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Verbs for Reporting
Writing Centre Learning Guide
In academic writing, you will often need to refer to the research of others, also called
secondary sources. A reporting verb is a word which is used to talk about or report
on other people's work. Reporting verbs can be used to great effect, but the difficulty
with using them is that there are many, and each of them has a slightly different and
often subtle meaning.
Introduction
In academic writing, it is important to present an argument logically and cohesively. You may be
required to:
 comment on someone’s work
 agree or disagree with someone else’s study
 evaluate someone’s ideas
Often you will be assessed on your ability to demonstrate these skills.
It is repetitive and boring to write ‘Smith says...’ over and over again. Fortunately, there is a wide
choice of reporting verbs in English. Reporting verbs can indicate:
 the author’s personal viewpoint
 your viewpoint regarding what the author says
 the author’s viewpoint regarding other literature.
To interpret the writer’s ideas accurately, however, you will need to use a verb with the correct
nuance (sense of meaning). Use an English learner's dictionary to check that you have the right
verb for the right context.
Function and strength of reporting verbs
Some verbs are weaker in their function, while others are strong. Some verbs are followed by a
preposition (e.g. as, to, for, with, of), while others are followed by a noun or ‘that’ (see page 3). In
addition, some verbs can fit more than one category e.g. warns can be used to disagree with,
emphasise or examine an idea.
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Common reporting verbs for academic writing
It is important you understand and know how to use the verb correctly before placing it in a
sentence, and that you use past or present tense as appropriate.
weaker position neutral position stronger position
addition adds
advice advises
agreement admits, concedes accepts, acknowledges, agrees,
concurs, confirms, recognises
applauds, congratulates,
extols, praises, supports
argument
and
persuasion
apologises assures, encourages, interprets,
justifies, reasons
alerts, argues, boasts,
contends, convinces,
emphasises, exhorts, forbids,
insists, proves, promises,
persuades, threatens, warns
believing guesses, hopes,
imagines
believes, claims, declares,
expresses, feels, holds, knows,
maintains, professes, subscribes
to, thinks
asserts, guarantees, insists,
upholds
conclusion concludes, discovers, finds,
infers, realises
disagreement
and
questioning
doubts, questions challenges, debates, disagrees,
questions, requests, wonders
accuses, attacks, complains,
contradicts, criticises, denies,
discards, disclaims,
discounts, dismisses,
disputes, disregards,
negates, objects to, opposes,
refutes, rejects
discussion comments discusses, explores reasons
emphasis accentuates, emphasises,
highlights, stresses,
underscores, warns
evaluation
and
examination
analyses, appraises, assesses,
compares considers, contrasts,
critiques, evaluates, examines,
investigates, understands
blames, complains, ignores,
scrutinises, warns
explanation articulates, clarifies, explains
presentation confuses comments, defines, describes,
estimates, forgets, identifies,
illustrates, implies, informs,
instructs, lists, mentions, notes,
observes, outlines, points out,
presents, remarks, reminds,
reports, restates, reveals, shows,
states, studies, tells, uses
announces, promises
suggestion alleges, intimates,
speculates
advises, advocates, hypothesises,
posits, postulates, proposes,
suggests, theorises
asserts, recommends, urges
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Verbs followed by a preposition
Verbs followed by a noun or –ing form
Verbs followed by ‘that’
accuses x of y
warns x of y
defines x as y
apologises for x
blames x for y
criticises x for y
alerts x to y
compares x to y
objects to x
subscribes to x
challenges x to do y
exhorts x to do y
forbids x to do y
warns x to do y
confuses x with y
contrasts x with y
disagrees with x
concurs with x
analyses, applauds, appraises, assesses, attacks, considers,
contradicts, critiques, debates, describes, discards, disclaims,
discounts, discusses, dismisses, disregards, evaluates, examines,
explores, expresses, extols, forbids, highlights, identifies, ignores,
illustrates, investigates, justifies, lists, opposes, outlines, praises,
presents, questions, refutes, rejects, restates, scrutinises, studies,
supports, underscores, uses, validates, verifies
accepts, acknowledges, adds, admits, advises, advocates, agrees,
alerts, alleges, announces, argues, articulates, asserts, assures,
believes, boasts, claims, clarifies, comments, complains, concedes,
concludes, confirms, feels, finds, forgets, guarantees, guesses, hopes,
hypothesises, imagines, implies, indicates, infers informs, insists,
justifies, knows, maintains, notes, observes, persuades, points out,
posits, postulates, promises, proposes, proves, questions, realises,
reasons, reasons, recognises, recommends, remarks, reminds, reports,
reveals, shows, speculates, states, stresses, suggests, suspects, tells,
theorises, thinks, understands, urges, warns
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Example sentences
Remember that the tense you use for your reporting verb will depend on your style guide. Some
styles prefer present tense while others prefer past tense.
Boynton (1982, p. 79) warns the reader that ordinary chocolate is ‘too frail to withstand
heat, moisture and proximity to baked beans’.
Hanks (2004, p. 257) defines an idiom as an expression whose ‘meaning . . . is distinct
from the sum of its parts’.
Smith (2005) disagrees with Fry (2003) when she maintains that many students have
trouble with reporting verbs.
Some people subscribe to the idea that chocolate is unhealthy, but Boynton’s (1982)
book refutes this claim.
This paper investigates the effects of alcohol on memory and stresses that further
research be done as a matter of urgency.
References
Boynton, S. (1982). Chocolate: The consuming passion. London: Methuen.
Hanks, P. (2004). The syntagmatics of metaphor and idiom. International Journal of Lexicography,
17 (3), 245-274.
Useful resources
Websites
http://www.academicenglishcafe.com/reporting-verbs.html
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/reporting_verbs.php
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/learning_english/leap/grammar/reportingverbs
http://www.york.ac.uk/rop/verbs.html
Printables
http://www.awc.metu.edu.tr/handouts/Verbs_to_Introduce_Paraphrases_and_Quotations.pdf
http://www.york.ac.uk/rop/documents/reportingverbfunctions.pdf
© The University of Adelaide 2014