Choose a summary word from the list to complete each sentence. Can you think of other possible
summary words in addition to those on the list?

Difficulty, estimation, problem, situation, disruption, finding, process, view

1. The traditional economic and consumer behavior models assume a rational, thoughtful consumer who
gathers information about a good and then carefully makes a purchase. This ____________ has
recently been challenged, particularly because of the growing number of consumer choices.

2. Our pilot study has shown that wind turbines used to generate electricity can pose a threat to
flying birds. This ____________ suggests a need for further research on improving the safety of
these mechanisms.

3. In soccer, goalkeepers routinely wear gloves that may restrict heat loss from the hands and
cause discomfort. In order to alleviate this __________________, special materials, called phase
control materials (PCMs), have been incorporated into gloves to reduce the amount of heat inside
the glove, thus maintaining a comfortable temperature.

4. Normal average human skin temperature is 37°C. At any lower environmental temperature, heat will
be lost from the skin to the environment as the body attempts to heat up the air in direct contact
with the body. This __________________ is known as conduction.

5. Until adjustment of the body clock has occurred, individuals suffering from “jet lag” feel tired
during the new daytime, yet are unable to sleep properly during the new night. For athletes in
particular this __________________ of sleep can affect mood and powers of concentration and might
result in poorer training performances and competition results (Reilly et al., 1997b).

6. Until recently, the support needs of frail older people in Sweden have been met primarily by the
state, with there being little expectation that the family would provide care. This
__________________ is now changing as increasing emphasis is being placed on the role of the
family.


Now try to find your own summary words that can complete these sentences.

1. Irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa is in most cases performed using a rope and bucket to raise and
distribute water from a shallow open well. While this _____________ has the advantage of being
inexpensive, its low capacity and labor-intensive nature is decidedly a disadvantage.

2. Motor vehicle deaths in the U.S. declined from nearly 60,000 in 1966 to just over 40,000 in
2011, even though Americans drive millions more miles now and millions more vehicles are on the
road. The death rate, which was 7.6 deaths per 100 million miles in 1950, declined from 5.5 in 1966
to 1.6 in 2011. This _____________ can be attributed to the manufacture of safer vehicles with
features such as airbags and antilock brakes.

3. Haigney concludes from his study that driving performance decreases when drivers use their cell
phones. This _____________ is consistent with recent reviews of the literature on driving
distractions.

4. Although it seems that the construction of new roads and widening of existing roads should
reduce traffic congestion, recent research has shown that these activities actually lead to
increases in traffic. This _____________ is known as the “induced traffic” effect.

5. In 1900, average life expectancy at birth was 47 years for individuals born in developed
countries. In 1950, life expectancy was nearly 68. For newborns today, life expectancy is about 77
years. This _____________, however, does not mean that humans are undergoing some physiological
change. Rather, it is a result of advances in medicine and technology.