Jana Hrabcova



žstrong revolutionary wave
žin Bavaria – Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in October, defeated in April 1919
ž1919 – the first elections
ž1919 – 1933 – Weimar Republic, parliamentary republic, federation of 16 states
žthe first President – Friedrich Ebert (Social Democratic Party)
žserious problems – economical crisis, reparations, restrictions of the area, lost of the colonies,
restrictions of army, navy and air force
žMarch 1920 – right-wing monarchistic Kapp Putsch
ž1923 – the new government – Prime Minister (Chancellor) Gustav Stresemann – stabilization of
Golden mark, succesful foreign policy
ž1923 – suppression of Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch in Munich, Hitler was arrested and wrote his
programme book Mein Kampf, his political party NSDAP was banned
ž1925 – the second President became Paul von Hindenburg
ž

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žsince 1929 – Great Depression – in Germany very serious effects (1932 – unemployment was 44,5 %),
the growth of extreme nationalism and revanchism
ž1932 – NSDAP won the elections, 1933 – Adolf Hitler became a Chancellor
ž1934 – Hitler became a Führer – the head of the state
ž1935 – Nüremberg laws – anti-Semitism, the Jews excluded from political, economical and public
life, had to wear a yellow star
ž1935 – Germany introduced general military service
ž1936 – Germany occupied de-militarized zone in Rheinland
žboth were breaching of Versailles Peace Treaty and of Rhineland Pact but only formal prostest of
great powers
ž1936 – pact with Italy – Berlin-Rome Axis
ž1936 – Anti-Comimmntern Pact – with Japan
ž1938, November 9–10  – Crystal Night – great pogrom against Jews
ž

žPaul von Hindenburg
žAdolf Hitler
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ž1919–1934 – the Republic of Austria, first Chacellor Ignaz Siepel, Austria's government was
dominated by the Christian Social Party
žthe country was unstable, severe economical consequences of the war
žmany paramilitary forces had been formed during the early 1920s  - the clash between right-wing
and left-wing paramilitary forces is known as July Revolt of 1927
ž1932 – authoritarian regime of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, austrofascism, Dollfuss was
assassinated by Nazi agent who attempted coup d'état in 1934 – July Putch
žNew Chancellor – Kurt Schuschnigg – an effort to keep Austria´s independence
ž1938 – Anschluss – March 11 – German troops crossed Austrian frontiers and Austria was occupied by
Germany
ž
ž

žThe official proclamation of democratic republic on November 16, 1918, Mihály Károlyi was named as
the republic's Prime Minister
žthe area of Hungary was of only one third of pre-war Hungary – dissatisfaction, attpemts to
restore the Great Hungary
žthe rapid rise of power of Hungarian Communist Party, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed
on March 21, 1919 – an attpemt to restore the Great Hungary, the head of this republic was Béla
Kun, Hungarian communists wanted to connect with Soviet Russia
žCzechoslovakia and Rumania were threatened by Hungarian demands → their armies attacked Hungary
and the Hungarian Soviet Republic was defeated
žthe new Government – fascist party of Admiral Miklós Horthy
ž1920 –  monarchy was restored in Hungary – Horthy regent 1921–1931 – the Prime Minister was István
Bethlen (till 1931)
ž

žthe former Austrian Emperor, Charles IV, unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in
March 1921
žHungary's signing of the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920, ratified the country's dismemberment,
limited the size of its armed forces, and required reparations payments
ž1920s – the white terror - led to the imprisonment, torture, and execution without trial of
communists, socialists, Jews, leftist intellectuals, sympathizers with the Károlyi and Kun regimes,
and others who threatened the traditional Hungarian political order that the officers sought to
reestablish
ž1932–1936 – the Prime Minister was Guyla Gömbös - the radical right's ascendancy in Hungarian
politics
ž1939 – Arrow Cross Party (Hungarian Equivalent of Nazi Party) won the elections
ž1940 – Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy and Japan)
ž

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žthe Republic of Poland reestablished in 1918
žseveral regional conflicts:
ž1918 – 1919 – Polish – Ukrainian War –
žborder conflicts with Czechoslovakia - Juanuary 1919 – Seven day war broke out
ža new demarcation line – the western part of the disputed territory was given to Czechoslovakia
while Poland received the eastern part
ž1919 – 1921 – Polish-Soviet War – Poles attacked Russia – they wanted to use Russian civil war to
ensure their eastern borders, but later Soviet counteroffensive – they wanted to establish Soviet
Republic in Poland
žAugust 1920 – the battle of Warsaw - the Soviet troops were defeated
žthe Peace Treaty of Riga – Poland got parts of Belarus and Ukraine
ž1922 – annexation of Vilnius Region from Lithuania

ž1926 – the May Coup d´État – Marshall Jozef Piłsudski, he became most influential politician in
Poland and became its de facto a dictator till his death in 1935
ž1932 – non-agression pact with Soviet Union
žOctober 1938: annexation of Zaolzie, Górna Orawa, Jaworzyna from Czechoslovakia
žMarch 31, 1939: military guarantees from United Kingdom and France
žAugust 23, 1939: non-aggression pact between Soviet Union and Germany: Ribbentrop-Molotow Pact
with a secret military alliance protocol targeting Poland
žSeptember 1 – October 6, 1939: Invasion of Poland
ž

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