IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS IEEE Publishing Operations 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA V 9.20.2021 © 2021 IEEE IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................................................................................2 I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................................................3 A Purpose of Manual................................................................................................................................................................................................3 B. Definition of a Transactions and Explanation of the Review Process...................................................................................................................3 C. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy.................................................................................................................................................................3 II. WRITING PRINCIPLES......................................................................................................................................................................................3 A. Writing Parts of an Article....................................................................................................................................................................................4 Title.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Byline and Membership Citation...........................................................................................................................................................................4 IEEE Membership Grades.....................................................................................................................................................................................4 IEEE Open Access Publishing..............................................................................................................................................................................5 First Footnotes.......................................................................................................................................................................................................5 IS. The Body of the Article........................................................................................................................................................................................9 Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 Index Terms..........................................................................................................................................................................................................9 Note to Practitioners..............................................................................................................................................................................................9 Nomenclature........................................................................................................................................................................................................9 Text Section Headings.........................................................................................................................................................................................10 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Text Equations....................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Appendix.............................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................................................................................11 References...........................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Text Citation of Figures and Tables....................................................................................................................................................................12 Biographies.........................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Squibs..................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 C. Other Text...........................................................................................................................................................................................................15 Footnotes.............................................................................................................................................................................................................15 Lists in Text........................................................................................................................................................................................................15 Dedication Line(s)...............................................................................................................................................................................................16 Note Added in Proof...........................................................................................................................................................................................16 D. Other Types of Papers........................................................................................................................................................................................16 Editorials.............................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Brief Papers.........................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Short Papers, Correspondence, and Communications..........................................................................................................................................17 Comments and Replies........................................................................................................................................................................................17 Corrections/Errata...............................................................................................................................................................................................17 Book Reviews.....................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Obituaries/In Memoriam.....................................................................................................................................................................................18 E. Writing Style for Transactions...........................................................................................................................................................................18 Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Spelling...............................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Trademarks..........................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Plurals.................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Hyphenation Rules..............................................................................................................................................................................................19 The En, Em, or Two-Em Dash............................................................................................................................................................................19 Grammar.............................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Contractions........................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Capitalization......................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Math....................................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Equation Numbers...............................................................................................................................................................................................21 F. General Layout Rules..........................................................................................................................................................................................22 III. GRAMMAR AND USAGE IN TRANSACTIONS..........................................................................................................................................22 A. Rules of Grammar..............................................................................................................................................................................................22 Words Often Confused........................................................................................................................................................................................23 IV APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................................................................................24 A. Some Common Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................................24 B. Common Hyphenations and Misspellings..........................................................................................................................................................28 C. Table of Units and Quantity Symbols.................................................................................................................................................................31 D. Miscellaneous Alphabetical Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols................................................................................................................40 E. Organizations and Abbreviations of Organizations.............................................................................................................................................56 F. Conference Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................................................63 IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS 3 I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of Manual This style manual provides general writing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. For guidance in grammar and usage not included in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the University of Chicago Press. B. Definition of a Transactions and Explanation of the Review Process All IEEE Transactions are refereed archival journals. This means that each Transactions has a volunteer Editor or Editor-in-Chief (EIC) who is responsible for soliciting manuscripts and overseeing the peer review and revision process for the journal. The referees (at least two, according to IEEE policy), together with the Editor and sometimes with volunteer Associate Editors, determine the technical merit of each submitted article and make a recommendation to accept, accept with revision, or reject it. Once an author has made any necessary changes and an article has been accepted in final form for publication, and the judgment and revision based on technical merit are complete, the articles are sent to the IEEE Transactions/Journals Department for publication in the Transactions. C. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy The IEEE's responsibility in editing articles for the Transactions is not to do any editing of the technical content, but instead to render the work as readable, grammatically correct, and as consistent with the IEEE style as possible. Since the IEEE is concerned with style mainly in the sense of our house style, the IEEE does not try to change an author's style of writing. We do a mechanical edit to correct or question grammatical errors, obvious inconsistencies or omissions, spelling, and punctuation. Since we work with highly technical text, we also do extensive formatting of mathematical material. Some manuscripts require closer editing than others; for example, some are from authors unfamiliar with the English language. Authors with questions or requiring assistance with the English language may visit the Author Center. Often, an IEEE Staff Editor must determine how to correct a grammatical error or decide what can be safely changed or corrected without altering the author's original meaning. Because of the highly technical nature of the material we deal with, and because of our often limited understanding of that material, it is especially important that Staff Editors do not risk making any unnecessary changes or any that may affect the author's meaning. II. WRITING PRINCIPLES The sections of an article should generally be written in the following order: 1) Title Page (including article title, byline, membership, and first footnote) 2) Abstract, must be one paragraph and between 150 to 250 words. 3) Index Terms 4) Nomenclature (optional) 5) Introduction 6) Body of Article 7) Conclusion 8) Appendix(es) 9) Acknowledgment 10) References IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principle s- 11) Photo s and B io graphie s A. Writing Parts of an Article Title In the title, all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions {If, Because, That, Which) should be capitalized. Capitalize abbreviations that are otherwise lowercase (i.e., use DC, not dc or Dc) except for unit abbreviations and acronyms. Articles {a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions {and, but, for, or, nor), and most short prepositions are lowercase unless they are the first or last word. Prepositions of more than three letters {Before, From, Through, With, Versus, Among, Under, Between, Without) are capitalized. Detailed equations are discouraged in titles. If they must be included, capitalization and formatting should follow IEEE style. Examples: • Nonlinear Gain Coefficients in Semiconductor Lasers: Effects of Carrier Heating • Self-Pulsation in an InGaN Laser—Part I: Theory and Experiment Byline and Membership Citation . Use the most complete author name and match that which is provided in the biography. Nicknames are not allowed in the byline, but may be included in the biography, set in parentheses, e.g., "John (Jack) Smith received the B.A. degree..." Examples: C.-Y. Chen, Member, IEEE, K. S. Snyder, Jr., Fellow, IEEE, and J. Fortunate, III, Senior Member, IEEE Mohammed Z. Ali, Member, IEEE, and Murat Torlak, Fellow, IEEE If membership information is given in the byline, also enter it into the biography. IEEE Membership Grades IEEE Membership Grades included in the byline and biography are Student Member, Graduate Student Member, Associate Member, Member, Senior Member, Fellow, Life Associate Member, Life Member, Life Senior Member, and Life Fellow. Note: Affiliate Members are not considered members for the purposes of the byline and biography. Authors of non-OA articles must sign and return the IEEE Copyright Form before their article is published (either online or in print). An article is considered published on the date it appears on \EEEXplore (this includes preprints and rapid posts). The section of the form signed determines the type of copyright line used. There are several different types of copyright hnes used in Transactions articles. > The IEEE copyright line is by far the most commonly used line. The IEEE copyright line Copyright Clearance Center Code (or CCC code) is used at all times whenever the "A" section of the IEEE copyright form has been signed by the author. The author's signature on the "A" section of the IEEE copyright form and use of the IEEE copyright line indicate IEEE ownership of the article's copyright. Example: From the IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: 0018-9197 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—5 The first two sets of four numbers (separated by a hyphen) in the line are the ISSN code for the Transactions (also found on the front cover of the printed book). Last on the line is a circled copyright symbol followed by the full year of publication and the identifier "IEEE." > The U.S. Government copyright line is used when the "B" section of the copyright form is signed and all authors of a paper are U.S. government employees and prepared the paper as part of their job. The U.S. Government line reads: U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright. NOTE: This copyright line ends with a period. > The EU copyright line is used when all authors are employed by one or more European Union organizations. Example: From the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: 1051-8223 ©2018 EU > The Crown copyright line is used when the "C" section of the copyright form is signed and all the authors of a paper are employees of the British or British Commonwealth governments. The Crown Copyright line is similar to the IEEE copyright line, except that the "IEEE" at the end of the line is replaced with "British Crown Copyright" or "Canadian Crown Copyright." The following sample copyright hnes are from the IEEE JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY: 1551-319X © 2018 British Crown Copyright 1551-319X © 2018 Canadian Crown Copyright IEEE Open Access Publishing Articles that follow the OA publishing model, per Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) standards, use the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCBY) 4.0 license. The CCBY license grants the most liberal reuse rights of all commonly used Open Access licenses. It allows users to distribute, reuse, modify, and build upon a work as long as proper attribution to the original article is provided. Works published with a CCBY license may be reused for commercial purposes. y Open Access Copyright Lines CCBY License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.Org/licenses/bv/4.0/deed.ast CCBY + U.S. Government option: U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright. When all the authors of an article are U.S. government employees and prepared the article as part of their job, and they choose Open Access, then the "U.S. Government" section of the CCBY copyright form must be signed and returned. First Footnotes The first footnote (or the author affiliation paragraph) is made up of at least three paragraphs. This footnote is not numbered. All other footnotes in the article are numbered consecutively. Do not use asterisks or daggers. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—6 Example: Manuscript received April 27, 2018; revised September 18, 2018; accepted July 25, 2018. Date of publication August 15, 2013; date of current version September 9, 2018. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS UEFISCDI, under Project PN-II-ID-BXE-4016-3-0566. (Corresponding author: John Smith.) The authors are with the National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Laboratory, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania (e-mail: florm.gherendi@infim.ro: mnistor@infim.ro; mandache@infim.ro). Color versions of one or more of the figures are available online at http:// ieeexplore.ieee.org. (NOTE: Only Used with Printed Publications). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JDT.2013.2278036 First Paragraph: The first paragraph of the first footnote contains the received, revised, and accepted dates of the article. When an article has more than one revised date, list all the dates It also contains the two additional online published dates. The first date identifies the date of publication, i.e., when the "single article" version is posted on IEEEXplore (either preprint or rapid post—ePub date); the second date identifies the date of current version, or when the "final, paginated" version (i.e., date of current version—predicted online date) is posted on IEEEXplore. Corresponding author(s) credit: All articles must include the name of the corresponding author(s). However, an author may opt out upon review of the proof. The corresponding author(s) name is added in italics at the very end of the first paragraph, as follows: Manuscript received May 2, 2018; revised September 9, 2018; accepted October 12, 2018. Date of publication November 29, 2018; date of current version March 7, 2018. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China under Grant 2012JM6153472 and Grant 2011CB301903, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (45863 program) of China under Grant 2011CVB03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen University. (Corresponding authors: Jessie Y. C. Chen; Shiyuan Fan.) Equally contributed authors: In some cases, the authors may have contributed equally to the work. This is added in italics at the very end of the first paragraph before the corresponding author. See example below. Manuscript received May 2, 2018; revised September 9, 2018; accepted October 12, 2018. Date of publication November 29, 2018; date of current version March 7, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (3544 program) of China under Grant 206BNJ619782 and Grant 2511ML301357, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (8673 program) of China under Grant 2011AA03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen University. (Shanjin Fan and Shiyuan Fan contributed equally to this work) (Corresponding authors: Jessie Y. C. Chen; Shiyuan Fan.) Co-first authors: In many fields, it is viewed as good to be the first author. But only one person can be first author, which leads to the practice of some labs having "co-first" authorship. The wording for this is: {Shanjin Fan and Shiyuan Fan are co-first authors.) There is no need to include the "contributed equally" phrase. In the byline, one of the authors must be listed first, but the last line in the first paragraph will indicate both authors as co-first authors. For example: Manuscript received May 2, 2018; revised September 9, 2018; accepted October 12, 2018. Date of publication November 29, 2018; date of current version March 7, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China under Grant 2012CB619302 and Grant 2011XMK01903, in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (677 program) of China under Grant 2019GHM03105, and in part by the Innovative Doctoral Student Training Program at Sun Yat-sen University. (Shanjin Fan and Shiyuan Fan are co-first authors.) (Corresponding author: Shanjin Fan.) Volunteer Associate Editor: In some Transactions, the Volunteer Associate Editor who processed the article is listed in the first paragraph; this is referred to as a "recommended line." See specific Transactions for placement and wording. Some examples are: Manuscript received February 5, 2018; revised March 29, 2018; accepted March 29, 2018. Date of publication June 8, 2018; date of current version January 18, 2009. Paper recommended by Associate Editor Thomas Lynch. Manuscript received February 5, 2018; revised March 29,2018. Date of publication June 8, 2018; date of current version January 18, 2009. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor T. Lynch. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—7 Manuscript received July 4, 2018; revised September 4, 2018. Date of publication June 8, 2018; date of current version July 18, 2018. This work was supported by the UDDHSCSU under Grant PN-JJ78/01.10.2067 and Grant FRII 331/94.57.2067. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Prof. Vesa Valimaki. (Corresponding author: Jinjun Ming.) Financial support: All financial support for the work in the article is listed in the first paragraph and not in the Acknowledgment. Examples of financial support are: 1) This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant 90210 and Grant ECS-12345. 2) This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under Contract 12345 and Contract 702589 and in part by the National Science Foundation. 3) This work was supported by grants from the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America and the Swedish Medical Research Council. 4) If an author/organization requests specific wording, e.g., by National Institutes of Health (NIH), use language provided. If support was given to a specific author, the following wording is used: The work of C. T. Walsh was supported by the National Institutes of Health Prior presentation: Information of full or partial prior presentation of an article (referred to as a "paper") at a conference may be included in the first paragraph of the first footnote. It may not be necessary, however, to cite prior presentation of a paper at a conference if the paper is appearing in a special issue made up exclusively of papers presented at the conference. If an article is a thesis or part of a thesis or dissertation, this should be so noted in the last sentence of the first paragraph of the footnote. Below is a sample of a first paragraph of the first footnote, including financial support and prior presentation: Manuscript received January 15, 2018; revised April 10, 2018; accepted April 29, 2018. Manuscript received in final form on May 20, 2018. Date of publication September 8, 2018; date of current version January 18, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant 1K-916, by the Joint Services Electronics Program under Contract AF-AGHGSR-14-94/95, and by the Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science. This paper was presented in part at the Fourth Annual Allerton Conference on Circuit and System Theory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, October 2017. Second Paragraph Author Affiliations: The second paragraph of the first footnote is made up of the authors' affiliations, and the corresponding author's e-mail address. All authors may include their e-mail addresses which would be separated by semicolons. Examples are shown below. Authors with same affiliation or multiple affiliations: For one author or if all authors have the same, or more than one, affiliation: The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA, and also with Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07960 USA (e-mail: author@ieee.org). The authors) is (are) with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (e-mail: corresponding-author@ieee.org). Kai Gong is with the Tsinghua National Laboratory, Beijing 10084, China, and also with Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300725, China (e-mail: gongk@tsinghua.edu.cn). The authors are with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (e-mail: firstauthor@mit.edu; IamNext@mit.org; thiriauthor@ieee.org). The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA, with Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07960 USA, and also with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (author@ieee.org). Mary Wootters is with the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA (e-mail: author@ieee.org). IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—8 Two or more authors: For two or more authors with different affiliations, use separate sentences and paragraphs for each, using all initials with a surname. Group the authors with the same affiliation together; list the affiliations according to the order of the first author listed in the byline for each location. E-mail addresses are separated by semicolons. Examples: Ling Pei Li is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Toshido Ikeda and Harry Ishikawa are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan (e-maikcorre spondingauthor@ieee.org). The authors are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan, and also with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA (e-mail: corresponding-author@ieee.org). Changed affiliation: If an author had one affiliation at the time the article was written and a new one at the time of publication, list the information as follows: The author was with the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181 USA. He is now with the Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ONK1A 0R6, Canada. If an author is on leave from his/her current position, list the information as follows: The author is with the Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia, on leave from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. Retired author: If an author is retired, list his/her last affiliation and current address (city, state, postal code, and country). Lisa A. Tepper, retired, was with the Applied Research Laboratory, Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07851 USA. He resides in Laguna Niguel, CA 92677 USA (e-mail: retiredauthor@yahoo.com). Deceased author: For a deceased author, add "deceased" after the name and list his/her last affiliation. Paolo Dorigo, deceased, was with the Progetto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Robotica, Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy. Consultant: A consultant is treated similarly to a retired author: list the last professional affiliation and current city, state, postal code, and country. Peter Leff, Jr. was with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. He resides in Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. Additional notes: • Do not include street addresses of employers. For domestic authors, use official U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for states and include U.S. zip codes, and country. Note that there is no comma between the state, zip code, and country for U.S. affiliations. Use Canadian Province and international codes as listed in this manual. Also include international cities, countries, and zip codes. • List department or subdivision first, then company or school. Write out the words "Company" and "Corporation." Abbreviate "Inc." and "Ltd." (One exception to this is Texas Instruments Incorporated.) • In a book review, to avoid confusion with the author of a book, when listing the affiliation of the reviewer of a book, do not use "The author is with ..."; instead, list the reviewer's affiliation ("The reviewer is with ..."). • Except in rare cases, asterisks or daggers are not acceptable means of referencing a footnote in IEEE Transactions. Third Paragraph The third paragraph of the first footnote contains a notice if the article has color figures in the online version. This line is removed in all online-only publications. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. This line is omitted if all figures in an article print in color. Multimedia: If an article has multimedia or any other online-only material, such as datasets, include the paragraph here, usually with a brief description. There are two items that are needed in order to successfully post multimedia: IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—9 the multimedia files themselves and a ReadMe file (which needs to be in PDF format for posting on IEEE Xplore) filled out with all the appropriate information. The first page footnotes will carry a notice: This paper has supplementary downloadable multimedia material available at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org provided by the authors. B. The Body of the Article Abstract Every published article must contain an Abstract. All variables should appear lightface italic; numbers and units will remain bold. Abstracts must be a single paragraph. In order for an Abstract to be effective when displayed in lEEEXplore as well as through indexing services such as Compendex, INSPEC, Medline, ProQuest, and Web of Science, it must be an accurate, stand-alone reflection of the contents of the article. They shall not contain numbered mathematical equations, numbered reference citations, nor footnotes. Index Terms All articles must contain Index Terms. These are keywords provided by the authors. Index Terms appear in alphabetical order, and as a final paragraph of the Abstract section. Capitalize the first word of the Index Terms list; lowercase the rest unless capitalized in text. Include the definition of an acronym followed by the acronym in parentheses. Example: Index Terms—Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE), conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architecture meta model, reverse engineering. Note to Practitioners This is formatted in the same style as Abstracts. It follows the Abstract and is separated by a line space. There maybe more than one paragraph. Example: Note to Practitioners—Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE), conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architectural meta model, reverse engineering. Nomenclature Nomenclature lists (lists of symbols and definitions) generally follow the Abstract and Index Terms and precede the Introduction. This type of hst is characterized by the following. 1) The Nomenclature heading is a primary heading without a Roman numeral. 2) The first column of the list is flush left. 3) The second column is aligned on the left. 4) There is one em space from the longest item on the left side to the right side. 5) The first letter on the right-hand side is capitalized. 6) Each item ends with a period. 7) Do not use "is" or "the" at the beginning of items. 8) Do not use equality symbols between the left and right sides. Equations in an item should be handled as follows. 1) When the equation is at the beginning of an item, align the equal sign with the right-hand side capitals, end the equation with a period, begin the definition with a capital, and end with a period. 2) When the equation is at the end of an item, end the definition with a comma, follow with an equal sign and the rest of the equation, then end with a period as shown in the following example. Nomenclature SPQ Strictly proper pole constraints. M Minimal weighted sensitivity. ieee editorial style manual for authors II. Writing Principles—10 P(s) Physical feedback. W Weighting. Q = P - 1. Improper function. S, I Signal density, = P, M. NOTE: Acronyms defined in a Nomenclature list do not need to be defined again in the text. If the section headings are made up of only previously defined acronyms, we should continue to add the acronym in parentheses next to the definition, as it becomes unreadable otherwise. Text Section Headings Standard specifications have been established for Transactions text section headings. There are four levels of section headings with established specs: primary (section), secondary (subsectl), tertiary (subsect2), and quaternary (subsect3) heads. Enumeration of section headings is desirable, but not required. Primary headings (section) are enumerated by Roman numerals, centered above text, and set in 10-pt. and 8-pt. caps. Note that Introduction, Conclusion, and Acknowledgment are Singular heads. Example: I. Introduction Secondary headings (subsectl) are enumerated by capital letters followed by periods ("A.," "B.," etc.), flush left, italic, upper and lowercase. Example: A. Formal Frameworks Tertiary headings (subsect2) are enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by parentheses. They are indented one em, run into the text in their sections, italic, upper and lowercase, and followed by a colon. Example: 1) Sophisticated Local Control: Sophisticated local control is applied when ... Quaternary headings (subsect3) are identical to tertiary headings, except that they are indented two ems instead of one em, lowercase letters are used as labels, and only the first letter of the heading is capitalized. Example: a) Communication policies: Policies developed to improve communication ... Reference and Acknowledgment headings are unlike all other section headings in text. They are never enumerated. They are simply primary headings without labels, regardless of whether the other headings in the article are enumerated. Example: References Acknowledgment (note spelling here) Appendix headings are a special case. The primary heading(s) in the Appendix or Appendixes are set according to the usual style, except that there is flexibility in the enumeration of the heading. Roman numerals as heading numbers (Appendix I) or letters (Appendix A) are acceptable. The Appendix is not preceded by a Roman numeral. Follow the rules given earlier for labeling subsidiary heads. Note that if there is only one Appendix in the article, leave the Appendix unnumbered and unnamed as is. (Appendix subheads should also not be enumerated in this case.) Examples: Appendix Appendix I Proof of Theorem Appendix A Proof of Theorem Headings for Theorems, Proofs, and Postulates: Some articles do not conform to an outline style for theorems and proofs that is easily transformed into the normal heading sequence. The preferred style is to set the head giving the theorem number as a tertiary heading (no Arabic numeral preceding) and the proof head as a quaternary head. This rule also applies to Lemmas, Hypotheses, Propositions, Definitions, Conditions, etc. ieee editorial style manual for authors II. Writing Principles—11 In-text references to text sections are written: "in Section II" or "in Section II-A" or "in Section II-A1." Capitalize the word "Section." Do not use the word "Subsection"; use "Section" and write out the complete citation. Note that there is no period in Section II-A1 to deparate the subsections. Introduction Initial Cap or Drop Cap: In full length articles and/or Editorials (but not in short papers), the first letter of the Introduction is set as an initial cap, two lines deep (drop cap). After the cap, the remaining characters of the word are capitalized, as well as another 1-2 words at most. Do not break up hyphenated words into cap and lowercase sections—extend the caps if necessary. If it is not possible to use the first word or character of the Introduction as an initial cap (i.e., if the article begins with a quotation mark), try rewriting the sentence. Text Equations Consecutive Numbering: Equations within an article are numbered consecutively from the beginning of the article to the end. There are some Transactions in which numbering by section, e.g., (1.1), (1.2.1), (Al), is permitted. Appendix Equations: Continued consecutive numbering of equations is best in the Appendix, but equation numbering that starts over with (Al), (A2), etc., for Appendix equations is. Hyphens and Periods: Hyphens and periods are accepted, if consistent in article, e.g., (la), (1.1), (1-1). Appendix Refer to the Appendix in text as "given in the Appendix." Note that the plural of Appendix is Appendixes. Also note that all figures and tables in the Appendixes must be labeled in consecutive order with the other figures in the article. Acknowledgment The placement of the Acknowledgment appears after the final text of the article, just before the References and after any Appendix(es). The spelling of the heading for the Acknowledgment section is always singular, with no "e" between the "g" and the "m." As noted previously in the Text Headings section, the Acknowledgment head is a primary heading. Do not enumerate the Acknowledgment heading. When citing names within the Acknowledgment, drop Mr., Mrs., or Miss (list first initial and last name only). For Dr. or Prof, use the Dr. or Prof, title with each name separately; do not use plural Drs. or Profs, with lists of names. All acknowledgments of financial support are placed in the first footnote/author affiliation. Any acknowledgments of permission to publish and disclaimers to the content of the work made to^y the author's employer may be added as an Acknowledgment section. Write the Acknowledgment section in the third person. References A few guidelines related to the writing of references are summarized here. The numbering of references is employed by citing one reference per number. Every reference in a Transactions reference list should be a separate number entry. Use of one reference number to designate a group of references is not permitted. Example: [37] E. G. Bowen, Radar Days, Institute of Physics Pubhshing, 1987. The literature of WWII radar is vast. Among the most comprehensive references are L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999; S. Swords, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Peter Perigrinus, 1986; H. