Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 1 L5 – Policy, Politics and decision-making process AIPP 2021 Marek Pavlik Adobe Systems Reminder ̶Whether you like it or not public policy is a part of your life. ̶ ̶Policy advocacy versus policy analysis ? ̶What does it mean target group? ̶How can we assess policy instruments? ̶ Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 3 Policy formulation – from general to details ̶Mission ̶The announced intention of the Cabinet ̶Vision ̶The announced intention of the Ministry ̶Policy Aims ̶Strategic plan of specific Ministry ̶Policy Goals ̶Detailed goals for given policy aim ̶ ̶…the same can be valid e.g. EU plan, Public transport plan of a city… ̶ Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 4 Policy aims ̶The easiest approach – SMART ̶SMART specific, measurable, achievable, (sometimes agreed), realistic (or relevant) and time-bound, (or timely) ̶Aims can be evaluated from formal as well as normative point of view ̶Explain on example: Prohibition of smoking in restaurants ̶ ̶Setting of policy aims can be done ̶By sophisticated methods of strategic management ̶By negotiation of actors ̶Mixture of various options ̶Examples? ̶There is a strong analogy and transfer of method from business companies to public authorities (public sector) Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 5 Where policy aim is coming from? ̶Policy aims are negotiated and set by policy makers (those who have power to make a decision) ̶Negotiation is affected by other actors ̶Policy makers (as any other actor) may follow their own preferences or voters’ preferences… Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 6 Policy Outputs versus Policy Outcomes ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶Did we achieved Policy Aims? ̶Did we solved the problem why the Policy was formulated? ̶ ̶Why is possible to achieve policy output and not achieve a policy outcome? Policy Output Outcome Problem Adobe Systems PROBLEM reasons ? Consequences ? Policy Aims and implementation Result - output Perceived Real Intended Unintended Was problem solved? (Is the Outcome achieved?) Did economic and social benefits overcome costs? Economical Social Policy and consequences ̶Which output is more important? Real one or perceived one? Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 8 Politics ̶re: Interaction of actors… ̶Process of making decision ̶Negotiation, interaction, conflict among Actors ̶Dynamic process…which creates a policy ̶ ̶Politics affects ̶What is recognized as a problem ̶Which aims are set in the policy ̶How is the policy implemented ̶Whether is the policy evaluated ̶What will happen then Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 9 Decision-maker ̶An actor with a power to make a decision ̶Individual or collective ̶Elected or appointed (or selected) ̶Formal power or informal power ̶ ̶Typical decision-makers ̶Politician x Parliament ̶Ministry x Officer ̶Judge x Court Jury Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 10 Collective decision-makers ̶Influence of decision making system ̶Voting rules ̶Procedural rules The system of spreading and sharing information Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 11 Decision-maker characteristic ̶Has his own motivation ̶Has a different education and knowledge about the decision making process ̶To drive a car you need a licence ̶To lead the city you need…. what? ̶Has an imperfect knowledge about the problem ̶Is affected by other actors ̶Can be manipulated by provides of information or other interest groups ̶Via lobbying ̶Via corruption ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 12 Types of choice ̶Negative – preserve status quo ̶Positive – change status quo ̶Non-decisions Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 13 Decision making models – early approaches ̶Rational models ̶From problem to solution ̶Incremental models ̶Small steps, trials, backsteps ̶Disjointed incrementalism ̶Garbage can model ̶Dealing with lack of rationality, ̶considering randomness, ̶effects of dramatizations ̶ Example: I am hungry… ̶choosing restaurant, having big lunch, evaluate if I have space for desert ̶Eat snack, discuss lunch, eat snack, have huge lunch, rest, change size of portion, have lunch again, eat dessert, realize that two snack are too much ̶Pretend to faint in queue for lunch, discuss meaning of desert, drink beer, have another lunch, sing a song and support heathy snacks Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 14 Early models of four types of Decision-making Level of Available knowledge High Low Level of change High Revolutionary Analytical Low Rational Disjointed incremental ̶What do we know? Can we increase level of knowledge? ̶Is it possible or desirable to implement high level of change? ̶Can you sort following? ̶Wearing helmet will be obligatory during cycling ̶Cancelling of the social security system and replacing it with the private insurance and individual savings ̶Change of permitted emission limits for cars ̶Increasing of minimal wage ̶Pension reform ̶ Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 15 Lobbying ̶Lobbying …an activity with the aim to affect decision-maker’s decision. ̶Long tradition (historically from a word “lobby” or passage where decision makers (councillors) went through the hall…. And crowd yelled their wishes) ̶Lobbyists try to convince the decision-makers about changing his/her preferences ̶They can use serious resources as analysis, research results or manipulative techniques and misleading information ̶Can be seen as natural activity of interesting groups or as potential threat for a democracy… why? Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 16 Think about role of tradition for perception of lobbying ̶Countries with long tradition of lobbying ̶UK, US ̶Post communistic countries ̶CZ, SVK ̶Countries in post-war or unstable situation ̶Afghanistan, Sierra Leone ̶ ̶ ̶Hint: defending interest is natural, but sometimes powerful groups are able to defend “better” ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 17 Regulation of Lobbying ̶Very different across countries ̶Regulation can be done via law or via self regulation ̶Rights, duties and penalties determined by law ̶Ethical standard guarded by professional chambers and ethical committees ̶Regulation can be directed on ̶decision makers ̶lobbyists Adobe Systems Zápatí prezentace 18 Literature ̶Howlett, Ramesh – Studying Public Policy… chapter 6 ̶ ̶Political Marketing and Propaganda: Uses, Abuses, Misuses ̶https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15377857.2014.866018?needAccess=true ̶Or file upload in the Information system