Jana Skerlova, Ph.D. Institute of History Czech Academy of Sciences CyMe.jpg q 5th and 6th century – the Slavic tribes came to this area and settled on the left bank of Danube River and along the Morava River qthe very first Slavic state in the 9th century – situated mostly around the Morava River – The Great Moravia q cultural development resulted from the mission of Saints Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius – 863 qThe missioners were invited by Prince Rastislav qtranslation of the Bible into the slavic language, preaching in slavic language → the Christianity widespread faster qThey created the new Slavonic script (Glagolitsa) q885 – Methodius died → their disciples were expeled from G.M. – went to Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia etc., invented cyrilic script ž Central_europe_9th_century.png žhttp://www.filmcyrilametodej.cz/en/about-film/ žThe movie (document) about Cyril and Methodius žGlagolitsa ž žthe Slavonic script composed by žSt. Constantine the Philosopher. žGlagolitsa was an original graphic system consisting of 38 signs and it expressed the whole distinctiveness of the Old Slavic language. žPhonologically it exceeded the Greek and Latin languages. hlaholice.jpeg žThe Church of St. Margareth in Kopčany, Slovakia, is the only remaining Great Moravian building. žGreat Moravian jewelery – the golden earrings from 9th century, found in Valy u Mikulčic, South Moravia Kopcany_st._margaret_3.jpg nausnice.jpg žMoravian Museum – Zelný trh 8, Brno žhttp://www.mzm.cz/en/great-moravia/ žGreat Moravia – this exhibition introduces you to the plentiful treasures documenting the remarkable phenomenon of Great Moravia, the very first Slavonic state. Coming here you shall be astonished by the incredible beauty of Moravian jewellery, pottery, technological skills and handicraft of Moravian craftsmen. žSlavic fortified settlement in Mikulčice, The National Cultural Relic, Mikulčice – Valy, South Moravia žhttp://www.masaryk.info/english/#mikulcice žThe place of historical importance, set in a beautiful countryside, remarkable as a historical site of Great Moravia (8-10th century AD). Two archeological exhibitions with priceless excavations. The original seat of Great Moravia kings and a place of cultural and religious mission of St. Cyril and Methodius. ž Modrá u Velehradu – Archeoskanzen žArcheoskanzen Modrá - Fortified settlement in the Central Moravia is located near Uherske Hradiste. It is an important subject showing one of the most important periods of our national history. Skanzen live everyday life, with educational performances, programs, experimental melting of metals, manufacture of ceramics, agricultural production and the constantly carried out archaeological research. žCharlemagne (Charles the Great) ž764 King of the Franks, 774 King of Italy ž800 – crowned by the Pope – Emperor of the Romans - the ceremony formally acknowledged the Frankish Empire as the successor of the (Western) Roman one žafter 840 – the empire split into three parts: •West Frankish Kingdom – Charles the Bald – the foundation for the later France under the House of Kapet •Middle Frankia – Lothar I (Lotharingia, Burgundy, nothern Italy – Lombardy) •East Frankish Kingdom – Louis (Ludwig) the German → the area of modern Austria, Switzerland and Germany, later the Holy Roman Empire ž ž ž ž žDivision of the Frankish žEmpire ž § West Frankia ž– pink ž § Middle Frankia ž– green ž § East Frankia – yellow ž ž 800px-Partage_de_l'Empire_carolingien_au_Traité_de_Verdun_en_843.JPG HRR 962.gif žThe Holy Roman Empire – an empire existing in Europe since 962 till 1806 žruled by Roman Emperor žIncluded present–day territories of Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Liechenstein, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, parts of eastern France, nothern Italy and western Poland žOtto I the Geat (936–973) ž962 crowned the Emperor ž955 – defeated the Magyars and ended their invasion to Western Europe – reputation of a savior of Christedom žcentralized his control over Germany, also through the investiture of bishops and abbots, making the clergy-class his personal vassals žCultural development - Ottonian Renaissance žFridrich I. Barbarossa (1152–1190) ždynasty of Hohenstaufen, 1155 – crowned Emperor ž1190 – died during the Third Crusade ž ž žBeginning of 10th century – The Great Moravia was destroyed because of internal political struggles and the raids of Hungarian tribes žThe territory inhabited by Slovaks became a part of newly created Kingdom of Hungary – the House of Arpád ž1000 –Stephen I of Hungary (1000–1038) was crowned a king, christianization – saint patron of Hungary žLadislaus I of Hungary (107–1095) – expansion – 1091 – King of Croatia žPoland – the Piast dynasty – Duke Mieszko (960–992) – 966 – conversion to christianity → 1000 – Poland recognized by Pope and by the Holy Roman Empire as a state ž1025 – Duke Boleslaus I the Brave was crowned a King – strong ruler – expansion – 1002–1003 – Duke of Bohemia (his mother was Přemyslid princess Doubravka) žAfter his death – the decline of Polish empire – renewed and unified by the King Ladislaus I the Elbow-High (1320–1333) ž ž ž ž ž žPoland during the reign of Boleslaus the Brave Polsko okolo roku 1000.png žthe centre of the Bohemian state moved to Bohemia – The Duchy of Bohemia was established, dependent on Roman (German) Empire žPrague became the capital city žThe Přemyslid dynasty – the mythic founder of the dynasty – Přemysl the Ploughman ž883 – Duke Bořivoj and his wife Ludmila were baptised by Methodius – the bishop of Great Moravia ž10th century – duke Wenceslaus – vasal of the German Empire žWenceslaus was assassinated by his brother → Saint Wenceslaus – the saint patron of the Czech lands ž973 – the Prague Bishopric was established (2nd bishop Adalbert – St. Vojtech - apostolic mission to Poland) žPřemyslids eliminated other strong noble families who were competing with them (massarcing of two noble clans in 10/11th century ) žDuchy of Bohemia was a part of Holy Roman Empire ž ž ž ž ž žSt. Wenceslaus Monument – Wenceslaus Square in Prague žSt. Vojtěch (Adalbert) – the Bishop of Prague svaty vaclav.jpg Votivni_obraz_Ocko_-_Vojtech_inverse.jpg žstrong and large - emancipation from the German Empire žBohemian kings were members of College of Electors of the German Empire žOttokar I (1198–1230) ž1212 – Golden Bull of Sicily – a decree issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederik II in basel that confirmed the royal hereditary title for Ottokar žWenceslaus I (1230–1253) žOttokar II (1253–1278, Přemysl Otakar II) – The Iron and Golden King , the rise of the power of Bohemia žvery rich and powerful – his kingdom from the Krkonoše mountains to the Adriatic sea ž1255 - a crusade to Prussia – founded the city of Königsberg (Kaliningrad today) ž1278 – died in a war with his rival, the Roman king Rudolph Habsburg žWenceslaus II of Bohemia (1278–1305) – King of Bohemia, King of Poland žWenceslaus III (1305–1306) – King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, assassinated without heirs – the Premyslid dynasty died out in the male tail žafter four years of struggles for the throne – the new dynasty came to Bohemia and the Polish throne returned to the dynasty of Piasts ž ž ž žThe kingdom of Ottokar II žaround 1270 žThe kingdom of Wenceslaus II around 1301 Reich_König_Ottokar_II._Přemysl.jpg WenceslausIImap-en.png žThe Bohemian Kings – Otokar II, Wenceslaus II, Wenceslaus III žChronicle of Zbraslav Premyslovci_premyslovci.jpg žCharles IV žJohn of Luxembourg at the battle of Crecy Karel_IV._na_web_ISJ.jpg Jan Lucemburský.jpg žJohn of Bohemia (1310–1346, John the Blind) žmarried Wenceslaus’s sister Elizabeth (Eliška) → a new dynasty on the Bohemian throne – the House of Luxembourgs žSuccesfull European diplomat and warrior, but in Bohemia was unpopular – needed lots of money for his campains, was very often abroad so the country was without a ruler → the power of nobility strenghten žHe is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy (1346 – during the Hundred Years War between England and France) at age 50, after having been blind for a decade ž žCharles IV (lived 1316–1378) žBorn Wenceslaus – name Charles after French King who was his godfather žthe king of Bohemia (1346–1378) and Holy Roman Empire King (1346–1355), Holy Roman Emperor (1355–1378) žhad 4 wives and many children but was waiting for male descendant for very long so his oldest son Wencelaus (1361–1419) was very spoiled and was very bad ruler ž žthe most important and the best known Bohemian king – till nowadays regarded as Pater Patriae (Father of the Country), his reign is considered as the golden age of Bohemia žPrague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, most important city in the Central Europe žCharles IV rebuilt the city on the model of Paris, in Gothic style žestablished the New Town of Prague (Nové Město), Charles Bridge, Charles Square, St. Vitus Cathedral, rebuilt the Prague Castle … ž1346 – the elevation of the Prague bishopric to an archbishopric ž1348 – he founded the University of Prague, later named after him, the very first university in Central Europe – important for development of education, science and culture in the CE ž Prague became intellectual centre of the CE žThe Karlstejn Castle – a place for safekeeping the Imperial Regalia and Bohemian Crown Jewels ž žKingdom of Bohemia during the reign of Charles IV Karte_Böhmen_unter_Karl_IV.png intro-hradcany2.jpg KarluvMost2.JPG žBohemian Crown Jewels with the so called Crown of St. Wenceslaus žThe Karlstejn Castle (near Prague) hrad-korunovacni-klenoty.jpg 01-karlstejn-pohled.jpg žBitov Castle (Southern Moravia) žSt. Jakob’s Church (Brno) hrad-bitov-2.jpg kostel_sv_Jakuba.jpg ž1273 – Rudolf the Habsburg elected the king of the Roman Empire – unimportant dynasty from Austria, elected because the dukes didn’t want powerful Bohemian king Otakar II on the Roman throne ž14th century – the house of Luxembourgs – Henry VII (1308–1311), after his unexpected death the struggle for the throne began – Louis IV of Wittlesbach (1314–1346) from Bavaria won žCharles IV (1346–1378) of Luxembourg ž 1346 – Holy Roman King, 1355 – crowned the Holy Roman Emperor ž1356 - The Golden Bull – the basic law of the Holy Roman Empire, for a period of more than four hundred years fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire žWenceslaus IV (1378–1419) – a son of Charles IV, King of HRE (1378–1411) – weak ruler žSigismund of Luxembourg (1410–1437) – Wenceslaus’ brother, ž1378 – King of Hungary and Croatia (married Mary of Hungary), 1411 – King of HRE, 1419 – King of Bohemia, 1431 - King of Italy, 1433 – Holy Roman Emperor ž ž ž ž ž žThe Holy Roman Empire around 1400 HRR_1400.png žThe crisis of Papacy ž14th century - Great Papal Schism – two Popes – in Rome (Italy) and in Avignon (France) ž1409 – the council of Pisa elected a new pope → three popes ž1410 – indulgences were authorized by one of the Popes (John XXIII) who wanted to get money for the crusade against his rival Pope Gregory XII and his protector king Ladislaus of Naples ž1414 – the Council of Constance (Germany) was called – the main purpose was to finish the papal schism ž1417 – a new pope – Martin V was elected (1417–1437) – he was recognized by the entire Europe - the schism was ended ž ž žThe schism caused aslo diplomatic crisis in Europe – each secular ruler had to choose which Pope he would recognize: ž 800px-Western_schism_1378-1417.svg.png žMaster Jan Hus – became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation , was inspired and influenced by British thinker John Wyclif (†1384) žScholar, clergyman, preacher at the Betlehem Chapel in Prague and Professor of Prague University, 1402 – Rector of Prague University žwanted to reform certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church žhe was protesting against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences (paying for forgivness of the sins during the confession) ždeclared that the clergy should live according to the Bible, in poverty, without property and without a secular power žthe mortal sins should be prohibited and punished žproclaimed that the believers should understand the Holy Writ so it should be proclaimed in the national languages, not in latine ž1410 – Hus was excomunicated from the church by Pope Alexander V ž žJan Hus at the stake. žCodex of Jena. ž žRecommended: žJohn Hus and the Papal Schism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF1sqe7Bmto Jan_Hus_at_the_Stake.jpg žHus was invited to the Council of Constance to defend himself and explain his theories žThe King of Holy Roman Empire Sigismund guaranteed to Hus a safe passage through the HRE but he didn’t have any jurisdiction at the Council of Constance → Hus was imprisoned in Constance for 8 months žMaster Jan Hus was condemned by the Council at Constance as a heretic and was sentenced to death. ž6th July1415 – he was burnt to death at the stake. ž ž ž žthe Bohemian people blamed Emperor Sigismund for Hus’ death so they did not want him to become the king of Bohemia after Wenceslaus’ death in 1419 žHus’ followers launched powerful religious movement, they called themselves the Hussites; ( or the Men of the Chalice - the symbol of Hussites movement) ž žTheir Programe: žFreedom to preach the Word of God žCelebration of the Lord's Supper in both kinds (bread and wine to priests and laity alike žNo secular power for the clergy. žPunishment for the mortal sins. ž ž1420 - after his corronation in 1420 the Hussite uprising in Bohemia → the so called Hussite wars started žCatholics against Hussites žSigismund organized five crusade campains against Hussites but all the campains were unsuccesfull (due to the outstanding