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, Tomash Publishers, American Institute of Physics, 1987. The References should be written as follows: IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—12 [37] E. G. Bowen, Radar Days. London, U.K.: Institute of Physics, 1987. [38] L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives. London, U.K.: Institute of Physics, 1999. [39] S. Swords, Technical History oj'the Beginnings of Radar. Stevenage, U.K.: Peregrinus, 1986. [40] H. Guerlac, Radar in World War II. New York, NY, USA: Tomash Publishers/Amer. Inst, of Physics, 1987. In the text, the following footnote would be added after the citation for ref. [37]: "The literature of WWII radar is vast. Among the most comprehensive references are [38]-[40]." Any references to the original refs. [38], [39], and [40] would be changed to [41], [42], and [43], respectively. Footnotes or other words and phrases that are part of the reference format do not belong on the reference list. These full footnotes or extraneous phrases must always be removed from the list, changed into text or footnotes on the appropriate page, and the references renumbered (renumber reference citation in text as well). Even the words "For example" should not introduce references in the actual list, but should instead be included in parentheses in text (or in a footnote), followed by the reference number, i.e., "For example, see [5]." Do not say "in reference [1] ..."; rather, the text should be written to read simply, "in [1] ..." The author's name should not be included in a text reference with a number (i.e., "In Smith [1]") and should be changed to "in [1]" except in such cases where the author's name is integral to the understanding of the sentence (e.g., "Smith [1] reduced calculated time ..."). Reference dates should not be used as reference identifiers and should be deleted in text except in rare cases where the date is somehow relevant to the article's subject. Do not refer to a specific figure of a reference or to a specific page or equation from a reference. To avoid confusion, rewrite phrases such as "in Fig. 2 of reference [1]" to the IEEE cross-reference notation "in [1, Fig. 2]." Similarly, rewrite phrases such as "in equation (8) of reference [1]" to be [1, eq. (8)]. Other phrases may be rewritten as [1, Sec. IV], [1, Th. 4.2], or [1, Ch. 3]. If listing the same reference more than once on the reference list, giving a new reference number for each page or part of the same source that is cited, these separate references should all be made into one reference and the separate citations of pages, equations, etc., should be made in text using the notation explained in the previous paragraph. If a reference author's name is mentioned in the text, check its spelhng against the reference list. Text Citation of Figures and Tables All first citations of figures and tables in the article must be in numerical order. Citations to figures in text always carry the abbreviation "Fig." followed by the figure number. The abbreviation is used even when it begins a sentence. Figure footnotes should be placed as part of the caption. Figures: The general style for captions is such that each caption number should be cited with the abbreviation "Fig." and the number, followed by a period, an em space, and then the text of the caption. The first word of the caption should always be capitalized, regardless of any style that may be chosen to list caption parts (a), (b), etc., if included. If you are citing Fig. 1(a) and 1(b), the singular "Fig." is still used. In general, do not use A, An, or The at the beginning of a figure or table caption. Example: Fig. 1. Theoretical measured values of n. There are several acceptable styles for listing the parts of the figure in the caption. Be consistent within each article, but otherwise use whichever style is most convenient for the figure. Regardless of which caption notation is used, the citation of (a), (b), etc., should always appear before the corresponding caption part. Examples: Fig. 1. Intercomplex crosstalk characteristics, (a) Electrode transmission (b) Interelectrode crosstalk. Fig. 2. (a) Variation of effective mode index with time, (b) Step-index change. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—13 Fig. 3. Output resistance as a function of channel doping for 1-m-long gate, (a) InGaAs and (b) InP JFETs with pinchoff voltage as a parameter. Fig. 4. (a) and (b) Plain and side views, respectively, of the experimental setup used to measure the effective diffraction loss which can be achieved using the feedback technique. Fig. 1. (a) Electrode transmission, (b) Interelectrode crosstalk. If parts of a figure after reduction will run the length of more than one page, the full descriptive part of the caption should be cited with the first part of the figure followed by the corresponding caption for the part. On the subsequent pages, the word {Continued.) will be placed under the carryover parts of the figure followed by a repeat of the full descriptive part of the caption and the corresponding caption for the carryover parts. Captions for Landscape/broadside figures: The text should appear below the figures and facing outward at all times. Examples: Fig. 6. True and estimated spectra for a real data sequence, (a) True spectrum. Fig. 6. {Continued.) True and estimated spectra for a real data sequence, (b) Estimated with the periodogram. Tables: The general style for table captions is such that each caption number should be centered above the table with the label TABLE and the enumeration given in Roman numerals. The descriptive text of the caption should be centered directly below the table number caption The descriptive text of the table caption does not contain a period at the end of the caption, although punctuation may be necessary within the caption itself. In general, table captions should be set as an inverted pyramid. The style for listing the parts of a table in the caption and in text depends on whichever style is most convenient for the table. The most acceptable style is to follow the conventions for callouts of figures. Example: TABLE I Parameter Values TABLE II Optimal Wavelength as a Function of Polarizer Angle, (a) Wavelength for External Cavity, (b) Estimated Wavelength for Laser Diode Obtaining permission to reuse copyrighted material Reusing IEEE graphics previously published in IEEE publications. You will need to request permission directly from IEEEXplore. In mose cases, the only requirements will be to give full credit to the original source and to obtain the author's approval (as a courtesy to the author). At the end of the caption, add the reference number of the articles from which the graphics are being used. Reusing graphics previously published in non-IEEE publications. You are responsible for obtaining in advance permission to republish from copyright holder [in most cases, this is the publishing house (not the author of the article)]. The wording is usually supplied by the publishing house itself. This text is added at the end of the caption. Biographies IEEE Transactions author biographies are generally divided into three paragraphs. However, if appropriate information for each paragraph is not available, the biography may be only one or two paragraphs. The biography begins with the author's full name and IEEE membership history. The author's name appears in boldface type and must match the byline. A nickname may appear within parentheses, e.g., Sung-Mo (Steve) Kang, but not in the byline. List current IEEE membership only; this is written out in full and should match the byline exactly. Note that affiliate memberships are neither listed in the byline nor biography membership history. Abbreviations for IEEE membership grades are S (Student Member), GS (Graduate Student Member), A (Associate Member), M (Member), SM (Senior Member), F (Fellow), LA (Life Associate Member), LM (Life Member), LSM (Life Senior Member), and LF (Life Fellow). Note that A stands for Associate, not Affiliate, Member. Affiliate memberships are not listed in the byline or biography membership history. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—14 Do not include references to IEEE membership from the text of the biography. Author photos should be professional images of the head and shoulders. Current photos are encouraged; baby and family photos should not be used.. First Paragraph: The first paragraph may contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next, the author's educational background is listed. When listing degrees earned, the biography should state "[S]he received the Ph.D. degree from ..." (not "[S]he received [her] his Ph.D. degree from ..."). Always add the word degree after a degree title. Include the years degrees were received. Abbreviations for some common international and domestic degrees are: Dipl.Ing., Diplom-Physiker, Dr. Ing., Dr. Phil., Dr. Eng., B.S., S.B., B.Sc.(Hons.), B.E.E., B.S.E., M.Eng., M.Sc.(tech.), M.S.E.E., M.S.E., Civilingenir, Lic.es Sci., Lic.es Lett. Add the full locations (city, state, country) of universities and colleges the first time they are mentioned. For U.S. state-named universities, repeat the state name in the location, and include the country (e.g., University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA); for city-named universities, repeat the name of the city when giving the location (e.g., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA). For universities outside the U.S., give locations with the name of the city (postal abbreviations of Canadian Provinces, if used) and the country the first time. Use lowercase for the author's major field of study. Second Paragraph: The second paragraph of the biography lists military and work experience, including summer and fellowship jobs and consultant positions. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must have a location (city, state, country); previous positions may be listed without one (retain if given). Do not abbreviate city names, Company, Laboratory, or Department. Use standard names for all countries. If there is space, information the author provides about previous publications may be included at the end of this paragraph. Edit out long lists of published books or articles. Instead use the sentence "s(he) is the author of several books and numerous published articles." The format for listing publishers of an author's books within the biography is: Title of the Book (publisher name, year) similar to a reference. List author affiliations with non-IEEE journals. Note IEEE TRANSACTION AND JOURNAL TITLES should be in small caps; IEEE Magazine Titles should be in italics; and non-IEEE titles should ne in italics. List previous and currrent research interests. Do not repeat the author's name in the second paragraph; use "he" or "she." Third Paragraph: The third paragraph begins with the author's title and last name (e.g., Dr. Smith, Prof. Jones, Mr. Kajor, Ms. Hunter). It lists the author's memberships in professional societies other than the IEEE and his or her status as a Professional Engineer if applicable. Finally, list awards and work for IEEE committees and publications, affiliation with other professional societies, and symposia. Personal notes such as hobbies should not be included in the biography. Examples: Michael C. Author, Jr. (Fellow, IEEE) was born in New York, NY, USA, in 1969. He received the B. S. degree in applied mathematics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 1989, the M.S. degree in mathematical physics from Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, in 1995. From 1993 to 1995, he was with Raytheon Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA. From 1995 to 1996, he was with the General Electric Space Laboratory, Valley Forge, PA, USA. From 1996 to 1997, he was a Fulbright Lecturer at the University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. He is currently an Associate Professor of electrical engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. His research has been concerned with reentry plasma effects and microwave diagnostics of plasmas. Dr. Author, Jr. is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Pennsylvania. Katsunari Okamoto was born in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, in 1949. He received the B.S. degree from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, in 1979, and the M.S. degree from Monmouth University, Long Branch, NJ, USA, in 1984. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1978. He joined the Ibaraki Electrical Communication Laboratory, N.T.T., Ibaraki-ken, Japan, in 1979, where he was engaged in research on the optimum waveguide structure of optical fibers. At present, he is a Member of Technical Staff at Bellcore, Red Bank, NJ, USA. Dr. Okamoto is a member of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan. Squibs If the author chooses not to publish his/her biography and photo, a squib is used. Example: James A. Author (Fellow, IEEE), photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. If all authors of the article opt not to publish his/her biography and photo, no squib is used. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—15 C. Other Text Footnotes Footnotes should be numbered in consecutive order throughout the text. Each footnote should be a new paragraph. The footnote numbers are superscripts in text and in the actual footnotes. In text, place the superscript footnote numbers after punctuation such as periods, commas, parentheses, and quotation marks, but generally before dashes, colons, and semicolons in a compound sentence. The footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the text column in which they are cited. Lists in Text There are three types of lists in text: run-in hsts, displayed lists, and where lists. The ordering of labeling for all lists is 1), 2), 3) followed by a), b), c), and then i), ii), iii). Note the single (ending) parenthesis. The order of indentation is 1 em, 2 ems, 3 ems. Run-in Lists: Lists that run in with text must be grammatically correct. They must also be introduced by a colon, separated by semicolons, and have parallel construction. Example: The carrier-phonon interaction matrices are given by: 1) polar optical phonons; 2) deformation potential optical phonons; and 3) piezoelectric acoustic phonons. Displayed Lists: Lists that are displayed may be either incomplete sentence items or full sentence items. Incomplete sentence items contain a few items, are very short, are grammatically parallel, and are handled in two ways. If the items are not mentioned in the text or are fewer than three items, run in as shown in the example for run-in lists. If, however, the items are mentioned later in the text, introduce the item with a colon, number the items, begin the entry with a lowercase letter, and set block paragraph style. Use semicolons between items and a period at the end of the list. Example: This operating scenario provides all of the contributors necessary to configure a resonant power distribution system: 1) implementation of capacitor power factor correction on the power line; 2) presence of nonlinear load; 3) tuning of the power line by the load adjustments to a frequency present in the nonlinear generator. Incomplete sentence items that are mentioned in text may also be formatted as shown in the example for full sentence items. Example: The three problems are related in the following sense: 1) Additional cost constraint; 2) Relaxation of the constraints is permitted; 3) Limited budget optimization is a general optimization problem. Full sentence items may be introduced by "that" or other words taking object and end with a period. Number all items, start each entry with a capital letter, and end with a period. Example: The synthesis is performed in three major steps. 1) Geometry is generated for the selected module variants. 2) Shape variants using different fold counts for resistors are generated for each module. 3) Routing and postprocessing complete the final layout. Where Lists: Where lists define variables in the equations preceding the list. They are characterized by incomplete sentences and follow the same rules as Nomenclature lists, with the following exceptions. 1) There is no primary heading. 2) The left-hand side is indented one em space. 3) The first letter on the right-hand side is lowercase. 4) Each item ends with a semicolon (except for the last item, which ends with a period). 5) The lists are at least three items long; if fewer than three items, the list is generally run in paragraph form. Example: where IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—16 Ads = AKs.cos(vt+ f); AVs amplitude of supply voltage flicker; co' angular frequency of supply voltage flicker; Vsf supply voltage amplitude; co supply angular frequency. Note the alignment of the equal sign with the right-hand side. Lists having mixed items (start with an incomplete item, then have a full sentence explanation) are treated as a full sentence item list. Dedication Line(s) Dedication lines are usually run on the first page of an article, immediately above the Abstract. Example: Dedicated to the work of J. W. Walters. Note Added in Proof One may wish to add a brief note in the proof stage, citing results obtained after acceptance of the article or mentioning additional references that have come to their attention since the article was accepted. This added information is usually inserted at the end of the Conclusion section of the article or in whatever section contains the last paragraph of the main body of the article. As long as the note is not a major change to the article or more than a few lines long, the addition generally does not require further review procedures. Use the tertiary heading "Note Added in Proof:" (run into text), but set in boldface italic with no enumeration and an em space indent. Example: Note Added in Proof. The author is an owner of the company which manufactured the tubes used in these experiments. Note Added in Proof Additional information about similar research can be found at www.newreseachresults.com. D. Other Types of Papers Editorials This category of papers includes the various types of introductory papers, such as Editorials, Guest Editorials, Forewords, Introductions, and Editorial Announcements that appear at the beginning of issues as nontechnical introductory material. The Editorial may contain illustrations, citations, and references. Citations to articles in the issue should be listed as "Related Works" instead of in the reference section. It must contain a photo and biography of each guest editor when it is a Guest Editorial for a special issue or section. An acknowledgment does not contain a heading. Note: In the Editorial, the Acknowledgment does not need to be written in third person and there is no Abstract. Byline: Note that the byline for the Editorial does NOT appear below the title as it does in a full length article. The name of the author of the Editorial or Foreword (usually the Editor or Guest Editor) (called "signature") appears at the end of the Editorial. Example: Marvin K. Sain, Guest Editor Department of Electrical Engineering University of Illinois Urbana, IL 60617 USA ieee editorial style manual for authors II. Writing Principles—17 Brief Papers These papers contain Abstracts and an initial cap. The byline includes the membership grade. They do not contain biographies and photographs of the authors Short Papers, Correspondence, and Communications Short papers are set up like full-length articles. The membership grade is not included in the byline. Author biographies and photos are not included. Footnotes, captions, and references may be included. Comments and Replies Comments are generally in response to a previously published article. The Comments and Author(s) Reply are short papers published together in that the "Reply" is in response to the Comments. These short items may appear without Abstracts. A special format applies for Comments and Author(s) Reply. Begin the first sentence with "In the above paper [1],..." Reference [1] is the commented paper's citation, will appear as Reference [1] in the References section. Include a copyright line for Comments and Replies. Some publications refer to these articles as Discussions and Closures. Index Terms are optional. Example of the Comments: Title: Comments on "Harmonics: The Effects on Power Quality and Transformers" Byline: Keith H. Sueker Footnote: Manuscript received July 15, 2006. The author is with the School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA (e-mail: k.sueker@ieee.org). