Poverty
The bottom 1.4 billion
Aug 28th 2008 | DELHI
From The Economist print edition
The world is poorer than we thought, the World Bank
discovers
IN APRIL 2007 the World Bank announced that 986m people worldwide
suffered from extreme poverty--the first time its count had dropped below
1 billion. On August 26th it had grim news to report. According to two of
its leading researchers, Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, the
"developing world is poorer than we thought". The number of poor was
almost 1.4 billion in 2005.
This does not mean the plight of the poor had worsened--only that the
plight is now better understood. The bank has improved its estimates of
the cost of living around the world, thanks to a vast effort to compare the
price of hundreds of products, from packaged rice to folding umbrellas, in
146 countries. In many poor countries the cost of living was steeper than
previously thought, which meant more people fell short of the poverty line.
Ms Chen and Mr Ravallion have counted the worlďs poor anew, using
these freshly collected prices. They have also drawn a new poverty line.
The bank used to count people who lived on less than "a dollar a day" (or
$1.08 in 1993 prices, to be precise). This popular definition of poverty was
first unveiled in the bank's 1990 World Development Report and was later
adopted by the United Nations (UN) when it resolved to cut poverty in half
by 2015.
The researchers now prefer a yardstick
more typical of the 15 poorest countries
that have credible poverty lines. By this
definition, people are poor if they cannot
match the standard of living of someone
living on $1.25 a day in America in 2005.
Such people would be recognised as poor
even in Nepal, Tajikistan and hardpressed
African countries such as
Uganda. But for those who still think a
"dollar a day" has a better ring to it, the
authors also calculate the number of
people living on less than that at 2005
prices (see table).
The discovery of another 400m poor people will not satisfy some of the
bank's critics, who think it still undercounts poverty. Its cost-of-living
estimates are based on the prices faced by a "representative household",
whose consumption mirrors national spending. But the poor are not
representative. In particular, they buy in smaller quantities--a cupful of
rice, not a 10-kilogram bag; a single cigarette, not a packet. As a result,
the "poor pay more".
Such concerns prompted the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to carry out
its own study of the prices faced by the poor in 16 of its member countries
(not including China). Its results, released on August 27th, found that in
nine of those countries the poor in fact pay less. Even though they buy in
smaller quantities, they save money by buying cut-price goods from
cheaper outlets: kerbside haircuts not salons; open-air stalls not
supermarkets; toddy not wine.
This penny-pinching adds up. In Indonesia, for example, the poor's cost of
living is 21% below the World Bank's estimate. The survey also shaved
more than 10% off the cost of living in other populous countries, such as
Bangladesh and India. The difference was narrower in smaller countries,
such as Cambodia. This may be because in big countries, such as India,
the rich are large in number, though a tiny part of the population. Perhaps
their spending has an undue influence on the prices faced by the
representative household.
The ADB's findings face an obvious philosophical objection. In theory a
poverty count is supposed to calculate how many people fail to meet a
certain standard of living. A person eating coarse rice, not fine-grained
basmati, dressed in polyester not cotton, has a lower standard of living,
even if he eats the same amount of grain and owns the same number of
shirts. And when a household buys fruit in a supermarket, its members are
buying more than just an apple. They are also enjoying the comfort of airconditioning,
the convenience of a parking space, and the hygiene of
airtight packaging. But until such comforts are within the poor's reach, the
ADB is right to track the prices the poor actually pay. It hopes the next
global price survey, due in 2011 and led by the World Bank, will do the
same. Then, perhaps, the number of poor will be back to nine digits.