Jana Hrabcova vPolitical: žthe defeat of Czech Estates and the liquidation of the Czech Lands confederation enabled the Habsburgs to introduce a model based on a powerful´s monarch´s rule, traditionally called royal (Baroque) absolutism žin 1621 a greant trial with politicians who had been active in rebellion took place in Prague, their properties were confiscated and divided among the Catholic nobility from Bohemia, Austria and Hungary žon June 21 1621 – twenty-seven Estates oppositions leaders were executed in the old Town Square in Prague žthe Habsburg were planning to establish a completely new order in the Kingdom of Bohemia and to implement radical changes in the Bohemian Lands´ status žthey decided to eliminate the Estates opposition completely, to establish a strong ruling position and to incorporate the Lands of the Bohemian Crown into the Habsburg monarchy much more firmly than ever before ž 200px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg vPolitical: žFerdinand II entrusted the administration of the Kingdom of Bohemia to the Catholic politician Karl I, Prince of Lichtenstein who became a royal vice-regent žin Moravia, the king was represented by a proconsul and governor – the Bishop of Olomouc, Cardinal Franz of Dietrichstein žthe new relationship between king and estates was codified in the Renewed Land Ordinances, which were issued for Bohemian Kingdom in 1627 and for the Margraviate of Moravia in 1628 žthose were in fact new constitutions, the problem was, that they were issued without the Estates´ cooperation, the powers of the Estates were strictly limited žThe Renewed Ordinance considerably augmented the ruler´s power in the Czech Lands ž vEconomical and social: žthe country was destroyed, many people died in the consequence of diseases, famine ... žnot enough labour power – that caused tightening of serfdom žthe peasants were not allowed to marry, move house, study or learn a trade without their landlord´s consent žthe peasants also had to pay heavy governmental taxation žafter the Battle of White Mountain unprecedented property and financial speculations ždevaluation, literally cutting the coins žblack death epidemies vEconomical and social: žthe fastest to recover was trade with distant countries, followed by local trade and handicraft ž1666 – a commercial board (Commerzkollegium), an office for monitoring and support of economic life in Czech and Austrian lands was established – based on thoughts of leading German mercantilist Johann Joachim Becher žthe first decades od 18th century – the beginning of major manufacturing development in the Czech Lands žthe foreign experts were coming to the Habsburg Monarchy žin the Czech Lands, the manufacturing was oriented mainly towards linen production ž ž vReligious: žafter two hundred years, the Catholic clergy was elevated to become the first and the most important Estate žthe dominance of the Roman Catholic Church was secured – the re-Catholicization started, žthe Catholic faith the only permitted creed in the country žFerdinand II also issued an edict, which ordered all non-Catholic noblemen to convert or to emigrate – so the large wave of emmigration succeeded žamong the emigrés were many outstanding scholars and intellectuals, such as Jan Amos Komenský (Comenius) a prominent thinker, teacher and scholar of European renown žthe hussite or protestant inhabitansts were often violently forced to convert žforced conversion along with the tightening of serfdom and aggravating the social situation, resulted in unrest in the rural parts of the coutry and led to several peasant rebellions žAround 1600 in Italy, in Central Europe during 17th and 18th century žThe last universal style žEncouraged by the Catholic Church žPaintings – Karel Škréta, Václav Vavřinec Reiner žSculptures – Matyas Bernard Braun (Charles Bridge – sculptures, Kuks), Ferdinad Maxmilian Brokoff (Charles Bridge) žMusic – Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic, Jan Dismas Zelenka žLiterature žArchitecture ž ž [USEMAP] ž žPilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk on Zelena hora Hill ž-Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel žhttp://www.santini.cz/index-en.aspx ž žPrague – St. Nicholas Church – Christof and Kilian Ignac Dienzenhofer zelenahora11_b.jpg 6.jpg žGreen Market - The Parnas Fountain - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach žSt. Johns´Church, Minoritská street, Brno 450px-Kašna_Parnas_(Brno)_(6033).jpg 800px-Brno,_kostel_(10).jpg 800px-Europe,_1700_-_1714.png žCharles VI (1711–1740) – a dynastic crisis - no living male heirs ž1713 –Pragmatic Sanction – a law which ensured the succession by female family members if there were no male heirs žensuring the indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire - the Habsburg ruler ruled as a hereditary sovereign žthe re-Catholization pressure increased ž 250px-Karel_VI.jpg žborn in 1717 žHer husband was Francis Stephen of Lorraine žThey had 16 children, 13 of them survived žher right to rule was based on the Pragmatic Sanction from 1713, but after Charles´ death some rulers challenged its validity and presented their claims to Habsburg lands žthe War of Austrian Succession in 1740–1748 žshe managed to defend almost her entire heritage but it was clear that it is necessary to put a big effort into perfecting the army žSeven Years´ War (1756–1763) - Frederick II invaded Bohemia but in the end the Prussians were pushed from Bohemia ž 220px-Andreas_Moeller_001.jpg žsince the mid-1760s Maria Theresa could finally focus on the consolidation and modernization of her lands – enlighted reforms žformation of new administration and the new institutions and beraucratic machinery žthe administration was centralised žHygiene and medical services – hospitals, inoculation žeducation