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JQE.2006.12345 NOTE: The footnote here relates back to the original article being commented upon. The title is not repeated. Example of the Reply: Title: Authors' Reply Byline: Robert D. Henderson and Patrick J. Rose Footnote: Manuscript received October 3, 2006; accepted October 5, 2006. Date of publication November 2, 2006; date of current version November 25, 2006. The authors are with RDH Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC 28241 USA (e-mail: corresponding@author.com). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JQE.2006.12348 Corrections/Errata The format for a Corrections or an Erratum is basically the same as for the Comments, except that a Corrections does not carry a Reply. Run a copyright line with a Corrections. A Corrections that has been generated in-house is referred to as an "erratum," but note that the title is still labeled "Corrections." It should say Corrections to "Title of Original Article " and should also follow the standard format of a Correspondence. Note: The plural form of the word is used in the title, even if there may be only one correction. All Corrections must carry the byline as the same form as the original article; this ensures that the two articles will be linked properly. Example of a "Corrections" article: Title: Corrections to "On the Exact Realization of LOG-Domain Elliptic Filters Using the Signal Flow Graph Approach" Byline: Costas Psychahnos and Spiridon Vlassis Footnote: Manuscript received May 1, 2003. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—18 The authors are with the Physics Department, Electronics Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (e-mail: cpsychal@physics.auth.gr; svals@skiathos.physics.auth.gr). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSII.2003.814788 Example of Errata: Title: Corrections to "Harmonics: The Effects on Power Quality and Transformers" Byline: Robert D. Henderson and Patrick J. Rose Footnote: Manuscript received January 20, 2004. The authors are with RDH Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC 28241 USA (e-mail: pjrose@rdh.com). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVLSI.2004.830244 Book Reviews Some publications carry Book Reviews. They are the same as a short paper or correspondence; however, the title runs additional information about the book that is being reviewed. The title is separated from the book's author by an em dash. Included in parentheses is the city of publication, publisher, date of publication, the total number of pages of the book, and the price. Outside of the parentheses is the reviewer's name in italics. Some Transactions carry a short biography of the reviewer under the title. Book Reviews appear in the table of contents with a listing for both the author of the book and the reviewer. Example: Title and Byline: The Analysis and Design of Pneumatic Systems—B. L. Andersen. (New York: Wiley, 1987, 302 pp., $65.00.) Reviewed by J. L. Shearer. First Footnote: The reviewer is with the College of Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. Digital Identifier 0090-6778/TNN.2005.828433. Table of Contents: The Analysis and Design of Pneumatic Systems—B. L. Andersen.......Reviewed by J. L. Shearer 123 Obituaries/In Memoriam Obituaries are usually run as the first page of an issue, like an Editorial. They are set up with the same specs as Editorials. E. Writing Style for Transactions The following provides a summary of the most important style distinctions to be made in the writing of a Transactions article. Acronyms Define acronyms the first time they appear in the Abstract as well as the first time they appear in the body of the article, written out first as part of the sentence, followed by the acronym in parentheses. Widely used or familiar terms should be defined (see the Common Acronyms and Abbreviations list in the Appendix for some terms that must be defined the first time they are used in text). Acronyms do not need to be defined in the text if mentioned in the Nomenclature. Coined plurals or plurals of acronyms do not take the apostrophe as per Chicago Manual of Style. Example: FET (singular); FETs (plural). Indefinite articles are assigned to abbreviations to fit the sound of the first letter: an FCC regulation; a BRI. Spelling Note that IEEE Transactions use the first spellings indicated in our first reference, the most current edition of The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—19 British Spellings and Terminology: Change all British spellings to American spellings. In particular, watch for "our" endings in words like "behaviour" (change to "behavior") and "re" endings in words like "centre" (change to "center"). Also watch for the use of "s" rather than "z" in words like "polarisation" (change to "polarization"). See "Common Hyphenations and Misspellings" in the Appendix. Trademarks The trademark symbols ™ and ® are no longer used. Capitalize the first letter in the trademark name only. The symbols ™ and ®, which often accompany registered trademark names on product packaging and in advertisements, need not be used in running text. Optionally, for the first occurrence of a trademarked product, a footnote superscript can be placed after the trademarked name, with a matching footnote that reads "Trademarked." or "Registered trademark." Plurals Plurals of units of measure take the "s." For example, the plural form of 3 mil is 3 mils; 3 bits/s instead of 3 bit/s. The plural of calendar years do not take the apostrophe before the "s." For example, the plural form of 1990 is 1990s. Hyphenation Rules For hyphenation and spelling guidelines, IEEE style follows: 1) the list of preferred spellings and hyphenated words can be found in the Appendix; 2) the guidelines discussed in the Grammar and Usage in Transactions section of this guide; and 3) the first version of the spelling given in the most recent edition of The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Do not hyphenate most compound modifiers if they occur after the noun being modified, even if hyphenating them before the noun. Examples: The plan was well prepared. The man was little known. The woman was better qualified. His boat was 42 feet long. He has a 42-foot-long boat. T was the data period of the 40-Gb/s data signal. The 160-GHz MLLD was a diode in which a 40-nm-long saturable absorber was located. NOTE: Do not use the IEEE Standards Dictionary for hyphenation guidelines as no attempt is made there for consistency in hyphenation. The Standards Dictionary is quite useful for its definitions and acronyms list in its back section. The most important hyphenation guideline is to be certain that the hyphenation for a particular word or group of adjectives is consistent within a particular article. The En, Em, or Two-Em Dash The en dash represents the words "to," "through" or "and." Use it between page numbers, reference numbers, figure citations, academic years, proper nouns, names, a range of values, or for opposites. Examples: • pp. 10-15, • 1984-1990, • Jones-Smith theorem, • input-output, • voltage-current curve, • analog-digital converter, • 10-20 cm. Also, use the en dash in chemical abbreviations such as Ni-Al-Si. When using the en dash to represent a range, if the word "from" occurs, the word "to" must be used rather than an en dash (e.g., ranges from 5 to 50 times). IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—20 The em dash is used in ordinary writing to mark a suspension of the sense. It is also used like parentheses, to mark a subordinate thought within a sentence. Grammar Check closely for lapses of clarity, subject/verb agreement, and parallel clause construction. See the following examples: Number: A number of samples were taken ... A number N expressing the relation x/y is chosen ... Data: The data were collected ... (always plural) Series: A series of tests was run ... (always singular with "a") Some, All, Half: Some (all, half) of it is ... Some of them are ... For example: Use "all of" with another pronoun, such as "these" or "those," and before singular nouns. For collective and plural nouns, use "all." Quantity: Three volts were applied ... Four grams were added ... Contractions Contractions such as "don't" and "can't" are not used in technical text. Change to "do not" and "cannot." Note: "don't care," "best-case," and "worst-case" are allowed and used often in journals like TCAD. Capitalization In general, discourage capitalization in text except where absolutely necessary. For example, only proper names attached to the names of laws, principles, theorems, etc., get capitalized (Abel's theorem, Newton's first law, etc.). Computer commands are in computer tags and remain small caps; most computer languages (Cobol, Java, LISP, PERL, etc.) are upper and lowercase. Earth should be capitalized when referring to the planet. Math Some brief guidelines for writing math are explained here. 1) Variables are set italic; vectors are usually boldface italic. 2) Remove commas around variables in text. 3) Always add a zero before decimals, but do not add after (e.g., 0.25). 4) Check the use of the parentheses and brackets i.e., [0,1). 5) Spell out units used in text without quantities (e.g., "where the noise is given in decibels"). For units appearing with quantities, use the standard abbreviations listed in the Table of Units and Quantity Symbols in the Appendix, and units used as compound adjectives may be hyphenated only if needed for clarity: 10-kV voltage, 5-in-thick glass. Do not insert a hyphen when they are not used as adjectives: a current of 2 A, a line 4 in long, a length of 3.05 mm. 6) Always use a regular space and not a thin space between numbers and units in text. 7) Use thin spaces instead of commas between numbers in tens or hundreds of thousands (e.g., 62 000, 100 000, but 4000). 8) Always make sure pi is pirn, "micron" is "micrometer," "submicron" is submicrometer." Always change cycle per second to hertz (Hz); cycle per second may not appear as cycle, cps, c/s, csec. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—21 9) In text, fractions may be broken down (shilled) multiline (built-up) so they can be placed on one line. Sometimes parentheses may need to be added to distinguish between expressions, especially when a minus appears [e.g., a becomes a/(b-c) ], c-d becomes [(c-d)/(k+4)]. This may be done to save space, but is b-c £+4 not a necessity. 10) In exponential expressions [e.g., e-(/w0x^], there are sometimes long and comphcated superscripts. These may be brought down in line with the substitution of "exp" for "e" and the addition of square brackets (e.g., e xp [-(/'w f)xyzk]). 11) Distinguish between lowercase italic "ell" or "oh" versus one and zero. 12) Always use numerals for numbers written with units. Otherwise, spell out numbers below 11, and use numerals for others unless they begin a sentence or are combined in a phrase (gives 7 to 13 times more). 13) Use zeroth, first, «th, (k + l)th, not 1st, 2nd, (k + l)st, etc. 14) Use the word "Equation" at the start of a sentence, but in text, just use the number [e.g., in (1)]. 15) Use the $ symbol versus "dollars" in sums of money. 16) The slash (/) is acceptable in place of the word "per" when it lends to the clarity of the sentence. For example: "the ratio of 16 samples/sto 35 samples/s as compared to ..." Ellipses: In mathematics, you may use dots (ellipses) to show continuation in an expression (e.g., x2,xi6). The type of mathematical expression will determine whether the ellipses points are set on the baseline or centered. If commas or operational signs are present, they are placed after each term and after the three ellipses points. If operational signs are used, the ellipses are centered on the operator. When commas are used, the ellipses are on the basehne. Example: Xl, X2, X„ nOtXl, X2 ... x„ Xl + X2 + • • • + X„ not Xl + X2 + • • • x„ y = 0, 1,2, ... not>> = 0, 1,2 ... X1X2 ■■■ a„ not X1X2 ■■■ a„ Conditions: In displayed equations, a comma or parentheses and a two-em space is inserted between the main expression and the condition following it. Example: x = yn V« = 3 -2 f -j -4 x = yn , if n = 3- y . x = yn'2, y = 3,...,m NOTE: There is no comma before a for all" V " symbol. Compound Units: Compound units should be separated by a centerdot (e.g., 4 V • s), but a slash may be used since this has a different meaning (for instance, 6 V/s means volts per second). It is also possible touse a negative power to put a unit in the denominator: cm/s2 = cm ■ s~2. Parentheses may be used to clarify a unit: g/(cm ■ s) or g ■ cnr1 ■ s_1. Use of Periods and Commas: Equations which conclude a sentence should end with a period. The only time punctuation is used to lead into an equation is when the lead-in text is a complete sentence. Example: where we had the following: x = 7 + Z. or where, i.e., x = 7 + Z. Commas appearing at the ends of equations are deleted unless they are critical to the punctuation of the sentence containing the equation. Equation Numbers Equation numbering should be consecutive, should appear flush right on line with the last hne of an equation, should not have repeats or missing numbers, and should use a correct numbering style. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS II. Writing Principles—22 Displayed Equations Material in displayed equations is automatically italic unless you indicate otherwise. Some simple general rules apply. All variables are italic. Function names and abbreviations are Roman, as are units, unit abbreviations, complete words, and abbreviations of words. Superscripts and subscripts follow this same formula: when they are variables, they are italic; when they are abbreviations of words (such as "in" and "out" for input and output), they are Roman. Single-letter superscripts and subscripts may be italic even if they are abbreviations, unless this leads to inconsistency between italic and Roman characters for similar types of subscripts. F. General Layout Rules 1) Figures and tables are placed at the tops of columns as close to their first mention as possible, but preferably after the mention. 2) Figures and tables progress vertically, not horizontally, on pages. 3) Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the column where they are first mentioned. III. GRAMMAR AND USAGE IN TRANSACTIONS A. Rules of Grammar The principles of style below focus on fundamentals of modern usage. Particular emphasis is given to the rules most commonly violated. 1) Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding "s" (Avogadro's theorem). Follow this rule unless the final consonant is an s (Burns' theorem). Possessive pronouns (hers, its, yours, theirs, ours) have no apostrophe. Indefinite pronouns use the apostrophe to show possession (someone's rule). Contractions use an apostrophe (it's for it is). Possessives do not (its losses). 2) In a series of three or more terms, use a comma immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually and, or, or nor). 3) Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas (Improvement, as shown in Fig. 1, is attained by the addition of the cogeneration). Brief phrases or single words, such as however, may or may not be parenthetic (such connectives at the head of a sentence are more commonly left unpunctuated). The commas may be omitted if the interruption to the flow of the sentence is shght. In this case, never omit one comma and leave the other. Remember that many seemingly single commas stand for a pair. Clauses or phrases at the beginning or end of sentences do not look parenthetical, but often they might just as well be placed in the middle, in which case they would be found punctuated at both ends. At the beginning of a sentence, such an element is set off by what should be thought of as the second comma in a pair. For instance, note the three possible positions illustrating a parenthetical element of this kind: However the sum may later change, it is calculated now/The sum is calculated now, however it may later change/The sum, however it may later change, is calculated now. In all three examples, the meaning remains constant; the single commas of the first and second sentences have the same parenthetical function as the paired commas of the third. Parenthetic material such as dates take the comma(s) as follows: February 14, 1996 or April to June 1996 or Saturday, March 9, 1996. The abbreviations etc., i.e., and e.g., are parenthetic and use the comma as follows: cables, transformers, etc., are needed. Abbreviations for academic degrees, titles following a name, and certain restrictive terms of identification should be punctuated as follows: Robert D. Lorenz, Ph.D. Ian T. Wallace, Member, requests that... E. A. Brockmann, Jr., states that... Restrictive clauses are not parenthetic and are not set off by commas: The proof that (or which) (restrictive clause should be "that" while nonrestrictive is "which "; "who" can be restrictive or nonrestrictive, depending on how it is used) is given in this section is not complete. Nonrestrictive clauses are parenthetic and are set off by commas: The address i, which is the starting address of the message, is then transferred to a queue list on the processing part... The nonrestrictive clause always takes "which" and is surrounded by commas. The restrictive clause can take "thaf' or "which"; "that" is preferred. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—23 4) A semicolon is used to link two independent clauses with no connecting words. You can also use a semicolon to join two independent clauses together with one of the following conjunctive adverbs: however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc. 5) Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list. 6) Punctuation always goes inside quotation marks, except for the colon and semicolon. Use single quotation marks around quotes within quotes. Quotes may be used around a new or special usage of a term the first time only, but use of quotes in this manner should be kept to a minimum. 7) Do not use double parentheses in text expressions, but keep them in math. For example, (see (10)) should become [see (10)]. 8) All acronyms and numerical plurals do not use apostrophes, i.e., FETs, 1980s (Note: Some exceptions may apply in mathematical writing.) 9) Compound nouns made from a one-syllable verb and a short adverb are one word when found that way in the dictionary (setup, takeoff, breakup). Compound nouns are likely to be two words, without a hyphen, or one word (bandwidth bypass, flowchart, phase shift, sideband, standing wave). Compound nouns of more than two words can be hyphenated. 