CONWIP (A pull alternative to kanban principle) Main resources : Mark Spearman, David Woodruff and Wallace Hopp Northwestern University, Evanson, Illinois, USA Diagrams, modifications, structures and editing (J.Skorkovský,KPH) Methodologies used for effective production control •Based on PULL principle –JIT –kanban –zero inventory •kanban (mostly used for repetitive manufacturing) •Based on PUSH principle –MRP (MRP-II) •Based on both principles (push and pull) –CONWIP (Constant Work In Progress) greatly reduced inventory levels and production lead times PUSH and PULL •PUSH : production jobs (production orders) are scheduled (MRP nad MRP-II) –often not feasible plans are generated and problems are often detected too late –used fixed lead times=LT (see next slide) do not depend on capacity utilization –Having in mind , that production is random process, LT is very pessimistic – – • •PULL : production jobs (production orders) starts are triggered by completion of another job Black box t=start of the job t+LT=end time of the job (where LT=constant) Flow time and Lead time (FT<>LT) •Flow time (known also as a „cycle time“) Job is released time Job is completed Typically random time (highly variable) •Lead time (constant used for planning ) Job scheduling (MRP-MRP-II) JOB 1 JOB N WIP level FGI level Flow times FGI – finished good inventory ; WIP = Work in Progress Controlling parameters • Operation (Job1) Authorization to start Job 2 Controlling parameter DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM Operation (Job2) Operation (JobN) Components for Job N needed… 1 (kanban = card) 2 Components for Job N produced and Supplied (pulled) 1 Production =kanban The number of kanban cards in the system determines the WIP levels in the plant 2 JIT •Kanban is not JIT , where JIT=manufacturing philosophy •JIT encompasses (includes): –Kanban card system –Total Quality Control (TQM) – e.g. scrap loss not tolerated…. –Setup time reduction –worker participation •Advantages of JIT philosophy : –reduced WIP (work in progress) –shorter flow times (shorter production –lower production costs –greater customer responsiveness –Lower inventory levels and lover stocking costs – PUSH and PULL are not mutually exclusive (vzájemně se nevylučují) approaches and other statements… •Push and Pull can be combined ! •MRP is considered to be more applicable than kanban •MRP is in almost any discrete part production •Kanban(JIT,pull) – superior results if applicable •Kanban(JIT,pull) – is difficult to use if : –Jobs with short production runs –Significant setup times (long ones)- if Make-To-Order is applied –Remarkable Scrap losses (bad quality) –Unpredictable fluctuation in demand – • • PUSH and PULL and the types of the queuing networks •Push : open queuing network •Pull : closed queuing network (feed back) •Push : schedule Throughput and measure WIP • • T WIP • PULL : setup WIP level and measure Throughput Advantage of PULL over PUSH •PUSH : WIP and Throughput fluctuations – result in violation of the assumption, that Flow Times (FT) and therefore Lead Times (LT) are constant ! Push is more difficult to manage than Pull •WIP is easier to optimize than Throughput (T) • •Little´s low : • • Average FT=Average WIP/Average T – meaning that FT cannot be constant but vary with WIP and T • •Pull is easy to manage : why ? -> WIP is easier to control than an estimation of the capacities needed to appropriately release work in Push system • CONstant Work In Progress = CONWIP •System having benefits of a PULL and can be used in variety of manufacturing environment • •CONWIP : generalized form of Kanban • •CONWIP relies on signals (electronic, paper • cards, semaphores,…) CONstant Work In Process = CONWIP •Kanban: card is used to signal production of a specific part • •CONWIP : card is assigned to production line and are not part number specific CONWIP 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BOM of the final product (7) Mcbeth-Bentel-And-Margedant-s-Universal-Boring-Machine Fig-224-Horizontal-Milling-Machine-Column-Type-Courtesy-of ANd9GcQmRqL9z7X2WkUWokNnwp1Lh5nGDiAAaDT-7HGYwP--re4QaRc&t=1&usg=__TS3yjJ9DN9CP2_ONFIOOIW7wTsE= ANd9GcSX_4hzOd5f4NzHKqCdeClidgVm0GdpqMZlHV_ALf908wWv3ao&t=1&usg=__DiQcbsKVPH-ZNDBEGhSlFpCcIr8= Container A Bag log list 1 : 6 pc 2 : 6 pc 3 : 0 pc 4 : 0 pc 6 : 4 pc 5 : 0 pc 7 : 0 pc ANd9GcSX_4hzOd5f4NzHKqCdeClidgVm0GdpqMZlHV_ALf908wWv3ao&t=1&usg=__DiQcbsKVPH-ZNDBEGhSlFpCcIr8= Container A Bag log list 1 : 0 pc 2 : 0 pc 3 : 0 pc 4 : 0 pc 6 : 4 pc 5 : 2 pc 7 : 0 pc 2x 2x 3x 3x Bag log list 1 : 6 pc 2 : 6 pc 3 : 8 pc 4 : 8 pc 6 : 0 pc 5 : 0 pc 7 : 0 pc Container A ANd9GcSX_4hzOd5f4NzHKqCdeClidgVm0GdpqMZlHV_ALf908wWv3ao&t=1&usg=__DiQcbsKVPH-ZNDBEGhSlFpCcIr8= 4x 2x ANd9GcSX_4hzOd5f4NzHKqCdeClidgVm0GdpqMZlHV_ALf908wWv3ao&t=1&usg=__DiQcbsKVPH-ZNDBEGhSlFpCcIr8= Container A Bag log list 1 : 0 pc 2 : 0 pc 3 : 0 pc 4 : 0 pc 6 : 0 pc 5 : 0 pc 7 : 1 pc Container C Container B Queue (First- In First-Served=FSFS system) System Entry Time=SET SET=8:00 SET=10:00 SET=12:00 SET=14:00 maintaining of BLL (Bag Log List) is responsibility of inventory control staff parts parts cards BOM=Bill of material CONWIP parameters •The card count (it determines the max WIP level for the line) =m • •Production quota (target production quantity/period) =q • •Maximum work ahead amount =n (if q+n is produced during a period, the line is stopped until the start of the next period) CONWIP-air traffic control AIR-HeathrowQueue-001 Originating airport Destination airport (air above airport) airport_19537t If heavy air traffic, departing planes should be held on the ground at the originating airport rather than control flying aircrafts in the air above destination airport as a holding pattern The results : greater safety and lower fuel consumption CONWIP-Theory of Constraints •Balance the flow and not the capacity !!!! •Operation of the CONWIP line is regulated by the bottleneck resource •If we have sufficient demand, the correct number of the cards will maintain just enough WIP to keep bottleneck busy Thanks a lot for Your Attention Skorkovský