military leader of Hussites – Jan Žižka who became a hero in the Czech tradition) ž žalmost 15 years of religious struggles and civil wars – the country was destroyed and plundered žthe ecomonical consequences of the wars – starvation, stagnation of the trade, destroyed buildings (esp. churches and monasteries) žAfter many years of wars the Hussite movement split into two fractions: the moderate and the radical žthe moderate Hussites wanted to finish the warfare so they united with Catholics and destroyed the radical Hussites at the battle of Lipany in May 1434 žafter that both the confessions – the Catholic and the Hussite became legal in Bohemia and two churches were established ž1436 – Sigismund was accepted as the King of Bohemia, but he died in 1437 ž žSigismund had to fight not only against the Hussites but also against the Osman Turks who spread into Europe from Asia Minor at the end of the 14th century – firstly they attacked the Balkan Peninsula and later – in 15th century – they started to threaten Hungary ž ž žJan Žižka of Trocnov leading the Hussite army. žThe Codex of Jena žKing George of Poděbrady Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg 250px-Georg_of_Podebrady.jpg žAfter two weak kings from the house of Habsburgs a Bohemian nobleman and the leader of the Hussites George of Kunštát and Poděbrady (1458–1471) was elected a king ž žhe suggested something what could be considered as a proposal of latter European Union žhe tried to prevent isolation of hussite Bohemia in catholic Europe, so he proposed a treaty among all Christian powers, the member states should pledge to settle all differences by exclusively peaceful means and fight altogether against Otoman Turks who were threatening Central Europe ž ž1464 the new Pope Paul II asked George to leave hussite church and join the Catholic Church, but George refused → the Pope proclaimed George a heretic and excomunicated him žHe had also enemies among Bohemian catholic noblemen – they allied with Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) žMatthias conquered a large part of Moravia, and in 1469 was crowned King of Bohemia by the papal party in the Moravian ecclesiastical metropolis Olomouc ž1470 – an agreement – Mathias was rulling over Moravia and George over Bohemia ž ž ž ž ž ž ž ž ž žAfter George’s death a new dynasty from Poland (originally from Lithuania) came to the Kingdom of Bohemia – Jaggiellonians žVladislaus II (1471–1516) žA conflict between Bohemian and Hungarian King succeded – 1471 – the Peace of Olomouc, which allowed both Vladislaus and Matthias Corvinus to use the title "King of Bohemia„ žVladislaus would reign in Bohemia, while Matthias gained Moravia, Silesia, and the two Lusatias ž1491 – Mathias died → a personal union between Bohemia, Poland and Hungary – Vladislaus moved his capital to Buda (Hungary) žVladislaus was weak ruler and didn’ like conflicts ž1500 – Czech Council adopted a new municipal constitution that limited royal power and Vladislaus signed it in 1502 (hence it is known as Vladislav municipal constitution) ž1515 – his daughter Anna married the future HRE Emperor Ferdinand of Austria from the House of Habsburgs žduring their reign Hungary was under consistent border pressure from the Ottoman Empire žLouis (Ludwig) II (1516–1926) žonly 10 years old when his Father died ž1526 – died at the battle of Mohács - his troops were defeated by the Ottoman Turks – Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent žThe Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania žbecause Louis II died without having any children, his succesor became his sister’s husband Ferdinad of Austria ž ž žhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SK7YmwuVak • Sedlar, Jean (1994): W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. Seattle: University of Washington Press. • Kalhous, David (2012). Anatomy of a duchy: the political and ecclesiastical structures of early Přemyslid Bohemia. Leiden: Brill. • Doležalová, Eva – Pánek, Jaroslav (2011): Confession and nation in the era of reformations: Central Europe in comparative Perspective). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. • Kejř, Jiří (1964). The universal peace organization of king George of Bohemia a fifteenth century plan for world peace 1462/1464 ; Václav Vaněček ; edition of the document Jiří Kejř ; english translation Ivo Dvořák. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. • Odložilík, Otakar (1965). The Hussite king: Bohemia in European affairs 1440-1471. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. •http://husitstvi.cz/en/ ž