10) A pair of words, modifying a third word separately, does not get a hyphen (a tall water tower, a hot metal cylinder). If the first word modifies the second, and the pah together modify the third, there is a hyphen between the pah (a high-frequency signal, a second-order equation). The exception to this is the adverb ending in "ly," which needs no hyphen to join it to the next word. 11) A hyphen is not used after the comparative or the superlative (a higher order equation, a worst case value, nearest neighbor method). Do not hyphenate chemical compounds (sodium chloride crystals). Alloys and mixtures take the en dash (Ni-Co, He-Ne laser). 12) Do not use commas between adjectives (a planar equiangular spiral antenna). 13) Do not hyphenate predicate adjectives (... is well known, .. is second order). 14) If you are unsure, check The Merriam-Webster Dictionary to see if words are hyphenated. 15) Compound verbs are generally hyphenated (arc-weld, freeze-dry). Keep the hyphen when using the participles of such verbs as adjectives (freeze-dried, arc-welded). However, verbs with up, out, down, off, on, etc., do not have a hyphen, although the nouns formed from them may be hyphenated or one word (verb: set up, break down, read out; noun: setup, breakdown, readout). Words Often Confused Affect: to change or modify (verb). Effect: result (noun); cause (verb). Alternate: a substitute. Alternative: a matter of choice. Among: involves more than two things. Between: involves more than two things, but considers each individually. Compare to: point out resemblances between different objects. Compare with: point out similarities and differences between same objects. Compose: to make up or form: a set composed of members. Comprise: to be made up of; to be formed by: a set comprising members; members comprising a set. Farther: distance. Further: quantity. Fewer: modifies plural nouns specifying countable units, e.g., fewer tubes. Less: modifies singular mass nouns and singular abstract nouns, e.g., less air. Imply: something suggested though not expressed. Infer: something deduced from evidence. Number: used when objects can be counted: a large number of people. Amount: used when objects cannot be counted: a large amount of water. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—24 Principal: chief, main, most important (adjective). Principle: a rule (noun). Precede: come before. Proceed: continue, advance. That: (defining, restrictive). Which: (nondefining, nonrestrictive) IV. APPENDIX A. Some Common Acronyms and Abbreviations NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate terms which must be defined the first time they are used in text. Other terms listed here may be used without definition._ A ac alternating current A-D, A/D analog-to-digital AF audio frequency* AFC automatic frequency control* AGC automatic gain control* AM amplitude modulation APD avalanche photodiode AR antireflection* ARMA autoregressive moving average* ASIC application-specified integrated circuit* ASK amplitude shift keying ATM asynchronous transfer mode av average (subscript)* avg average (function) AWGN additive white Gaussian noise* B B-E base-emitter source BER bit error rate* BPSK binary phase-shift keying BWO backward-wave oscillator* C c.c. complex conjugate (in equations) CCD charge-coupled device* CDMA code division multiple access* CD-ROM compact disk read-only memory CIM computer integrated manufacturing* CIR carrier-to-interference ratio* CMOS complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor CPFSK continuous phase frequency-shift keying* CPM continuous phase modulation* CPSK continuous phase-shift keying* CPU central processing unit CRT cathode-ray tube CT current transformer* CV capacitance-voltage cw continuous wave* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—25 D dc direct current DC directional coupler DF direction finder*; deuterium fluoride; degree of freedom* DFT discrete Fourier transform* DMA direct memory access* DPCM differential pulse code modulation* DPSK differential phase-shift keying* E EDP electronic data processing EHF extremely high frequency* ELF extremely low frequency* EMC electromagnetic compatibility* EMF electromotive force* EMI electromagnetic interference* ems expected value of mean square* F FDM frequency division multiplexing* FDMA frequency division multiple access* FET field-effect transistor FFT fast Fourier transform* FIR finite-impulse response* FM frequency modulation FSK frequency-shift keying* FTP file transfer protocol FWHM full-width at half-maximum* G GUI graphical user interface H HBT heterojunction bipolar transistor HEMT high-electron mobility transistor HF high frequency HTML hypertext markup language HV high voltage HVdc high voltage direct current I IC impedance compensation*; integrated circuit ID inside diameter; induced draft*; interdigital* IDP integrated data processing* IF intermediate frequency IGFET insulated-gate field-effect transistor i.i.d. independent identically distributed* IM intermediate modulation IMPATT impact ionization avalanche transit time (diode) I/O, 1-0 input-output IR infrared IR current-resistance ISI intersymbol interference I-V current-voltage J JFET junction field-effect transistor IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—26 JPEG Joint Photographers Expert Group L LAN local area network LC inductance-capacitance LED light-emitting diode LHS left-hand side* LI light output-current LMS least mean square LO local oscillator* LP linear programming* LPE liquid phase epitaxy* LR inductance-resistance M MESFET metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor MF medium frequency* MFSK minimum frequency-shift keying MHD magnetohydrodynamics MIS metal-insulator-semiconductor MLE maximum-likelihood estimator* MLSE maximum-likelihood sequence estimator* MMF magnetomotive force MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit* MoM method of moments* MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor MOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor MOST metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor MPEG Motion Pictures Expert Group N A numerical aperture* NIR near infrared response* NMR nuclear magnetic resonance* n-p-n (diode) NRZ nonreturn to zero* O OD outside diameter OEIC optoelectronic integrated circuit* OOP object-oriented programming P PAM pulse-amplitude modulation* PC personal computer PCM pulse-code modulation* pdf probability density function* PDM pulse-duration modulation* PF power factor* PID Proportional-integral differential p-i-n, p-n-p (diode) PLL phase-locked loop* PM phase modulation* PML perfectly matched layer IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—27 pp, p-p peak-to-peak* PPM pulse-position modulation* PRF pulse-repetition frequency* PRR pulse-repetition rate* PSK phase-shift keying* PTM pulse-time modulation p.u. per unit* PWM pulse width modulation* Q Q quality factor; figure of merit QoS quality of service QPSK quaternary phase-shift keying R RAM random access memory RC resistance-capacitance R&D research and development RF radio frequency RFI radio frequency interference* RHS right-hand side* RIN relative intensity noise* RL resistance-inductance rms root mean square ROM read-only memory RV random variable S SAW surface acoustic wave* SGML standard generalized markup language SHF super high frequency* SI International System of Units; severity index* SIR signal-to-interference ratio S/N, SNR signal-to-noise ratio soc system-on-a-chip* SSB single sideband* SW short wave* SWR standing-wave ratio* TDM time-division modulation*; time-division multiplexing* TDMA time-division multiple access* TE transverse electric TEM transverse electromagnetic TFT thin-film transistor* TM transverse magnetic TVI television interference* TWA traveling-wave amplifier* U UHF ultrahigh frequency UV Ultraviolet V vco voltage-controlled oscillator* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—28 VHF very high frequency* VI voltage-current VLF very low frequency* VLSI very large scale integration* W WAN WDM wide area network wavelength division multiplexing* B. Common Hyphenations and Misspellings a posteriori a priori_ Abelian_ accommodate acknowledgment acoustoelectric acoustooptical ad hoc ad hoc networks adder aerospace aftereffect airborne all-pass (adj) Alnico alphameric alphanumeric analog (not analogue) appendixes arc-back (n, adj) arc-over (n. adj) axle back EMF back-end (adj) backscatter band-limited (adj) bandpass band-shared (adj) bandwidth bang-bang base-emitter [en dash] base-collector [en dash] baseband_ baseline Bayes' rule crossover beamwidth cross section Bernoulli polynomial cross-sectional (adj) Bessel function crosstalk bimetallic cutoff biomedical cvbersecurity blackbody database Boltzmann's constant deadtime (or dead time) Boolean algebra debug, debugged broadband Debye temperature bulk-source [en dash] bus (not buss) Dewar bypass diagramed C-band Cartesian dielectric Cascade diesel cascode digamma function Cauchy's inequality Dirac Chebyshev (not discretization Tchebbycheff) discusser chi-square Doppler Clebsch-Gordan coefficient drain-source [en dash] coauthor (also, coworker) dropout coax (coaxial) dyadic collinear (not colinear) eccentricity continuous-time (adj) eigenfunction coset eigenvalue costate eigenvector Coulomb wave function elastance counterclockwise elastooptical counterexample electrooptic coworker elliptical coordinates coupled-mode (adj) elliptic integrals cross correlation emitter-bulk [en dash] IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—29 end-effector iff (if and only if) Lur'e endfire imbalance (n) Lurie endpoint inasmuch as Lyapunov (not Liapunov) etal. indexes (plural of index) macro (noun) Euler function indices (plural used in math) magnetohydrodynamics exponentiate infrared magnetooptic fan-in inhomogeneous main lobe fan-out input, inputted makeup far-field (adj) input-output [en dash] manhole fast Fourier transform in situ man-hour feedback insofar as man-made feedback-free (adj) in vitro manpower first-order (adj) in vivo Markov process flat-band integer m-ary flip-flop integral Mathieu's equation flowchart integrand matrices flowmeter integrator mean-square flowthrough integro-differential mid (prefix) close up fold (twofold, n-fold) Internet midband foreword ltd midline formulas (not formulae) Jacobian midplane forward scatter Jacobi's polynomials midpoint 4-vector Ka-hsaA miniscule front-end (adj) Kronecker delta missile Fresnel L-band modem gate-source fen dash] Lagrange modulo (mod) gate-drain [en dash] Lagrangian modulus gauge (not gage) Laguerre polynomial monotonic Gaussian distribution Lame's transform monotonically Gegenbauer Laplace transform monotonic ity gimbaled Laplacian Mossbauer gradient Laurent series m-sequence (noun) (the) Green's function left-hand side multi (prefix) usually one Gudermannian leftmost word half-angle Legendre multithreshold half-plane Leibnitz (or Leibniz) Mylar half-space leveled narrowband (adj) half-wave lightweight «-ary halfway like (suffix, close up) nearby Hankel function line shape near-field (adj) Heaviside lineup neoprene Hermite linewidth Neumann Hermitian lockout n-junction Hertzian log-likelihood (adj) n-layer higher order (adj) lookup table non (prefix) one word high-order (adj) loudspeaker non-Euclidean high-pass (adj) lower order (adj) non-Gaussian hookup low-order (adj) non-Hermitian hydroelectric low-pass (adj) nonnegative IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—30 non-Stokes' pseudo (prefix) one word signaling nonzero pseudorandom slip ring NP-hard p-type slow wave «th-order (adj) pull-in so-called «-tuple pull-out solid-state (adj) n-type pulselength space-time n-well pulse shape special-purpose (adj) ohmmeter pulsewidth spirule one-dimensional (adj) punchthrough state of the art (noun) ORed, ORing p-well state-variable (adj) ON-OFF quadratic step-down output, outputted quarter-wave step-up overall (adj) quartic Stirling numbers parameterization quasi- (prefix) hyphen Stokes' particle quaternary stopband passband Q value straightforward percent radioactive strain gauge Permalloy radio-astronomic Struve's function Perspex radio astronomy Sturm-Liouville [en dash] phaselength radio frequency suboptimum phase shift random access (adj) subproblem phasewidth readback succeeding photoelectric read head successive photoetch readin (noun) summable, asummable photoresist readout(noun) supercoding pickup real-valued (adj) supermartingale piecewise linear reentry supersede piezoelectricity reexamine switchgear p-i-n Riccati switchyard pinchoff Riemann table lookup p-junction right-hand side takeoff Planck's constant rise time Taylor expansion p-n junction root-mean-square (adj) Tchebbyscheff (use p-n-p (not PNP) roundoff (adj) Chebyshev) pA+-n-pA++ Runge-Kutta Teflon Poisson distribution saddle point Teletype positive definite scalar (magnitude) teletypewriter postmultiplication scaler (machine) tensor pothead scalor (rare) thin-film (adj) potline self- (prefix) hyphen threefold powerhouse self-adjoint 3-space power plant semi (prefix) usually one throughput preceding word time dependence premultiplication semi-infinite time-varying (adj) printout servo (servomechanism) tradeoff proceeding servo amplifier traveling programmed -shaped(hyphen) two-port (or 2-port) proof (suffix) one word sideband two's complement propagation sidelobe -type (hyphen) IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—31 ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic ultraviolet unbalance (verb) Van de Graaf van der Waals vector versus vertical vertices watthour meter wattmeter waveband waveform wavefront wave function waveguide wavelength wavenumber wave shape wave vector wideband wide-sense (adj) widespread wise (suffix) one word worldwide worst case (adj) write head x-axis X-band x-direction X-ray (adj) xy plane Yagi Zener diode zero-input (adj) zero-sum (adj) zeroth-order (adj) z transform C. Table of Units and Quantity Symbols NOTE: Asterisks (*) indicate SI units, preferred multiples of SI units, or other units acceptable for use with SI. Unit Unit Symbol Sometimes Occur as: (do not use) Applications and Notes Quantity Symbol (for use as variables, etc.) *ampere A amp, a SI unit of electric current. / U F ampere-hour Ah amp-hr Also A ■ h. *ampere (turn) A At SI unit of magnetomotive force. F *ampere per meter A/m SI unit of magnetic field strength. A H angstrom A A A 10-'°m. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). atmosphere, standard atm atm 101 325 Pa. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). atmosphere, technical at at kgf/cm2. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *atomic mass unit (unified) u The (unified) atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of the carbon-12 nuclide. Use of the old atomic mass unit (amu), defined by reference to oxygen, is deprecated. *atto a SI prefix for 10-«. *attoampere aA bar bar b, barye bar 100 kPa. Use of the bar is strongly discouraged (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). Except for limited use in meteorology. barn b b 102!m2. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—32 barrel bbl bbl = 42 gaL = 158.99 L. This is the standard barrel used for petroleum and petroleum products. Different standard barrels are used for other commodities. barrel per day bbl/d baud Bd baud (w/prefix) In telecommunications, a unit of signaling speed equal to one element per second. The signaling speed in bauds is equal to the reciprocal of the signal element length in seconds. 1/t bei B b *becquerel Bq SI unit of activity of a radionuclide. billion electronvolts GeV bev, BeV The name gigaelectronvolt is preferred for this unit. bit b In information theory, the bit is a unit of information content equal to the information content of a message, the a priori probability of which is one-half. In computer science, the name bit is used as a short form of binary digit. bit per second b/s British thermal unit Btu byte B A byte is a string of bits, usually eight bits long, operated on as a unit. A byte is capable of holding one character set. calorie (International Table) cal,T caL 4.1868 J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). calorie (thermochemical) cal cal 4.1840 J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *candela cd SI unit of luminous intensity. / candela per square inch cd/in2 Use of the SI unit cd/m2 is preferred. *candela per square meter cd/m2 nit SI unit of luminance. L candle cd The unit of luminous intensity has been given the name candela. Use of the name candle for this unit is deprecated. *centi c (prefix) SI prefix for 102. ♦centimeter cm centipoise CP cP mPa ■ s. The name centipoise is deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). centistokes cSt cSt mm2/s. The name centistokes is deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). ♦circular mil cmil cmil ( /4) ■ 104n2. ♦coulomb C c SI unit of electric charge. Q ♦cubic centimeter cm3 cc Volume. (Preferred SI unit multiple.) cubic foot ff cubic foot per minute ft'/min cfm cubic foot per second ff/s cubic inch in3 ♦cubic meter m3 IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—33 *cubic meter per second mVs cubic yard yd' curie Ci C Ci 3.7 xlO[° Bq. A unit of activity of a radionuclide. Use of the SI unit, the becquerel, is preferred. cycle per second Hz c/s, cps, c/sec, cycle See hertz. darcy D D cP(cm/s)(cm/atm) = 0.986923 um>. A unit of permeability of a porous medium. By traditional definition, a permeability of one darcy will permit a flow of 1 cm'/s of fluid of 1 cP viscosity through an area of 1 cm2 under a pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). day d day 24 h. deci d (prefix) SI prefix for 10 ->. decibel dB db,DB degree (plane angle) . . . ° deg degree (temperature) degree Celsius °C degree centigrade SI unit of Celsius temperature. The degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin, used in expressing Celsius temperatures or temperature intervals. t degree Fahrenheit °F Note that the symbols for °C, °F, and °R are comprised of two elements, written with no space between the ° and the letter that follows. The two elements that make the complete symbol are not to be separated. degree kelvin K See kelvin. degree Rankine °R deka da SI prefix for 10. dyne dyn dyne dyn 10'N. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). F *electronvolt eV ev erg erg erg 10■' J. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). exa E SI prefix for 10l!. * farad F f,fd SI unit of capacitance. C *femto f SI prefix for 10". femtometer fm foot ft ft 0.3048 m. foot of water mo ftftO = 2989.1 Pa. (ISO).' foot per minute ft/min fpm foot per second ft/s fps, ft/sec IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—34 foot per second squared ft/s2 foot pound-force ft • lbf footcandle fc fc lm/ft?. The name lumen per square foot is also used for this unit. Use of the SI unit of illuminance, the lux (lumen) per square meter, is preferred. footlambert fL fL (1/ ) cd/ft2. A unit of luminance. One lumen per square foot leaves a surface whose luminance is one footlambert in all directions within a hemisphere. Use of the SI unit, the candela per square meter, is preferred. gal Gal Gal cm/s. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). gallon gal 1 gal DK= 4.5461 L. IgaL 231 m = 3.7854 L. gauss G The gauss is the electromagnetic CGS unit of magnetic flux density. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992). B *giga G kM SI prefix for 10». gigabyte GB GB 10B. *gigaelectronvolt GeV bev, BeV * gigahertz GHz kMHz, KMC, Gc/s 'The term "(ISO)" means that the definition is from ISO 31. gilbert Gb The gilbert is the electromagnetic CGS unit of magnetomotive force. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). grain gr gr lb/7000. *gram gm m gram per cubic centimeter g/cm3 *gray Gy SI unit of absorbed dose in the field of radiation dosimetry. *hecto h SI prefix for 102. *henry H Hy,hy SI unit of inductance. L P, P. *hertz Hz cps, c/s, cycle SI unit of frequency. f, v B horsepower hp hp 550 ft • lbf/s = 746 W. The horsepower is an anachronism in science and technology. Use of the SI unit of power, the watt, is preferred. *hour h hr IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—35 inch in in. in 2.54 cm. inch of mercury inHg inHg = 3386.4 Pa (ISO). inch of water inHO inHO = 249.09 Pa (ISO). inch per second in/s ips * joule J SI unit of energy, work, and quantity of heat. E W Q * joule per kelvin J/K SI unit of heat capacity and of entropy. s kelvin K In 1967, the CPGM gave the name kelvin to the SI unit of temperature, which had formerly been called degree kelvin, and assigned it the symbol K (without the symbol °). *kilo k SI prefix for 10. The symbol k shall not be used for kilo. The prefix kilo shall not be used to mean 2io(that is, 1024). *kilobit per second kb/s *kilobyte kB kB 1000 bytes. kilogauss kG Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *kilogram kg SI unit of mass. kilogram-force kgf Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). In some countries the name kilopond (kp) has been used for this unit. *kilohertz kHz *kilohm kQ R *kilometer km *kilometer per hour km/h kilopound-force klbf Kilopound-force should not be misinterpreted as kilopond (see kilogram-force). *kilovar kvar Q *kilovolt kV *kilovoltampere kVA KVA, kva *kilowatt kW kilowatthour kWh Also kWh. knot kn kn nmi/h. 0.514 m/s. lambert L L (1/ )cd/cm2. A CGS unit of luminance. One lumen per square centimeter leaves a surface whose luminance is one lambert in all directions within a hemisphere. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). * liter L L 10>m>. In 1979, the CGPM approved L and 1 as alternative symbols for the liter. Because of frequent confusion with the numeral 1, the letter symbol 1 is not V, v IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—36 recommended for U.S. use (see Federal Register notice of December 20, 1990, vol. 55, no. 245, p. 52242). The script / shall not be used as a symbol for liter. liter per second L/s * lumen lm SI unit of luminous flux. 0 lumen per square lm/fl? A unit of illuminance and also a unit of foot luminous exitance. Use of the SI unit, lumen per square meter, is preferred. * lumen per square lm/nr SI unit of luminous exitance. M meter * lumen per watt lm/W SI unit of luminous efficacy. K(X) K, K, * lumen second 1ms SI unit of quantity of light. 0 *lux lx lx/lm Ira1. SI unit of illuminance. E maxwell Mx The maxwell is the electromagnetic CGS unit of magnetic flux. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *mega M SI prefix for 106. The prefix mega shall not be used to mean 22° (that is, 1 048 576). megabit per second Mb/s *megabyte MB MB 1 000 000 bytes. *megaelectronvolt MeV *megahertz MHz *megohm MQ M *meter m SI unit of length. L metric ton t t 1000 kg. Use of the name tonne is deprecated in the U.S. (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). mho S fi-1. The name mho was formerly given to the reciprocal ohm. Deprecated; see Siemens (S). *micro SI prefix for l(k *microampere fiA *microfarad *microgram *microhenry lM microinch juin *microliter fih See note for liter. *micrometer jura n micron /urn The name micron is deprecated. Use micrometer. *microsecond JUS *microwatt mil mil mil 0.001 in. mile (statute) mi mi 5280 ft = 1609 m. mile per hour mi/h mph Although use of mph as an abbreviation is IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—37 common, it should not be used as a symbol. *milli m SI prefix for ICh *milliampere mA millibar mbar Use of the bar is strongly discouraged in ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992, except for limited use in meteorology. *milligram mg *millihenry mH *milliliter mL See liter. *millimeter mm millimeter of mercury mmHg mmHg = 133.322 Pa. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). millimicron nm Use of the name millimicron for the nanometer is deprecated. *millipascal second mPa • s SI unit-multiple of dynamic viscosity. *millisecond ms *millivolt mV *milliwatt mW *minute (plane angle) *minute (time) min Time may also be designated by means of superscripts as in the following example: 946-30-. *mole mol SI unit of amount of substance. The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities shall be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. month mo *nano n SI prefix for 10». *nanoampere nA *nanofarad nF *nanometer nm *nanosecond ns nautical mile nmi nmi 1852 m. *neper Np *newton N SI unit of force. *newton meter N • m *newton per square meter N/m2 SI unit of pressure or stress. See pascal. oersted Oe oe The oersted is the electromagnetic CGS unit of magnetic field strength. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *ohm Q SI unit of resistance. ounce oz oz 1/16 lb = 28.350 g. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—38 (avoirdupois) *pascal Pa Pa N/m2. SI unit of pressure or stress. *pascal second Pa • s SI unit of dynamic viscosity. *peta P SI prefix for 10". phot ph ph lm/cm2. CGS unit of illuminance. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *pico P SI prefix for 1012. *picofarad PF *picowatt pW pint pt pt (U.K.) = 0.568 26 L. pt(U.S. dry) = 0.550 6 L. pt(U.S. liquid) = 0.473 18 L. poise P Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). pound (avoirdupois) lb lb 0.453 592 37 kg. pound per cubic foot lb/ft pound-force lbf lbf = 4.4482 N. pound-force foot lbf • ft pound-force per square foot lbf/fb pound-force per square inch lbf/in2 psi Although use of the abbreviation psi is common, it should not be used as a symbol. poundal pdl pdl lb • ft/s2 = 0.1383 N quart qt qt (U.K.) = 1.1365 L. qt(U.S. dry) = 1.1012 L. qt(U.S. liquid) = 0.946 35 L. rad rd rd 0.01 Gy. A unit of absorbed dose in the field of radiation dosimetry. Use of the SI unit, the gray, is preferred. *radian rad SI unit of plane angle. rem rem rem 0.01 Sv. A unit of dose equivalent in the field of radiation dosimetry. Use of the SI unit, the sievert, is preferred. 1 rem = 0.01 Sv. revolution per minute r/min Although use of rpm as an abbreviation is common, it should not be used as a symbol. revolution per second r/s roentgen R A unit of exposure in the field of radiation dosimetry. * second (plane angle) rr 1"= 4.848 • 10-rad. * second (time) S SI unit of time. * Siemens S S fi-1. SI unit of conductance. *sievert Sv SI unit of dose equivalent in the field of radiation dosimetry. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—39 slug slug slug lbf • s2/ft= 14.594 kg. square foot ft square inch in2 * square meter nr * square meter per second mVs SI unit of kinematic viscosity. * square millimeter per second mmVs SI unit-multiple of kinematic viscosity. square yard yd2 *steradian sr SI unit of solid angle. stilb sb sb cd/cm2. A CGS unit of luminance. Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). stokes St Deprecated (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). *tera T SI prefix for 1012. terabyte TB TB 102 B. *tesla T T N/(A • m> Wb/m2. SI unit of magnetic flux density (magnetic induction). therm thm thm 100 000 Btu. ton (short) ton ton 2000 lb. ton, metric T t 1000 kg. Use of the tonne for this unit is deprecated in the U.S. (see ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992). torr torr A unit of pressure equal to 0.001316 atmosphere; named after Torricelli. * (unified) atomic mass unit u The (unified) atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of the carbon- 12 nuclide. Use of the old atomic mass unit (amu), defined by reference to oxygen, is deprecated. *var var IEC name and symbol for SI unit of reactive power. *volt V SI unit of voltage. *volt per meter V/m SI unit of electric field strength. *voltampere VA va IEC name and symbol for SI unit of apparent power. *watt W SI unit of power. *watt per meter kelvin W/(m • K) SI unit of thermal conductivity. *watt per steradian W/sr SI unit of radiant intensity. *watt per steradian square meter (W/sr • m2) SI unit of radiance. watthour Wh *weber Wb Wb Vs. SI unit of magnetic flux. yard yd yd 0.9144 m. year a Also Wh. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—40 yocto y SI prefix for 1CK yotta Y SI prefix for 10\ zepto z SI prefix for 1(H zetta Z SI prefix for 101. D. Miscellaneous Alphabetical Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols NOTE: Key: fn—function name (roman); s—symbol (italic); u—unit abbreviation (roman); *—acronyms that must be defined in text. A A (s) Hermitian conjugate of A A (u) angstrom ab (prefix) denotes absolute system of (CGS) units. Abampere, abcoulomb, abvolt, abohm, abfarad, abmho, abhenry (use not recommended, see units list) abs absolute ABS air-bearing surface Ac alternating current ACB air circuit breaker* ACSR steel-reinforced aluminum cable* AD attention display* A-D, A/D analog-to-digital ADF automatic direction finder* a.e. almost everywhere (in equations) AEW airborne early warning* AF audio frequency* AFB Air Force Base AFC automatic frequency control* AFM atomic force microscopy AGC automatic gain control* AGFM alternating gradient force magnetometer AGM arithmetical-geometric mean* A-h (u) ampere hour Ai (fn) Airy integral AM amplitude modulation a.m. ante meridiem (morning) ama automatic message accounting* and (small caps) logical and operation ANI automatic number identification ANN artificial neural network* antilog (m) antilogarithm AOGM accelerated optimum gradient method* AOPT air-operated press type* APD avalanche photodiode API air position indicator* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—41 AQL acceptable quality level AR antireflection*; autoregressive* arcsin arccos arctan (fn) inverse trigonometric functions arccot arcsec arccsc arg (fn) argument ARMA autoregressive moving average* a.s. almost surely (in equations) ASE amplified spontaneous emission* ASIC application specified integrated circuit* ASK amplitude-shift keying ASW antisubmarine warfare* (note: for acoustic surface wave use SAW) at(u) technical atmosphere: 1 kgf/cm At(u) ampere turn (note: no longer in use; change to A) ATM asynchronous transfer mode* atm (u) atmosphere ATR antitransmit receive* ATT avalanche transit time* av average (subscript) AVC automatic volume control* avg (fn) average (use av as subscript) AWE asymptotic wave evaluation* AWG American wire gauge AWGN additive white Gaussian noise* B bar (u) bar barye (u) barye: microbar (use not recommended; see units list) bbl (u) barrel (see units list) bcc body-centered cubic (of crystals) BCD binary coded decimal BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghen (codes) BCT bushing current transformer* Bd(u) baud* (see units list) B-E base-emitter source Be Baume bei, ber (fn) Kelvin forms of Bessel function BEM boundary-element method BER bit error rate* BeV, bev (u) use GeV BFO beat-frequency oscillator* B-H B-H curve: curve of magnetic induction (magnetic flux-density) versus magnetic intensity (field intensity) B-H relationship. B-H loop: hysteresis loop Bhp brake horsepower* Bi(fn) Airy integral: (u) bit: = 10 A* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—42 BIL basic impulse insulation level* BJT bipolar junction transistor* BMEP brake mean effective pressure* bpi (u) bit per inch: use b/in bps (u) bit per second: use b/s BPSK binary phase-shift keying BRA biased rectifier amplifier* BS breaking strength* BS British Standards* B&S Brown and Sharpe gauge* BSF bulk shielding facility* BSL basic switching surge insulation level* BTU (u) British thermal unit BWG Birmingham wire gauge* BWK Brillouin-Wentzel-Kramers (method) * BWO backward-wave oscillator* BWR boiling water reactor* C C(u) coulomb °C (o) degree Celsius c(u) cycle: use Hz; centi- (prefix to unit abbreviation) c(s) speed of light in a vacuum cal (u) calorie (use not recommended; see units list) CATV community antenna television system cc (u) cubic centimeter: use cm3 c.c. complex conjugate (in equations) CCB coin collecting box (British telephones)* CCD charge-coupled device* CCR closed-cycle refrigerator* cd(u) candela cdf cumulative distribution function* CDMA code division multiple access* CDO community dial offices* CD-ROM compact disk read-only memory cdrx external critical damping resistance: use caps* CEMF counterelectromotive force* cf. compare cfm (u) cubic feet per minute: use ftVmin cfs (u) cubic feet per second: use ffr/s CGS centimeter-gram-second (system of units) Ci(fn) cosine integral; (u) curie CIM computer integrated manufacturing* CIR carrier-to-interference ratio* ckVA capacitive kilovoltamperes (write out) cmil (u) circular mil CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor CNN cellular neural network COP coefficient of performance* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—43 (fn) cosine ;osec (fn) cosecant: use csc ;osh (fn) hyperbolic cosine ;ot (fn) cotangent ;oth (fn) hyperbolic cotangent covers (fn) coversine cP (o) centipoise (see units list) CPFSK continuous phase frequency-shift keying* CPM continuous phase modulation* CPSK continuous phase-shift keying; coherent phase-shift keying* CPU central processing unit CRO cathode-ray oscilloscope CRS cold-rolled steel* CRT cathode-ray tube c/s (u) cycle per second: use Hz csc (fn) cosecant csch (fn) hyperbolic cosecant cs (u) centistokes: use cSt or write out (see units list) CSP completely self-protected cSt (u) centistokes (see units list) CSV corona-starting voltage CT current transformer* CTC centralized traffic control ctn (fn) cotangent: use cot curl (fn) curl CV capacitance-voltage CVD chemical vapor deposited cw continuous wave* D DA design automation dB(u) decibel dc direct current (DC at start of sentence or in article title) DC directional coupler DDA digital differential analyzer* DDD direct distance dialing* DE disruptive effect* det(fn) determinant DF direction finder*; deuterium fluoride; degree of freedom* DFB distributed feedback DFT discrete Fourier transform* diag (diagonal) diam diameter DIC Diploma of membership in Imperial College of Science and Technology div (fn) divergence; division (u) in charts DMA direct memory access* DME distance-measuring equipment* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—44 DOD diameter over dielectric; Department of Defense DOF degree of freedom (unit) DP dial pulse* DPCM differential pulse code modulation* DPDT double-pole double-throw switch* DPH diamond pool hardness* DPQSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying* DPSK differential phase-shift keying* DRCPR differential reactive current protective relay* DRO destructive readout*; doubly resonant oscillator DS dielectric strength*; direct sequence* DSB double sideband* DSP digital signal processor DVP differential vapor pressure* DWT discrete wavelet transform* dyn (u) dyne E EB emergency bank* EC eddy current; electrical conductivity* (grade of Al) ECG electrocardiogram ECL emitter-coupled logic* ECM electronic countermeasures ECT eddy current testing ED enforced draft EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifiers* EDP electronic data processing EDS energy dispersive spectrometer EDX energy dispersive X-ray EEG electroencephalogram EHD electrohydrodynamic * EHF extremely high frequency* EHIPS extra heavy iron pipe size* EHV extra high voltage Ei(fn) exponential integral ELF extremely low frequency* EM electromagnetic* EMC electromagnetic compatibility* EMF electromotive force* EMI electromagnetic interference* ems expected value of mean square* EMU electromagnetic units EOF end of file erf(fn) error function erfc (fn) complementary error function erg (u) erg ERP effective radiated power* ESS electrical sheet steel* ESU electrostatic units eV(u) electronvolt IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—45 exor exclusive-OR circuit (small caps) exp (fn) exponential function exsec (fn) exsecant F f(f-stop,f/22) ratio of focal length to aperture F(u) farad °F(u) degree Fahrenheit FA forced-air-cooled transformer* fee face-centered cubic (of crystals) FCC Federal Communications Commission FD flux density* FDA finite difference approximations* FDM frequency-division multiplexing* FDMA frequency-division multiple access* FDTD finite-difference time domain* FEA finite-element analysis FET field-effect transistor ff. following pages FFT fast Fourier transform* FIFO first-in first-out FIM field intensity meter* FIR finite-impulse response* fL(u) footlambert FL full load FM frequency modulation FMFB FM feedback receiver* FMR frequency of maximum reliability*; ferromagnetic resonance FPGA field-programmable gate array* fpm, fps (u) feet per minute: use ft/min; feet per second: use ft/s FS full scale FSK frequency-shift keying* FSM finite-state machine* ft(u) foot FTL flat tie-line* FTP file transfer protocol FW full wave FWHM full-width at half-maximum* FWM four-wave mixing* G G giga- (prefix to unit abbreviations) =10» G(u) gauss g acceleration of gravity, "gee force"; use as unit with metric prefix, as in 3 mg G(s) gravitational constant Gal (u) gal (gravitational unit) gal (u) gallon Gb(u) gilbert GCA ground-controlled approach* gcd greatest common denominator (may be function name) IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—46 GLB greatest lower bound* GMD geometric mean distance* GMEC generalized minimum effort control* GMF geometric mean frequency GMR geometric mean radius GMT Greenwich mean time gpd(u) gallon per day: use gal/day GPS Global Positioning System GPU graphical processing unit, General Public Utilities* grad (fn) gradient GSE ground support equipment* GTD geometrical theory of diffraction GUI graphical user interface GW ground wire H h(s) Planck's constant H(u) henry H(s) magnetic intensity; magnetic field strength hav, havers (fn) haversine HBT heterojunction bipolar transistor hep hexagonal close-packed (of crystals) HD hard-drawn* HDBC hard-drawn bare copper* HDC hard-drawn copper* HDD hard disk drive HDT hard-drawn tubing* HEMT high-electron mobility transistor HF high frequency; hydrogen fluoride HFET heterojunction FET HG mercury hipot high potential (write out) hp(u) horsepower HTC high-tension cable* HTML hypertext markup language HV high voltage HVdc high voltage direct current Hz(u) hertz I / (s) current (fn) imaginary part of: use Im IACS International Annealed Copper Standard* IC impedance compensation*; integrated circuit ICW interrupted continuous wave* ID inside diameter; induced draft*; interdigital* IDP integrated data processing* IF intermediate frequency iff if and only if IFT interracial tension* IGFET insulated-gate field-effect transistor i.i.d. independent identically distributed* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—47 IIR infinite-impulse response ILS instrument landing system* Im (fn) imaginary part of IM intermediate modulation IMPATT impact ionization avalanche transit time (diode) INE irredundant normal equivalent* inf(fn) infimum int (fn) integer value of I/O, 1-0 input-output IoT Internet of Things* IP Internet Protocol ips (u) inch per second: use in/s IPS iron pipe size; international pipe standard* IR infrared IR current-resistance ISB independent sideband* ISE integral of squared error* ISI intersymbol interference itae integral of time-multiplied absolute value of error ITI inter-track interference I-V(s) current-voltage (characteristic or curve) IVA induced voltamperes IX current-reactance (drop) IZ current-impedance J J(u) joule JFET junction field-effect transistor JPEG Joint Photographers Expert Group K k kilo (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10 K(u) Kelvin Kayser (u) = cm1 (wavenumber) kbps (u) kilobits per second: use kb/s KCL Kirchhoff s current law kcm, KCM (u) thousand circular mils: use kcmil kg(u) kilogram KGO, KGOe, KGoe, use kOOe KgOe (u) kgp (u) kilogrampois (French): use kg kGOe (u) kilogauss oersted kip thousand pounds kn(u) knot (nautical mile per hour) KOH potassium hydroxide kp(u) kilopound (German): use kg kt(s) Boltzmann's constant * time KVL Kirchhoff s voltage law kVp (u) kilovolt peak* L l(u) liter IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—48 L(u) lambert LAN local area network lb(u) pound lbf(u) pound-force LC inductance-capacitance 1cm least common multiple (may be function name) LCR inductance-capacitance-resistance LCS load current substation* LDC line drop compensator*; load division circulation LED light-emitting diode LF low-frequency LHP left-half plane* LHS left-hand side* Li(fn) logarithmic integral lim (fn) limit l.i.m. (fn) limit in the mean L-L line to line* lm(u) lumen LMLT locus of major loop tips* LMS least mean square LMT local mean time* In (fn) natural logarithm (base e) L-N line to neutral* LNA low noise amplifier LO local oscillator* log, log, (fn) logarithm, logarithm base n (where n = 2, 10, etc.) LP linear programming* LPE liquid phase epitaxy* LR inductance-resistance LRC load ratio control* LSB least significant bit LSI large-scale integration*; large-scale integrated* LST local standard time LTC load tap-changing* LTE long-term evolution LTS laser-triggered switching* LUF lowest usable frequency* lx(u) lux M m(u) meter; milli- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 103 M mega- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10«; mole MAG maximum available gain MAP maximum a posteriori max (fn) maximum; also used as subscript MC Monte Carlo mem, MCM (u) thousand circular mils: use kemil mc/mM (u) millicuries per millimole: use mCi/mM MCS multicircuit substation* MCT movable core transformer* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—49 MCW modulated continuous wave* MDF manual direction finder* MDS minimum detectable signal MEMS micro-electromechanical systems MESFET metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor MEW microwave early warning* MF medium frequency* MFM magnetic force microscopy MFSK minimum frequency-shift keying MGO (u) megagauss oersted: use MG- Oe MG-Oe (u) megagauss oersted MHD magnetohydrodynamics mlio (u) mho (also QA{-1}) mi (u) mile MIM metal-insulator-metal MIMO multi-in multi-out* mio (fn) minimum; also used as subscript MIS metal-insulator-semiconductor* MKS meter-kilogram-second (system of units) ml milliliter MLE maximum-likelihood estimation* MLSD maximum-likelihood sequence detector MLSE maximum-likelihood sequence estimator* MMF magnetomotive force mmHg (u) millimeter of mercury MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit* mirhO (u) millimeter of water mmse minimum mean square error MOCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition* mod modulo MOKE magnetooptic Kerr effect MoM method of moments* MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor MOSFET MOS field-effect transistor MOST MOS transistor MOVPE metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy* MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group MPIE mixed potential integral equation MRAM magnetic random access memory MRI magnetic resonance imaging MSB most significant bit msc mean square error MSIC medium scale integrated circuits* MTBE mean time between explosions MTBF mean time between failures* MTI multiple target indicator*; moving target indicator MTJ magnetic tunnel junction MTL multiconductor transmission line MU multiple unit* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—50 MUF maximum usable frequency* MVQE minimum variance quantum estimator Mx(u) maxwell MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometric* N n nano (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 10-» N(u) newton NA numerical aperture* nand not-and circuit (small caps) nat (u) nat NC diode negative-conductance diode* NDRO nondestructive readout NDT nondestructive testing* NIC negative impedance converter* NIR near infrared response* nit (u) nit Nkw-hr (u) net kilowatthour: use net kWh NL no load nmi (u) nautical mile NMR nuclear magnetic resonance* nor not-or circuit (small caps) NP nameplate (rating) Np(u) neper n-p-n semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens NRZ nonreturn to zero* NTC negative temperature coefficient* NWP network protector 0 OCB oil circuit breaker* OCR oil circuit recloser* OD outside diameter Oe(u) oersted OEIC optoelectronic integrated circuit* OFDA optical-fiber frequency-domain analysis* OGM optimum gradient method OOK on-off keying OOP object-oriented programming* opt (fn) optimum: also used as subscript or or circuit (small caps) OSM omni spectra miniature OTDM optical time-division multiplexing* O-wave ordinary-wave (ionogram) oz (u) ounce P P pico- (prefix to unit abbreviations) = 1012 P(u) poise Pa (u) pascal PAE power-added efficiency PAM pulse-amplitude modulation* IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—51 PAX private automatic exchange* PBX private branch exchange* pc(u) parsec PC personal computer PCM pulse-code modulation*; pulse-count modulation* PD potential difference* pdf probability density function* Pdl(u) poundal (see units list) PDM pulse-duration modulation* P.(s) probability of error PER probability of error PES position error signal PF power factor* ph(fn) phase PH power of hydrogen (acidity or alkalinity of solution) PI polarization index PID proportional—integral—differential* PILC paper-insulated lead-covered* PIN use p-i-n for diodes, etc. p-i-n semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens PL/1 a programming language PLC power line carrier* PLL phase-locked loop* PM phase modulation* p.m. post meridiem (small caps) PML perfectly matched layer PMMA polymethyl methacrylate* PMR perpendicular magnetic recording p-n-i-p semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens p-n-p semiconductor forms: Roman, lowercase, hyphens POD para-operational device* P0WP (u) picowatts psophometrically weighted at a point of zero relative level* PP, P-P peak to peak* PPI plan-position indicator* ppm (u) parts per million; pulse per minute* PPM pulse-position modulation* pps (u) pulse per second* Pr (fn) probability (appears as Pr x \x = U) PRA pulse relaxation amplifier PRF pulse-repetition frequency* PRML partial response maximum likelihood Prob., P, x • use Pr (usually) PRR pulse-repetition rate* PSD power spectral density PSF power separation filter* psi (u) pounds per square inch: change to lb/in2 unless paper also contains psia and/or psig psia (u) pound-force per square inch absolute (stet) psig (u) pound-force per square inch gauge (stet) IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—52 PSK phase-shift keying* PTM pulse-time modulation p.u. per unit PVC polyvinyl chloride* PWL piecewise linear PWM pulse width modulation* PWR pressurized water reactor* PZT lead zirconate titanate Q Q quality factor; figure of merit QAM quadratic-amplitude modulation* Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum (end of proof) (set flush right) QoS quality of service QP quasi-peak* QPSK quaternary phase-shift keying QW quantum well* R R(u) roentgen R(fn) real part of: use Re °R(u) degrees Rankine rad (u) radian RAM random access memory RB circuit transient blocking relay circuit* RC resistance-capacitance RCF radar cross section* R&D research and development Re (fn) real part of: use Re (be sure of this meaning before changing) redox reduction-oxidation rem (u) Roentgen equivalent, man RF radio frequency RFI radio frequency interference* RFU reclosing fuses* RH relative humidity* RHS right-hand side* RI radio interference* RIFI radio interference and field intensity* RIL radio interference level* RIN relative intensity noise* RL resistance-inductance RMI radiomagnetic indicator* rms root-mean-square (error); root mean square ROM read-only memory rpm (u) revolution per minute: use r/min rps(u) revolution per second: use r/s RSG recurrent surge generator* RTD resistance temperature detectors RV random variable RX resistance-reactance IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—53 s(u) second S(u) Siemens SAR specific absorption rate SATT Strowger Automatic Toll Ticket* SAW surface acoustic wave* sc switched-capacitor* (adj) SCA steel-reinforced aluminum cable* sec signal component control* scfm standard cubic feet per minute* SCL space-charge limited* scr short-circuit ratio* SCR silicon-controlled rectifier sec (fn) secant; (u) second: use s; second of arc* sech (fn) hyperbolic secant SEM scanning electron microscope SF single frequency* SGML standard generalized markup language sgn (fn) signum function SHFs upper high frequency* SI severity index*; Systeme International d'Unites (International System of Units) Si, si (fn) sine integral sin (fn) sine sine (fn) sine x = (sin x) 1 x sinh (fn) hyperbolic sine SINR signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio* SIR signal-to-interference ratio SISO single-in, single-out* SLAR side looking airborne radar SLG single line to ground SMSA standard metropolitan statistical area S/N signal-to-noise ratio SNR signal-to-noise ratio SoC system-on-chip* SPDT single-pole double-throw (switch)* SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPT single-pole type sq square: if on a unit, change to 2 SQUID superconducting quantum interference device sr (u) steradian SR saturable reactor* SS subsystems* SSB single sideband* s.t. subject to St(u) stokes sterad (u) steradian: use sr SUL soft underlayer SUMT sequential unconstrained minimization techniques sup (fn) supremum IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—54 sus Saybolt universal seconds (oil viscosity)* sw sine wave* SW short wave* SWG standard wire gauge* SWR standing-wave ratio* T t(u) tonne T(u) tesla tan (fn) tangent tanh (fn) hyperbolic tangent TCUL tap-changing under load* TDM time-division modulation*; time-division multiplexing* TDMA time-division multiple access* TE transverse electric (appears as TE°„, and TE„,) TEFC totally enclosed fan-cooled* Telex teleprinter exchange* TEM transverse electromagnetic TFT thin-film transistor* tg (&) tangent: use tan fh(u) thermie TIF telephone influence factor* TLM transmission-line matrix TM transverse magnetic tof thermal ohms per foot (spell out) torr (u) torr tpc (u) turns per centimeter: turns/cm TPC turns per coil* tr(fn) trace Tr transpose TSS time sharing system TTL transistor-transistor logic TTY teleprinter tu traffic units* TVI television interference* TWA traveling-wave amplifier* TWM traveling-wave maser* TWP traveling-wave phototube* TWT traveling-wave tube U UHF ultrahigh frequency ult (fn) ultimate UPS uninterruptible power system* uniform RC sections (stet overbar) URL uniform resource locator XRD X-ray diffraction UT universal time UTS ultimate tensile strength IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—55 uv ultraviolet V V(u) volt V(s) voltage VA(u) voltampere; Viterbi algorithm* var (u) var VCL varnished-cambric lead-covered* VCO voltage-controlled oscillator* vcw type V copper weld* VDS voltage divider switching* ver, vers (fn) versine VF voice frequency* VFO variable-frequency oscillator* VHF very high frequency* V-I voltage-current (characteristic of curve) VLF very low frequency* VLSI very large scale integration* VOR very high-frequency omnidirectional radio VR voltage regulator* VSB vestigial sideband* VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio VTB voltage time to breakdown* VTVM vacuum-tube voltmeter vu volume units* W W(u) watt WAN wide area network Wb(u) weber WDM wavelength-division multiplexing* WDMA wavelength-division multiple access* WKB Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin* wpl, w.p.l. with probability 1* wrt, w.r.t. with respect to WT watertight* wt% weight percent X XPMc ross-phase modulation XOR exclusive-OR circuit (small caps) X-wave extraordinary-wave (ionogram) Y YAG yttrium aluminum garnet yd(u) yard YIG yttrium iron garnet Factor by Which the Unit Is Modified Prefix Symbol 1000000000000 = 10" tera T 1000000000 = 10' giga G 1000000 = 10« mega M IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—56 1000 = 10' kilo k 100 = 10= hecto h 10= 10' deka da 0.1 = 10' deci d 0.01 = io-= centi c 0.001 = 10' milli m 0.000001 =l(h micro H 0.000000001 = 10- nano n 0.000000000001 = 10'= pico P 0.000000000000001 = 10" femto f 0.000000000000000001 = 10" atto a E. Organizations and Abbreviations of Organizations AAS American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC ACC American Automatic Control Council, Evanston, IL ACE American Association of Cost Engineers, Morgantown, WV AEC Australian Atomic Energy Commission AES American Association of Engineering Societies, Washington, DC APG American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK APT Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists AR Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC AUP American Association of University Professors, Washington, DC BET Accreditation Board for Engineering & Technology (formerly ECPD), Baltimore, MD CEC American Consulting Engineers Council (formerly AICE and CEC), Washington, DC CLMRS Advisory Committee for Land Mobile Radio Services CM Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY CME Association of Consulting Management Firms, New York, NY .CS American Chemical Society, Washington, DC DPA American Defense Preparedness Association (formerly AO A), Arlington, VA DRDE Air Defence Research and Development Establishment, U.K. EA American Electronics Association (formerly WCEMA), Santa Clara, CA EC Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC ED C Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFB, TN EI Associated Electrical Industries, Manchester, U.K. also: Italian Electrotechnical and Electronic Association EIC Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, Birmingham, AL EP American Electrical Power Company, New York, NY ERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment ES Audio Engineering Society, New York, NY ECA now AFCEA ECEA Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Association (formerly AFCA), Fairfax, VA ECRC Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, MA ECRL Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory EOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research ES American Foundry men's Society, Des Piaines, IL EWL Air Force Weapons Laboratory GI American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA GMA American Gear Manufacturing Association, Alexandria, VA GU American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—57 HAM Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, Chicago, IL JA American Insurance Association, Washington, DC IAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC ICE American Institute of Consulting Engineers (now ACEC) IChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY IEE American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) IF Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. (now Nuclear Energy Institute) HE American Institute of Industrial Engineers (now HE) IME American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, NY .10 Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory, Puerto Rico IP American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD IPE American Institute of Plant Engineers, Cincinnati, OH ISE Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA ISI American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC MA American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, American Management Association, New York, NY, American Manufacturing Association, Auto Manufacturing Association MC Air Material Command MCA Air Movement and Control Association, Arlington Heights, IL MS American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI NDB Air Navigation and Development Board ,NS American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL .NSI American National Standards Institute (formerly ASA and USASI), New York, NY OA American Ordnance Association (now ADPA) PA American Psychological Association, Washington, DC PCA Air Pollution Control Association (now A&WMMA) PHA American Public Health Association, Washington, DC PI American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC RL Applied Research Laboratory, Sylvania Electronic System, Waltham, MA RPA Advanced Research Projects Agency RRL American Radio Relay League, Newington, CT PS American Physical Society, College Park, MD PvS American Rocket Society (merged with IAS to form AIAA) ,SA American Standards Association (now ANSI) SAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI SAIO American Society of Artificial Internal Organs SCE American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, DC SEE American Society for Engineering Education SHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (formerly ASHAE and ASRE), Atlanta, GA SLE American Society of Lubricating Engineers (now STLE) SM ASM International, Materials Park, OH SME American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY .SNT American Society for Nondestructive Testing (formerly SNT), Columbus, OH SP American Society of Photogrammetry (now ASPRS) SPRS American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (formerly ASP), Bethesda, MD SQC American Society for Quality Control, Milwaukee, WI SRE American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (now ASHRAE) .STE Association of Short Circuit Testing Authorities .STIA Armed Services Technical Information Agency, Dayton, OH .STM American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA .T&T American Telephone and Telegraph Company ,VS American Vacuum Society, New York, NY &WMMA Air and Waste Management Association (formerly APCA), Pittsburgh, PA IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—58 WS American Welding Society, Miami, FL IH Bureau International de l'Heue TL Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (Murray Hill, NJ, etc.) PA Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR NL Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY AA Civil Aeronautics Administration AL Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, NY ARDE Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment CIR International Radio Consultative Committee CIT International Telegraph Consultative Committee (now TSB) CIF International Telephone Consultative Committee (now TSB) :CITT International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (now TSB) EA Commission ä l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, France EB Central Electricity Board, U.K. EC Consulting Engineers Council (now ACEC) EERI Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, India EI Italian Electrotechnical Commission ERN (Geneva, Switzerland) ESI Centra Electtrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano, Milan, Italy IBSE Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London, U.K. IE International Commission on Illumination IGRE Conference Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques (International Conference on Large Electric High-Tension Systems) ISA Casting Industry Suppliers Association (formerly FEMA), Des Piaines, IL ISPR Joint Radio Committee for the Fuel and Power Industries, London, U.K. NAE Commissäo Nacionze de Atividades Espacizas, Sao Paolo, Brazil NEN Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare, Frascati, Italy NR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy NRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France OSINE Computer Science in Electrical Engineering Committee, Commission on Engineering Education, Washington, DC PST Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (formerly SMC), Washington, DC RES Center for Research in Engineering Science, Lawrence, KS RPL Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (NBS) :SELT Centra Studie Laboratorie Telecommunicazioni S.p.A., Turin, Italy :SF Compagnie Generale de Telgraphie sans Fil SIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia 'ARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 'DC Defense Documentation Center iGRST Delegation Generale a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique 'RB Defence Research