82
3 | 7 | 2   Non-lexicalised branching and non-branching hierarchies . . - 84
3 j 7 j 3   Scalar non-branching hierarchies.................... 86
3 | 7 | 4   Chains vs. cycles/helices.......................... 87
4|      Biological taxonomy...............................91
4 | 1   The principles of binomial nomenclature and biological taxonomy. ... 91
4|2   Representation of evolution in tree diagrams..................96
4 | 3   Botanical taxonomic system and its taxonyms..................101
4 | 4  Zoological taxonomic system and its taxonyms.................115
4 | 5  Taxonymic inconsistencies: synonymy and polysemy.............121
4|5|1   Terminological synonymy.........................121
4 | 5 | 2   Terminological polysemy..........................1 26
5|      Lexical hierarchies in the nomenclature of economics.......129
5 | 1   Lexical sources of the language of economics..................129
5 | 2   Lexico-semantic properties of the financial
and accounting terminology..............................130
5 | 3  Taxonymic inconsistencies in the language of economics:
polysemy and synonymy.................................135
5 | 4   Lexical hierarchies in economics, finance and accounting.........137
61      Lexical hierarchies in natural vs. social sciences...........161
6 | 1   Natural vs. artificial classifications..........................161
6 | 1 | 1   Properties of taxons at higher levels..................161
6|1 | 2   Polysemy of vernacular generic names................164
6 | 1 | 3   Other social hierarchies: military ranks................165
6 | 2   Term-formation—its sources, means and processes .............169
6 | 3   Nomenclatures in the vertical perspective....................176
6 | 4   Principles of term-formation at the horizontal level..............181
6 | 4 | 1   Co-hyponyms in biological taxonomies................181
6 | 4 | 2   Co-hyponyms in the lexical hierarchies
of accounting and finance ........................188
71      Properties of lexical hierarchies in biology
and in economics: synthesis and conclusions.............197
References.........................................201
Summary...........................................205
Zusammenfassung....................................207
Shrnuti............................................211
Name Index.........................................213
Subject Index........................................215