system reforms (obligatory school attendance from 6 to 12) žlegal reforms - equality before the law was declared, humanization of punishments, torture dissapeared from court procedures, capital punishment was temporarily abolished in 1780s ž1769 – Maria Theresa´s Penal Code ž1786 – General Civil Code ž1787 – Joseph II´s Penal Code žtax reform - land register and tax and urbarial reforms, universal land tax, which was to be paid by all the population (earlier the aristocracy and the church had been exempted from the taxes) žuniformed units of size and weight, unification of currency, extensive road network, abolished customs barriers between the provincies – the trade became much easier ž žin the Czech lands since mid- 18th century, the peak during Joseph II´s reign, sometimes also called josephinism žcentres of enligtened life – noble salons and Masonic lodges – enlightened state clerks and army officers focused on charity ž1784 – the Bohemian Society of Sciences – focused on natural and historical sciences žthe Bohemian enlightment and science was linguistically mostly German ž žcensorhip was loosened, not completely freedom of speech, but citizens could comment on domestic political matters ž1781 – Joseph II´s Toleration Patent – granted freedom of religion to non-Catholic denominations: Orthodox, Calvinist and Lutheran žthe era of state promoted re-Catholization was definitely over žlater in 1780s the rights were also applied to the Jews, who also became the equal citizens ž1781 – Serfdom Patent (abolished restricions and granted the peasants personal freedom, they became equal citizens) žthe church was put under state control, its property was taxed ž the Enlightened state reforms, particularly the changes intorduced by Emperor Joseph II, did not meet with a universaly possitive response žespecially the nobility refused to accept the loss of its political possition, privileges and power over the peasants, but many people had problem with state control of the church and of the life in general, they did not like interventions into folk customs and religious traditions ž žMaria Theresa (1717 – 1780) žJoseph II (1741 – 1790) josef2.jpg marie-terezie.jpg žin the second half of the 17th century – unstable region with several anti-Habsburg rebellions taking place ž1699 – Peace Treaty of Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci) with Osman Turks – most of Hungarian areas liberated from Turks žPersonal union with Austria žAustria leading power in central Europe ž ž 618px-Eyalet_of_temesvar1699.png žafter Thirty Years´ War the European power structure was rearranged žThe Holy Roman Empire was divided into many territories (360 states) - de facto they were sovereign and had their own the Holy Roman Empire had no army, no central autority ž 736px-HRR_1789_EN.png žafter the Thirty Years´ War the Kingdom of Prussia in the North- Eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire started to grow and politicaly strenghten, the rulers were coming from the House of Hohenzollern žPrince Elector Frederick William (1640–1688) – ecomonical reforms, strong power of the ruler ž his son Frederick III. (1688–1713) - he was crowned the King as Frederick I. žthe capical city was Berlin – rebuilt, administrative and cultural centre of the state žFrederick William I (1713–1740) – called the Soldier King, thrifty, practical, good ruler žcreator of the Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalized standing army, which he developed into the best army in Europe ž žFrederick II (1740 – 1786) – the Great, the King of Prussia žthe was succesful reformer žpractised enlightened absolutism žhe introduced a general civil code, abolished torture žhe also promoted an advanced secondary education žsupported science and arts – according to the French example he built the Chateau Sanssouci žhe used the power of his army to conquer Silesia, which was the richest province of Habsburg Monarchy žIn 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of Silesia and the so called Silesian Wars began (1740–1763) žthese wars have been gourped with the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748) ž graff_friedrich_II_9999.jpg žthe third largest state in Europe till 1770s, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth žmany nations and many confessions living in Poland ža great influence of Russia in 18th žthe general decline of Poland was used by its neighbouring states – Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Monarchy and resulted in the Partition of Poland in the second half of the 18th century v1st partition – 1772 žPoland lost 1/3 of land and 1/3 of inhabitants žthe reform magnates wanted to save Poland by introducing some reforms and constitution ž v2nd partition – 1793 žPrussia named its newly gained province South Prussia žthe last attempt to save at least the rest of Poland was the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 – the leader Tadeusz Kościuszko žthe uprising was organized by nobility and burghers, the peasants did not allied žthe Russians allied with Prussia again and the uprising was totaly defeated v3rd partition – 1795 – the rest of Poland divided among Russia and Prussia žTo Russia: Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, great part of the Ukraine žTo Habsburg Monarchy: Lesser Poland, the Kingdom of Galicia, city of Cracow, City of Lwow žTo Prussia: Greater Poland with the City of Poznan, Mazuria with Warsaw ž ž 765px-Partitions_of_Poland.png žTAPIÉ, Victor Lucien. The rise and fall of the Habsburg monarchy. London: Pall Mall Press, 1971. žHUBATSCH, Walther. Frederick the great of Prussia: absolutism and administration. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975. žMAC DONOGH, Giles. Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2001. ž