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• 6.
Appendix: The Conjuncture of 1989 in Eastern Europe
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT -changes in the Soviet Union -world economic factors
Role of the individual (Gorbachev)
interplays and interacts with
STRUCTURAL CRISIS OF THE STATE -economic crisis -social structural crisis
induces
'-. induces
	POLITICAL CRISIS		
	-elite splits		
	(reformers versus		
	hard-liners)		
		A	
f		Role of the	
I		individual	
e		(i.e. Jakes,	
a		Ceausescu,	
d		Jaruzelski	
S			
---- increases-
Revolutionary situation
-possible political and social transformation
Role of the individual i.e. Havel, Walesa
informs
	C	
	h a	u
Autonomous	n i	Dissent
organisational	n n	of the
groups	*      e t	masses
(dissidents)	I 0	
	I	
A t • •	e d	* ■ • fuels
Western communications penetration -'domino' effect -comparative economic disadvantage -rights and freedom
I
n f O f
m
s
Ideology
-challenge from heterodox ideas, values and beliefs (i.e. Havel's philosophy, notions of rights and freedoms, the 'idea of the west', the 'market'/market economy, liberal democracy, gfasnost and perestro/'ka from the Soviet Union
Case 1	Case 2	Case n
a	d	g
b	e	h
c	I	i
X	X	X
y	y	y
Overall differences
Crucial similarity
Figure 8.1 Mill's Method of Agreement. Key: x = causal variable; y = phenomenon to be explained. Source: Skocpol and Somers (1980: 184). The uses of comparative history in macrosodal inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22(2). © Cambridge University Press.
222 Conclusion
Positive	Negative
case(s)	case(s)
a	a
b	b
c	c
X	not x
y	not y
Overall similarities
Crucial difference
Figure 8.2 Mill's Method of Difference. Key: x = causal variable; y = phenomenon to be explained. Source: Skocpol and Somers (1980: 184). The uses of comparative history in macrosodal inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22(2). © Cambridge University Press.