Midterm test and the Central Europe after WW II žWW II lasted for 2.194 days ž30 states, operations – 40 states ž110 millions of men and women (army) žAlliance – Bulgaria, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia žNeutral – Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Swiss žSoviet Union – 27 millions, China – 10 millions, Germany – 6.5 millions, Poland – 6 millions, Japan – 2.5 millions,… žNew superpowers: US and Soviet Union (defeated Nazi Germany) žNew trend in European policy – left žUS – the strongest world economy žApril 1945 – OSN - United Nations charter, Security Council, General Assembly (50 states, today more then 193, international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace, replaced the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions) žJ.V. Stalin, H. Truman, W. Churchill /C. Attlee žgoal: 1. united Germany – 4 occupation zones only temporary ž2. plan 4 “D” – demilitarization, democratization, denazification, decartelization ž3. new boards ž4. expulsion of Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary ž žAfter the common enemy was defeated – relation between US and Soviet Union became worse and slowly the rivalry began ž US – better economy, atomic bomb, technically better equipped army žSoviet Union – huge material lost, but still very powerful army – aroused American respect žAfter Japan was defeated – H. Truman – stop supplying – first step: from alliance to enemies žNovember 1945 – October 1946 ž24 Nazi functionaries were accused of crimes against peace and humanity ž12 executed žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWR2I5Q9d9U ž1947 – Peace treaties signed with Bulgaria, Finland, Italy, Hungary and Romania žUS and Soviet Union – different conception how to deal with Germany – Peace treaties with Japan, Germany and Austria NEVER signed žStates of Central and Southeast Europe were liberalized mainly by Red Army žFrom Czechoslovakia Red Army left immediately, but in Romania, Hungary, Poland, Finland and in occupied zones (Austria, Germany) stayed ž ž ž ž ž žGrowing power of the Soviet political system in these states žPolicy of these states should had been directly under the control of Soviet Union ž1946 – 1948 emergency of the bloc of the states with so called Democratic People's Republic of… žOut of direct sphere of influence – Greece, since 1955 Austria and Finland ž1947 establishment of Infobyro – organization, Soviet government was able to control and lead the other communistic parties žGrowing leftist governments in West Europe ž ž1947 - H. Truman – Doctrine against Communism ž1946 – W. Churchill – Iron Curtain žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ ž1946 – G. Marshall – Marshall Plan, Czechoslovakia and Poland had to refuse – definitive line between East and West ž ž ž COLD WAR ž žNo open military conflict žRivalry: policy, economy, science, culture and sport,…very dangerous phenomenon of the Cold War was armaments žSoviet Union x West Bloc žIn western occupation zones – 4 political parties, election, institutions under the occupation power gave the political power to new local governments žIn soviet zone – one party (communists and social democrats), land reform, nationalization of some factories and denacification (schools, offices) žJune 1948 - 3 zones – monetary reform, reparation was cancelled, Marshall Plan žSoviet, American, French and British žCommon control of Germany was finished žJ.V. Stalin – to oust western army from Berlin – centre of the soviet zone žJune 1948 Soviet army started to block Berlin žBerlin crises žSeptember 1949 – Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Adenauer žIndependent position – West Berlin žOctober 1949 - GDR ž ž J.V. Stalin – new wave of terror, no criticism, labor camp žhttp://www.google.cz/search?q=soviet+working+camps&hl=cs&prmd=imvns&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=p R2ZUMrwCIjEswaM8oHIBA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1008&bih=619 žextreme poverty x extreme investment – army žCrises of agriculture, 1946 - crop failure žSoviet policy - Soviet-bloc countries were subordinate Moscow, Soviet advisers in Security forces ž1949 - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance