UNIT 9 When and If sentences (When I do ... / If I do a) Study this example; A; What time will you phone me tonight? B; I'll phone you when J get home from work 'I'll phone you when I get home from work' is a sentence with two parts; 'I'll phone you' (the main part) and 'when I get home from work' (the when part). The sentence is future {tonight) but you cannot use will or going to in the when part of the sentence. Instead we use a present tense, usually present simple (I do). - I'll send you a postcard when I'm on holiday, {not 'when I will be') - When the rain stops, we'll go out. {not 'when the rain will stop'} The same thing happens after: while after before until/till as soon as - Car) you look after the children while I am out? {not 'will be') - Before you leave, you must visit the museum, {not 'will leave') - Wait until I come back, {not 'will come') b) You can also use the present perfect (I have done) after when/after/until etc. to show that the first action will be finished before the second: - When I've read this book, you can have it, - Don't say anything while Tom is here. Wait here until he has gone. It is often possible to use present simple or present perfect: - I'll come as soon as I finish. or I'll come as soon as I've finished. - You'll feel better after you have or You'll feel better after you've had something to eat. something to eat. c) After if we also use the present simple (I do) for the future: - It's raining. We'll get wet if we go out, {not "if we will go'} - Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be lare. {not 'if we won't hurry') Be careful not to confuse when and if. Use when for things which are sure to happen: - I'm going shopping this afternoon. When I go shopping, I'll buy some food. Use if (not when) for things which will possibly happen: - 1 might go shopping this afternoon. If I go shopping, I'll buy some food, - If it rains this evening, I won't go out. (wot 'when it rains') - Don't worry if I'm late tonight, {not 'when I'm late') - If he doesn't come soon, I'm not going to wait, {not 'when he doesn't come1) UNIT 9 Exercises 9.1 All the sentences in this exercise are about the future. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won't or the present simple (i do). ? Example; When I.............£££............(see) Tom tomorrow, I......,lLLf?.VUt€...... (invite) him to our party. 1 Before you..........................................(leave), don't forget to shut the windows. 2 I..........................(phone) you as soon as I..........................................(arrive) in London. 3 Please don't touch anything before the police.....................................(come). 4 Everyone ...„„...,.............______r„,........ (be) very surprised if he.............,—.................(pass) the examination. 5 When you........................................... (see) .Brian again, you..............................................(not i recognise) him. 6 We..................................,.......(not/start) dinner until Jack..........................................(arrive). 7 ,....................................(you/be) lonely without me while 1..........................................(be) away? % If I..........................................(need) any help, 1.........................(ask) you. 9 Come on! Hurry up! Ann ...,,.,..,.,.,.,,.„.,.....(be) annoyed if we.....,...........................(be) late. 9.2 This time you have to make one sentence from two sentences. Exatnple: You are going to leave soon. You must visit the museum before that. Yoamwsty^itj^e:#XWS£iW before XQf*................... 1 rll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address. I.............._______.....................,......................when.................................................. 2 It's going to start raining. Let's go out before chat. LetTs..................................................................before ........................................... 3 I'm going to do the shopping. Then PlI come straight back home. ................................after.................................._,_....,,,,._.„...,„.. 4 You'll be in London next month. You must come and see me then. .................................................................. when .................„„,.,,...........: „.,.„.■..■..,..,,„. 5 I'm going to finish reading this book. Then I'll get the dinner ready ............................................^............ when ..............-,..........................—.......... 6 We'll make our decision. Then we'll let you know. ................................................................. as soon as ................................................ .3 In this exercise you have to put in when or if. Example: .If...............it rains this evening, I won't go out. 1 I'm going to Paris next week............I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine. 2 Tom might phone this evening....................he does, can you take a message? 3 I think he'll get the job. I'll be very surprised...................he doesn't get it. 4 I hope to be there by 10.30. But...................I'm not there, don't wait for me. 5 Tin going shopping......................you want anything, I can get it for you. 6. I think I'D go home now. I'm feeling very tired. 1 think Til go straight to bed...........^.....I get home. 7 I'm going away for a few days. I'll phone you................... I get back. S I want you to come to the party but....................you don't want to come, you needn't. 19 UNIT 116 By and until By the time a) By (+ a time) — not later than: - I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before Monday, on Monday at the latest) - We'd better hurry. We have to be at home by 5 o'clock. (= at or before 5 . , o'clock, at 5 o'clock at the latest) - Where's Ann? She should be here by now. (= now or before now; so she should have already arrived) You cannot use until with this meaning: - Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party, [not 'Tell me unril Friday1) We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues: - 'Shall we go now?' 'No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining.' - I was tired this morning, so 1 stayed in bed until half past ten. Compare until and by in these sentences: - Tom will be away until Monday, (so he'll come back on Monday) - Tom will be back by Monday. (= he'll be back on or before Monday, on Monday at the latest) - I'll be working until 11 o'clock, (so I'll stop working at 11 o'clock) - I'll have finished my work by 11 o'clock. {= I'll finish my work at or before 11 o'clock, at 11 o'clock at the latest) b) You can also say by the time (something happens),.... Study these examples carefully: - It's not worth going shopping now, By the time we get to the shops, they will be shut. (= they will shut between now and the time we get there) - {from a letter) Fltij flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I'll probably be in New York. (= I will arrive in New York between now and the time you receive this letter.) When you are talking about the past, you can use By the time (something happened),... - Tom's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time he arrived, most of the guests had left. (= It took him a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time.) - I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. By the time I finished, I was very tired. (= It took me a long time to do the work and I became more and more tired during this time.) - It took them a long time to find a place to park their car. By the time they got to the theatre, the play had already started. You can also use by then or by that timet - Tom finally arrived at the party at midnight. But by then [or by that time), most of the guests had left. UNIT 116 Exercises 116.1 Make sentences with by. Example: I have ro be at home not later than 5 o'clock. ihyeh^.^h^^5.oclgCk.:. 1 I have to be at the airport not later than 10.30, I have to be at the airport ................................,.............................................................. 2 Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party. Let me know................................................................................«....................,..................... 3 Please make sure that you are here not later than 2 o'clock. Please....................................................................................................................................... 4 If you want to do the examination, you have ro enter not later than 3 April. If ..........._..................................................................................................................................... 5 If we leave now, we should be in London not later than lunchtime. If...................................................................................................................................................... 116.2 In this exercise you have to put in by or until. Examples: Tom has gone away. He'll be away ...Mftial..... Monday. Sorry, but I must go. 1 have to be at home......fey........5 o'clock. 1 I've been of fered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide ........»..........Thursday. 2 I think I'll wait....................Thursday before making a decision. 3 A: I hear you're writing a book. Have you finished it yet? B: Not quite, but I hope to finish it....................the end of this month. 4 A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here? B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone....................then. 5 I'm moving into my new flat next week. ?m staying with some friends....................then. 6 A: Do you think I'll still be unemployed this time next year? B: No, of course not. I'm sure you'll have found a job....................that time. 116.3 Read these situations and then complete the sentences using By the time .... Example: Tom was invited to a party but he got there much later than he intended. ^.thaij^b&^toiJkt^Orfjy............, most of the guests had left. 1 I had to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the station. ............................................................................................................................,..........„. , my train had left. 2 I saw two men who looked as if rhey were trying to steal a car. Sol called the police. But it was some time before the police arrived. ....................,........................................................................................., the two men had disappeared. 3 A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered what had happened. _______...............................,.....„,..,.,„,..,.................................., the escaped prisoner was miles away. 4 I intended to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished my work much later than expected. ....„.,................................„......................,............................................ , it was too late to go shopping. B Adverbial clauses of time (1): verb tense; before and until; Here are some general rules ro help you decide what verb tense to use in an adverbial clause beginning with after, as, as soon as, before, until, when, or while. to talk about the present or past, use the same tense you would use in a main clause; • I normally look after the children while she is practising. • When she heard the results she was overjoyed. to talk about the future, use a present tense: a Wait here until you're ready to go. • I'll look after the children while you are making dinner. ■ to talk about an action that is completed before another action described in the main clause, use either simple or perfect tenses: § «; As soon as you see/ have seen her, come and tell me, B 0 She wrote to me after she spoke / had spoken to Jim. However, if we are talking about an action in the adverbial clause that takes place over period of time, we generally prefer the present perfect: s After I have written this book, I'm having a holiday, (rather than After I write...) i ,q You can go when you've typed these letters, (rather than ...when you type...) i If the Two actions take place at the same time, use a simple tense, not a perfect tense: » Turn the light out as you leave, {not ...as you have left.) ^ When I saw Kim, I asked her over for dinner, (not When I had seen...) Before and until We use before if the action or event in the main clause has little or no duration and does not take place until the time represented in the adverbial clause: © She walked out before I had a chance to explain. We can often use either until or before when a situation described in the main clause lasts until a time indicated in the adverbial clause. In particular: ■ to say how far away a future event is: • It was three days until/before the letter arrived. ■ if the main clause is negative: © I didn't think I'd like skiing until/before I tried it. Compare the use of until and before when the main clause is positive: s He used to live with us until/before he moved down to London. Here, until means 'up to the time'. Before means 'at some time before (but not necessarily right up to the time specified)'. If the adverbial clause also describes the result of an action in the main clause, we use until: s He cleaned his shoes until they shone, ('shining' is the result of 'cleaning') UNIT EXERCISES 94.1 If necessary> correct these sentences. If they are already correct, put /. (B, C & D) 1 Before you will know it, your children will have gtown up. 2 I was only just in time. As I had taken my seat, the concert started. 3 It's still two hours before I have to be back. 4 After I paint the outside of the house I'm going to decorate the kitchen, 5 He will be released from prison after he will have served 4 years. 6 She will be 25 when she completes her course. 7 When the two leaders had met, they shook hands. 8 They ordered coffee when they ate their main course. 9 You can watch television after you have cleaned your room. 10 I won't give up before I will have finished what I set out to do. 94.2 Here are some extracts from the biography of a mountain climber, Daniel Hurst. Write before or until in the spaces, or before/until if both are possible. (C) ^o-r* 1 l He stayed in the tent...............the fog cleared. Only then was he able to go on. 2 (He didn't believe that climbing the south face would be possible.....he, i spoke to local villagers who knew of a possible route. 3 ]By taking a shorter but steeper route, he reached base camp; his fellow climbers. 4 / He climbed ...............he was exhausted and could go no further. .; i He had to wait five years...............he had another opportunity to climb Everest^ 6 ^ Hurst waited with his companion...............the rescuers came, and then helped] ithem carry her back down the mountain. • I Fortunately, he had left the summit...............the storm started.