{VERSION 5 0 "IBM INTEL LINUX" "5.0" } {USTYLETAB {CSTYLE "Maple Input" -1 0 "Courier" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "2D Math" -1 2 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "Hyperlink" -1 17 "" 0 1 0 128 128 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "2D Comment" 2 18 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 256 "" 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 257 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 258 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 259 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 260 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 261 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 262 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 263 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 264 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 265 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 266 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 267 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 268 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 269 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 270 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 271 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 272 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 273 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 274 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 275 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 276 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 277 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 278 "" 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 279 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 280 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 281 "Helvetica" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 282 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 283 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 284 "Tim es" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 285 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 286 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "" -1 287 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {CSTYLE "" -1 289 "" 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 290 "" 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{PSTYLE "Normal" -1 0 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Heading 1" 0 3 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }1 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 256 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 257 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE " " 0 258 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 259 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }} {SECT 0 {PARA 259 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 289 0 "" }{TEXT 290 26 "Calculus II -- worksheet 1" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 256 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 258 73 "A first-exposure-to-Maple sho wing a simple plot of some inverse functions" }{TEXT 259 1 " " }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 257 "" 0 "" {TEXT 256 19 "Author : Carl Devore" }{TEXT 257 0 "" }{TEXT -1 23 " " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 16 "13 Febr uary 2002" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 260 9 "Audience:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 68 "Second-se mester calculus students who are first-time users of Maple." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 276 0 " " }{TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 277 11 "Objectives:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 49 " 1. Basic features of the worksheet environment." }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 64 " 2. Expressions, operators, plotting, names, list s, assignments" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 62 " 3. Mirror-image prope rty of the graphs of inverse functions." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 28 " 4. Making plots look nice." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 18 " 5. \+ Getting help." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 42 " 6. Avoiding a few of th e common mistakes." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 278 20 "Note to Instructors:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 253 "I usually begin my very first Maple class with a blank w orksheet, and I tell the students to type ?plot. I get them to figure out as much as they can on their own, with some guidance. It is only after the class is over that I send them this worksheet." }}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 10 "Worksheets" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 34 "This document is an example Maple " }{TEXT 287 9 "worksheet" } {TEXT -1 304 ". The worksheet environment allows you to put neatly fo rmatted text, computations, programs, and the programs' output, inclu ding graphics output, all in one neat document. This area of this do cument is a text field. You enter text here pretty much the same way \+ as you do in any word processor, with " }{TEXT 279 7 "italics" }{TEXT -1 2 ", " }{TEXT 280 10 "boldface, " }{TEXT 281 15 "different fonts" } {TEXT 282 6 ", etc." }{TEXT 283 2 " " }{TEXT 284 242 "It's a pretty g ood word processor, but it's not as good as Microsoft Word for example . You could use Maple as a word processor to type out mathematical fo rmulas in the standard notation without having Maple do any computatio ns. For example," }}{PARA 258 "" 0 "" {XPPEDIT 18 0 "Int(x^2,x) = x^4 /4+C;" "6#/-%$IntG6$*$%\"xG\"\"#F(,&*&F(\"\"%F,!\"\"\"\"\"%\"CGF." } {TEXT -1 1 "." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 210 "Note that I intentional ly put the wrong answer for the integral there. That is to emphasize \+ that I was only using Maple as a mathematical word processor rather th an using Maple to do mathematical computations." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT 286 180 "Please click on \"Help \", then turn on \"Ballon Help\", and familiarize yourself with the va rious controls on the toolbars. Just ignore for now any options that \+ you do not understand." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 120 "The fields that begin with \">\" are where you ente r commands or programs. These command-input fields are referred to as " }{TEXT 285 16 "Execution Groups" }{TEXT -1 168 " by the controls on the toolbars. Several \">' may be grouped into a single execution gr oup. The grouping is indicated by the fine square brackets in the le ft margin." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 29 "`Your command \+ could go here`;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 179 "Please expand the sections below by clicking on the boxes in the left margin. Then put your cursor on the first red command line and press Enter or Retu rn to execute the command." }}}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT 261 39 " Expressions, Variables, and Assignments" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 5 " x^2;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 300 "Maple's response to the command is printed in blue (unless you asked for a pl ot), using somewhat standard mathematical notation. This particular \+ command didn't ask Maple to do anything, so it just translates what yo u typed into mathematical notation and displays it (this process is re ferred to as " }{TEXT 262 15 "pretty-printing" }{TEXT -1 207 "). So \+ we see that the symbol ^ is used to represent exponentiation. Every c ommand either ends with a semicolon or a colon. Using a colon tells M aple to do the computations, but don't display the results." }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 4 "x^2:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 168 "The results of any co mmand can be stored in a variable for later use by using \":=\", and i t is usually a good idea to do so. In this case, we wish to plot the \+ function " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "f(x) = x^2;" "6#/-%\"fG6#%\"xG*$F'\"\"#" } {TEXT -1 31 ". I will take the expression " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "x^2;" "6 #*$%\"xG\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 33 " and assign it to the variable f." }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 8 "f:= x^2;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 231 "Unfortunately, all of the following commands are \+ meaningful to Maple, and they all do different things. So Maple does \+ not warn you when you enter one of the following commands, even though it is almost certainly not what you want:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 10 " f= x^2;" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 10 " f: x^2;" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 14 " f(x):= x^2;" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 " " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 111 "Also note that capital and lower cas e letters represent different variables, just as in ordinary math nota tion." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 217 "One feature of Maple that makes it very sophisticated compared to oth er computer languages is that any string of characters, no matter how \+ weird, can be made into a variable by enclosing it in backwards single quotes:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "`x^2`:= x^2;" } }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 141 "The three types of quote marks \+ all mean something different to Maple, so, unfortunately, it usually w on't warn you if you use the wrong type." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 49 "Now whenever I refer to f, Maple w ill substitute " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "x^2;" "6#*$%\"xG\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 1 ". " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 2 "f;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 66 "I can combine f with something else, and it will s till substitute " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "x^2;" "6#*$%\"xG\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 1 " ." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 4 "f+1;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 87 "Note that Maple sometimes has its own idea abou t the order to print an expression in..." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 4 "1+f;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 71 "...but, o f course, this is mathematically equivalent to what you typed." }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 88 "Multiplication is expressed in Map le with *, just like in almost all computer languages." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 4 "2*f;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 98 "You must always use * for multipliction. Juxtaposition c annot be used to indicate multiplication:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 " " {MPLTEXT 1 0 3 "2x;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 56 "Fortunat ely, Maple gives a warning in this case. But..." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 3 "x2;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 111 "T hat is just another variable name to Maple, so it is not an error. Bu t it has nothing to do with multiplying." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 199 "Division is /. The standard orde r of operations is in effect: Parenheses first, then Exponentiations, then Muliplications and Divisions left to right, then Additions and S ubtractions left to right." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 10 " Compare: " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 43 "x+1/2*x; (x+1)/(2*x); x+1/(2*x); (x+1)/2-x;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 53 "Note that several commands can be placed on one line." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 58 "To continue with the mathematical example, the inverse of " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "x^2;" "6#*$%\"xG\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 6 ", for " } {XPPEDIT 18 0 "x;" "6#%\"xG" }{TEXT -1 9 " > 0, is " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "s qrt(x);" "6#-%%sqrtG6#%\"xG" }{TEXT -1 266 ". This can be entered in \+ Maple as sqrt(x) or x^(1/2). In either case, it is essential that you use the parentheses. Once again, Maple will usually not warn you if \+ you forget the parentheses because the expression will still be meanin gful to Maple without them -- " }{TEXT 263 46 "it just won't be the me aning that you intended" }{TEXT -1 176 ". Also, all of the following \+ bracketing symbols have different meanings to Maple: \"()\", \"[]\", \+ \"\{\}\", \"<>\". You cannot use different bracketing symbols for nes ted parentheses." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "g:= sqr t(x);" }}}}{SECT 1 {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 264 3 "The" } {TEXT 266 1 " " }{TEXT 265 12 "plot command" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 41 "Let's plot f over the interval [0,4]. " }{TEXT 269 1 " " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 22 "plot(f, x= 0..4); \+ " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 29 "Note that the scaling on the \+ " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "y;" "6#%\"yG" }{TEXT -1 32 "-axis is not the same as on the " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "x;" "6#%\"xG" }{TEXT -1 200 "-axis. Unless \+ you tell it otherwise, Maple chooses the scaling to fit as much of the graph as it can. Note how the interval from 0 to 4 is specified with two dots. The structure \"0..4\" is called a " }{TEXT 267 5 "range" }{TEXT -1 351 " in Maple, but you should associate it with the mathema tical concept \"interval\" rather than the mathematical concept of ra nge. We have to say \"x=\" before the range because the expression f is defined in terms of x. \"x\" is not automatically associated with the horizontal axis. So both of the following commands would have ge nerated the same plot:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 22 " plot(x^2, x= 0..4);" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 26 " plot(foo^2, foo= 0..4);" }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 75 "except that in the latter case, the horiz ontal axis would be labeled \"foo\"." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 101 "If you want the same scaling on both a xes, use the following additional argument to the plot command:" }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 39 "plot(f, x= 0..4, scaling= co nstrained);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 69 "Perhaps you would \+ like to also limit the extent of the vertical axis:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 48 "plot(f, x= 0..4, y= 0..4, scaling= constr ained);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 227 "Once again, the \"y\" has no pre-defined association with the vertical axis. The same plot could have been produced as plot(f, x= 0..4, foo= 0..4, scaling= cons trained), except that the vertical axis would then be labeled \"foo\". " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 2 "A " } {TEXT 268 4 "list" }{TEXT -1 129 " of objects can be created by enclos ing them in square brackets. So you can plot a list of functions on t he same axes like this:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 52 " plot([f,g], x= 0..4, y= 0..4, scaling= constrained);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 217 "This graph shows the mirror-image property of \+ inverse functions. Notice how Maple assigns different colors to the d ifferent members of the list. You can change the colors by adding a \+ \"color\" argument to the command." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 73 "plot([f,g], x= 0..4, y= 0..4, scaling= constrained, c olor= [black,blue]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 98 "The order ing of the list of colors of course corresponds to the ordering of the list of functions." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 274 8 "Caution:" }{TEXT -1 284 " Some Maple bo oks, even somewhat good ones, show you to use \{ \} (curly-braces) ins tead of [ ] (square brackets) for a multiple plot command. I strongly recommend that you never do this. With the curly braces, it is impos sible to control the correspondence between plots and colors." }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 23 "I want to add the line " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "y = x;" "6#/%\"yG%\"xG" }{TEXT -1 39 " to the graph. As a function, this is " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "f(x) = x;" "6 #/-%\"fG6#%\"xGF'" }{TEXT -1 94 ". As far as the plot command is conc erned, it is only the part after the equals that matters." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 80 "plot([f,g,x], x= 0..4, y= 0..4, sca ling= constrained, color= [red, red, black]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 158 "I'd like to make the line dashed. The argument \"lin estyle\" controls this: linestyle = 1 is solid, linestyle = 2 is dots and dashes, linestyle = 3 is dashes." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 98 "plot([f,g,x], x= 0..4, y= 0..4, scaling= constrained, color= [red,red,black], linestyle= [1,1,3]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 160 "The command may be getting too long to fit nicely on \+ one line. Any command can be divided by using Shift-Return (or Shift- Enter) rather than Return (or Enter)." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 115 "plot([f,g,x], x= 0..4, y= 0..4\n ,scaling= constr ained\n ,color= [red,red,black]\n ,linestyle= [1,1,3]\n );" } }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 94 "It doesn't matter how you space \+ the punctuation marks; the above shows my personal preference." }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 45 "Finally, \+ I'd like to add a title to the plot." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 190 "plot([f,g,x], x= 0..4, y= 0..4\n ,scaling= constr ained\n ,color= [red,red,black]\n ,linestyle= [1,1,3]\n ,titl e= `An example of the mirror-image property of inverse functions`\n \+ );" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 101 "The plot command is proba bly the most useful and versatile command that you will use in this co urse. " }}}{PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT 270 9 "Operators" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }{TEXT 271 0 "" }{TEXT -1 58 "An expression of the form x -> x^2 is what Mapl e calls an " }{TEXT 272 11 "operator. " }{TEXT -1 55 "This correspond s to the usual mathematical notion of a " }{TEXT 273 8 "function" } {TEXT -1 1 "." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "F:= x-> x^ 2;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 56 "In ordinary math texts, the above would be expressed as " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "F(x) = x^2;" "6#/-%\"FG 6#%\"xG*$F'\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 95 ". In other words, F:= x-> x^2 is the Maple syntax for defining F to be the squaring function." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 2 "F;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 126 "Note that the above line makes it appear as though F has not b een assigned a value. To see value of an operator, you need to " } {TEXT 275 4 "eval" }{TEXT -1 5 " ... " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 8 "eval(F);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 80 "... o r you can just evaluate the operator at an arbitrary (unassigned) vari able:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 5 "F(y);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 57 "It does not matter what unassigned variab le that you use:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 5 "F(x);" } }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 57 "Try to predict the output of eac h of the following lines." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 5 "F(2);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 13 "(x-> x^3)(2);" }} }{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 67 "So we see above that the operator does not need to be given a name." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 15 "(x-> x^3)(a+b);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 7 "F(a+b);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 197 "It is usually better to use the operator form to define a function rather t han the simple expression form that I used in the plots above. For ex ample, our f from above was merely the expression " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 " x^2;" "6#*$%\"xG\"\"#" }{TEXT -1 133 ", meaning that the letter x is i ntrinsically linked to f, whereas no particular variable name is intri nsically linked to our new F. " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 16 "g:= x-> sqrt(x);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 241 "In t his particular case, Maple has automatically simplified the expression \"x -> sqrt(x)\" to \"sqrt\". Please do not get thrown off by this. \+ There are certain automatic simplifications that you cannot prevent M aple from doing. For example, " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "2^2;" "6#*$\"\"#F$" } {TEXT -1 53 " was automatically simplified to 4 a few lines above." }} }{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 10 "h:= x-> x;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 89 "plot( [f(x), g(x), h(x)], x= 0..4, \+ y=0..4, scaling= constrained, color= [red,red,black]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 162 "Notice that we now have to use \"f(x)\" \+ rather than \"f\" in the plot command. An alternative is to take off \+ the x from \"x= 0..4\" and plot the function as functions." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 73 "plot( [f,g,h], 0..4, 0..4, scaling= constrained, color= [red,red,black]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 52 "Add a title and axes labels, each in their own font." }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 258 "plot([f,g,h], 0..4, 0..4\n \+ ,scaling= constrained\n ,color= [red,red,black]\n ,labels= [` X`,`Y`], labelfont= [HELVETICA,BOLDOBLIQUE,12]\n ,title= `The mirro r-image property of inverse functions`\n ,titlefont= [TIMES,ROMAN,1 6]\n ,axes= boxed\n );" }}}}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 12 "Getting Help" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 73 "You can get help \+ about any command by typing ? at an arrow:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 5 "?plot" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 285 "For a beginning user, I think that the most useful part \+ of the help pages is the examples. The textual material at the top is often too complicated for a new user to understand. The examples can be cut-and-pasted into your worksheet. You can go directly to the ex amples by using ???" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 7 "???pl ot" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 230 "However, I recommend that \+ you briefly scan the textual material even if you can't understand it. Eventually you will understand it. You should look up the help for \+ any unfamiliar command that you see in someone else's worksheet." }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 346 "Once you are in a help window, you can use the hypertext browser at the top to navigate through the help. You may need to use your mouse to expand this section so that it is readable. I particularly recommend that y ou take the \"New User's Tour.\" You can access this by clicking on \+ \"Introduction\", which is the first entry in the first column." }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 155 "Some com mands have so many options that their help pages have subpages. \"Plo t\" is such a command. To get help about the title, labels, fonts, et c., enter" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 13 "?plot,options " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 116 "If you do not know the name \+ of the command that you want help with, try using \"Full Text Search\" from the Help menu." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 141 "The company that makes Maple has a website with thousa nds of example worksheets categorized by subject and level. The websi te is called the " }{URLLINK 17 "Maple Applications Center" 4 "www.map leapps.com" "" }{TEXT -1 265 " and the URL is www.mapleapps.com. Note that the last sentence has a hyperlink right in the text. Once you a re at the website, I recommend that you go to the tutorials and downlo ad and work through the \"Intro to Maple for Physics Students\" and \" Maple Essentials\"." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 0 "" }}} }}{MARK "0 2" 0 }{VIEWOPTS 1 1 0 1 1 1803 1 1 1 1 }{PAGENUMBERS 0 1 2 33 1 1 }