Board, Canada 'RME Direction des Recherches et Moyens d'Essais 'RTE Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment, Ottawa, ON, Canada 'SIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, U.K. TM Director of Telecommunications Management (office of President) BU European Broadcasting Union, Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland CPD Engineers Council for Professional Development (now ABET) CS Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ EI Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC IA Electronic Industries Association (formerly RETMA, RTMA, RMA), Arlington, VA IC Engineering Institute of Canada, Gloucester, ON, Canada JC Engineers Joint Council (now AAES) NDESA Empressa Nacional de Electricidad SA, Santiago, Chile IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—59 NEA European Nuclear Energy Agency (part of OECD) (now NEA-OECD Nuclear Energy Agency) NEL Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica NTELEC Energy Telecommunications and Electrical Association (formerly PIEA), Dallas, TX OS Electrical Optical Systems Inc., Pasadena, CA RA Engineering Research Associates SSA Environmental Science Services Administration (U.S. Department of Commerce) Boulder, CO, composed of Institutes for Environmental Research, Institute for Earth Sciences, Institute for Oceanography, Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Institute for Telecommunication Sciences and Aeronomy, Office of Administrative and Support Services TH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland USEC Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and U.S. cc Federal Communications Commission EMA Foundry Equipment Manufacturing Association (now CISA) JCC Fall Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) MD Frequency Management Division (in office of DTM) PS Fluid Power Society, Milwaukee, WI TL Federal Telecommunications Laboratories TR Federal Telephone and Radio Company E General Electric Company (M General Motors SFC Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (NASA) \EA International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria \S Institute of Aeronautical Sciences (merged with ARS to form AIAA) (now AIAA) \s Indiana Academy of Science 3M International Business Machines Corporation :i see CIE :mci International Conference on Microwaves, Circuit Theory, and Information Theory, Tokyo, Japan :mf International Conference on Magnetic Films )A Institute for Defense Analysis, Arlington, VA iC International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland iCEJ Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan iE Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, U.K. iEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (formerly AIEE and IRE), Piscataway, NJ ilCE Institute of Electrical, Information and Communication Engineers, Japan iR see ESSA iRE Institution of Electronics and Radio Engineers, U.K. iS Illuminating Engineering Society (now CIBSE) TAC International Federation of Automatic Control, Montreal, PQ, Canada Trp International Federation of Information Processing, Laxenburg, Austria TRB International Frequency Registration Board (now ITU) E Institute of Industrial Engineers (formerly AHE), Norcross, GA vJM Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, U.K. dn Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA 'CEA Insulator Power Cable Engineering Association 3S Italian Physical Society (also SIF), Bologna, Italy IAC Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee IC International Resistance Company IE Institute of Radio Engineers (now IEEE) IEE Institute of Radio and Electronics Engineers (Australia) IEQ HydroQuebec Institute of Research 5A Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC 5IS International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies 5L Institut Francais-Allemand de Recherches de Saint-Louis (Haut-Rhin) Deutsch-Französisches Forschungs-Institut Saint-Lous, Weil am Rhein (Baden) IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—60 rsA Institute for Telecommunications Sciences and Aeronomy, Boulder, CO, formerly Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, NBS (see ESSA) r&T International Telephone and Telegraph ru International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications, London, U.K. Institute of High Fidelity \cc Joint Automatic Control Conference IDEC Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council, Arlington. VA 2TC Joint Technical Advisory Committee Electron Tube Council ZTS Junior Engineering Technical Council, Alexandria, VA c Joint Industry Conference Jet Propulsion Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 5EP Joint Services Electronics Program rAC Joint Technical Advisory Committee Laboratories voor Electromagnetisme en Acustica, Univ. of Ghent, Belgium DD Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company, Tokyo, Japan CIE Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques, Fontenay-aux-Roses (Seine), France RL Lawrence Radiation Laboratory TRI Lighting and Transients Research Institute 1AA Mathematical Association of America, Washington. DC IESUCORA Association for Measurement, Controlled Regulation, and Automation 1ILA Merritt Island Launch Area, FL 1IT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (use MIT) MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 1RI Microwave Research Institute, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Mullard Research Laboratories, Redhill, Surrey, U.K. AB National Association of Broadcasters, now NARTB, Washington, DC AC Network Analysis Corporation, Glen Cove, NY ACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX IAE National Academy of Engineering. Washington, DC IAFEC National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center [AM National Association of Manufacturers, Washington. DC [APE National Association of Power Engineers, Chicopee, MA AREC Naval Research Laboratory Electronics and Digital Computers ARTB National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters, Washington, DC AS National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC ASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration BRU National Board of Fire Underwriters (now AIA-American Insurance Association) BS National Bureau of Standards (see ESSA) CSL Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory, Panama City, FL I CT A National Community Television Association IDRC National Defense Research Council [DRE Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, Lillestrom [EA OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Issy-les-Movdineaux, France [EC National Electronics Conference (now IEC-International Engineering Consortium) [ELA National Electric Light Association ELC Naval Electronics Laboratory Center, San Diego, CA EMA National Electric Manufacturing Association EREM Northeast Research and Engineering Meeting (formerly New England Radio Engineering Meeting) FPA National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—61 ÍIH National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD LR National Lucht de-Ruimtevaartlaboratorium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ÍOL Naval Ordnance Laboratory [PL British National Physical Laboratory [RAO National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, WV \RC National Research Council, Washington, DC [RCC National Research Council of Canada [RL Naval Research Laboratory ÍSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ÍSF National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA ÍSPE National Society of Professional Engineers, Alexandria, VA ÍSRC National Stereophonic Radio Committee ÍTG Nachrichtentechnische Gesellschaft Nuclear Energy Institute (formerly AIF), Washington, DC ÍTSC National Television System Commission iARAC Office of Air Research on Automatic Computers •BS A Operations Research Society of America lECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Europe), Paris, France •NR Office of Naval Research iRNL Oak Ridge National Laboratories •SA Optical Society of America, Washington, DC iSRD Office of Scientific Research and Development •VE Austrian Engineering Society iVEC Ohio Valley Electric Company cc President's Conference Committee IB Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn IEA Petroleum Industry Electrical Association (now ENTELEC) MR Pacific Missile Range ADC Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, Rome, NY AND The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA CA Radio Corporation of America DB Research and Development Board ESA Scientific Research Society of America (now Sigma Xi) ETMA Radio Electronic and Television Manufacturers Association (now EIA, formerly RTMA and RMA) IAS Research Institute for Advanced Studies, Baltimore, MD LM Reflector Lamps Manufacturers MA Radio Manufacturers Association, now EIA RE Royal Radar Establishment, Great Malvein, Worcs., U.K. TCA Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (now RTCA, Inc.) TCA, Inc. RTCA, Inc. (formerly RTCA), Washington, DC TMA Radio Television Manufacturers Association (now EIA, formerly RMA) TPB Radio Technical Planning Board WMA Resistance Welders Manufacturers Association, Philadelphia, PA Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA Research Triangle Institute, Durham (or Research Triangle Park), NC Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, Rome, NY AE Society of Automotive Engineers (now SAE International) AE Internationa 1 SAE International (formerly SAE), Warrendale, PA AME Society of American Military Engineers, Alexandria, VA CEL Signal Corps Engineering Laboratory (see USAECOM) EM Society for Experimental Mechanics (formerly SES A), Bethel, CT IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—62 ER Swedish Institute of Graduate Electrical Engineers ESA Services Electronics Research Laboratory, Harlow, Essex, U.K. ESA Society of Experimental Stress Analysis (now SEM) EV Schweizerischer Elektrotechnischer Verein, Zürich, Switzerland FPE Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, MA IAM Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA IF Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy (SIF = Societa Italiana di Fisica) (also IPS) igma Xi The Scientific Research Society (absorbed—formerly RESA, SRSA), Research Triangle Park, NC JCC Spring Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) LAC Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA LF Lombard Physical Society MC Scientific Manpower Commission (now CPST) MPE now SMPTE NAME Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Jersey City, NJ NT Society for Nondestructive Testing (now ASNT) PE Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield, CT PIE The International Society for Optical Engineers, Bellingham, WA RC Semiconductor Research Corporation RE Society of Reproduction Engineers RI Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA RSA Scientific Research Society of America (now Sigma Xi) TC Society for Technical Communications (formerly STWP), Arlington, VA TLE Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (formerly ASLE), Park Ridge, IL TWP Society of Technical Writers and Publishers (now STC) Sylvania Electronic Defense Laboratory, Mountain View, CA Systems Control, Inc., Palo Alto, CA ASO Television Allocation Study Organization (defunct) IMS The Institute of Management Sciences, Providence, RI RW TRW Corporation, Redondo Beach, CA SB Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (formerly CCITT), Geneva, Switzerland VA Tennessee Valley Authority ATI Union of International Engineering Organizations, Paris, France CLA University of California, Los Angeles L Underwriters Laboratory, Northbrook, IL NIPEDE International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy, Paris, France PADI Pan American Federation Engineering Society RC University Research Committee RSI International Scientific Radio Union SAECOM U.S. Army Electronics Command, formerly Signal Corps SAEL U.S. Army Electronics Laboratory, Ft. Monmouth, NJ SASI USA Standards Institute (formerly ASA, now ANSI) SITA United States Independent Telephone Association (now USTA) SNOL U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD STA United States Telephone Association (formerly USITA), Washington, DC DE Verean Deutscher Elektrotechniker DI Verband Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers) KF Von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility, Arnold AF Station, TN /ADC Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH ?AKF Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation /CEMA West Coast Electronic Manufacturers Association (now AEA) /EC World Energy Council (formerly WPC), London, U.K. /ESCON Western Electronic Show and Convention /PC World Power Conference (now WEC) IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—63 /SEIAC Weapon System Effectiveness Industry Advisory Committee AVVH, WWV, WWBV, WVL Radio stations broadcasting time and frequency standards, Willow Run Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI F. Conference Abbreviations Proceedings, Proceedings of the Proc. International Conference Int. Conf. National Conference Nat. Conf. IPC Technical Conference. IPC Printed Circuits Expo Tech. Conf., IPC Print. Circuits Expo. IPC IPC Annual Conference IPC Annu. Conf. IPC IPC Printed Circuits Expo IPC Print. Circuits Expo. ECTC Electronics Components and Technology Conference Electron. Compon. Technol. Conf. IPC IPC Annual Meeting IPC Annu. Meet. SSC International Solid-State Circuits Conference Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. VLSI Conference on Advanced Research on VLSI Conf. Adv. Res. VLSI VLSI VLSI Packaging Workshop VLSI Packag. Workshop IEEE IEEE Interconnect Technology Conference IEEE Interconnect Technol. Conf. ICAPS Int. Conf. on Advanced Packaging Systems Int. Conf. Adv. Packag. Syst. IEEE IEEE Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems IEEE Int. Conf. Solid-State Sens., Actuators, Microsyst. IEEE/CMPT EEE/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium IEEE/CPMT Int. Electron. Manuf. Technol. Symp. IEEE IEEE Annual Int. Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems IEEE Annu. Int. Conf. Micro Electro Mech. Syst. ICEPT Int. Conf. on Electronics Packaging Technology Int. Conf. Electron. Packag. Technol. ISMP International Symposium on Mathematical Programming Int. Symp. Math. Program. SMATE Symposium on Microjoining and Assembly Technolog} in Electronics Symp. Microjoining Assem. Technol. Electron. 3D 3D Architectures for Semiconductor Integration and Packaging 3D Architectures Semicond. Integr. Packag. ICEP Int. Conf. on Electronics Packaging Int. Conf. Electron. Packag. ICTP Int. Conf. on Thermal Phenomena Int. Conf. Therm. Phenom. ISEM International Symposium on Experimental Mechanics Int. Symp. Exp. Mech. IEEE IEEE EuroSimE IEEE EuroSimE Annual International KGD Packaging and Test Workshop Annu. Int. KGD Packag. Test Workshop IMAPS IMAPS Advanced Technology Workshop on Advanced 3D Packaging IMP AS Adv. Technol. Workshop Adv. 3D Packag. ISPSD International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices Int. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices IEEE IEEE Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference IEEE Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Conf. APEC Applied Power Electronics Conference Appl. Power Electron. Conf. ITHERM Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems Intersoc. Conf. Therm. Thermomech. Phenom. Electron. Syst. CPES CPES Power Electronics Seminar CPES Power Electron. Semin. ASM Annual Symposium on Microelectronics Annu. Symp. Microelectron. ICMM Int. Conf. on Multichip Modules Int. Conf. Multichip Modules ICMMHDP Int. Conf. on Multichip Modules and High Density Int. Conf. Multichip Modules High IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—64 Packaging Density Packag. LEOC Lasers and Electro-Optics Conference Lasers Electro-Opt. Conf. EPEP Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging Top. Meet. Elect. Perform. Electron. Packag. IEEE/ACM IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Computer-Aided Design IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Comput.-Aided Des. IEEE IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. ISAP International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. ACM/IEEE ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference ACM/IEEE Des. Autom. Conf. IEEE IEEE International Microwave Symposium IEEE Int. Microw. Symp. IMS International Microwave Symposium Int. Microw. Symp. DATE Design Automation and Test in Europe Des. Autom. Test Eur. ICMSMSSA Int. Conf. on Modeling Simulation of Microsystems, Semiconductors. Sensors, and Actuators Int. Conf. Model. Simul. Microsyst, Semicond., Sens.. Actuators ICSS Integrated Circuits and Svstems Symposium Integr. Circuits Syst. Symp. IEEE AP-S IEEE Advanced Packaging Society International Symposium Digest IEEE Adv. Packag. Soc. Int. Symp. Dig. AP-S Advanced Packaging Society International Symposium Digest Adv. Packag. Soc. Int. Symp. Dig. URSI URSI Radio Science Meeting URSI Radio Sci. Meet. ISEMC IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat. CAD Int. Conf. Computer-Aided Design Int. Conf. Comput.-Aided Des. ISPD International Symposium on Physical Design Int. Symp. Phys. Des. ICEAA Int. Conf. on Electromagnetics and Advanced Applications Int. Conf. Electromagn. Adv. Appl. IEEE/CPMT IEEE/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium IEEE/CPMT Int. Electron. Manuf. Technol. Symp. IEMTS International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium Int. Electron. Manuf. Technol. Symp. ASME ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo. IMECE International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo. ISM International Symposium on Microelectronics Int. Symp. Microelectron. CIGRE CIGRE Conference CIGRE Conf. COSMIC Cosmic Ray Conference Cosmic Ray Conf. CAS Conference on Applied Superconductivity Conf. Appl. Supercond. IEEE IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat. ISEC International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat. ASC Applied Superconductivity Conference Appl. Supercond. Conf. EMC European Microwave Conference Eur. Microw. Conf. IEEE IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium Digest IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Symp. Dig. APS Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium Digest Antennas Propag. Soc. Symp. Dig. IEEE APS IEEE APS Conference on Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications IEEE APS Conf. Antennas Propag. Wireless Commun. IEEE IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. VTC Vehicular Technology Conference Veh. Technol. Conf. IEEE WCNC IEEE Wireless Communication Networking Conference IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions—65 WCNC Wireless Communication Networking Conference Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. UWBST Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies Conf. Ultra Wideband Syst. Technol. IEEE IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and IEEE Conf. Ultra Wideband Syst. Technologies Technol. IWUWBS International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems Int. Workshop Ultra Wideband Syst. IEEE IEEE International Workshop on Ultra Wideband IEEE Int. Workshop Ultra Wideband Systems Syst. PIMRC International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor, Mobile Radio Mobile Radio Communications Commun. IEEE IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, IEEE Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor, Mobile and Mobile Radio Communications Radio Commun. ASILOMAR Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput. IEEE/ACES IEEE/ACES Int. Conf. Wireless Communications and IEEE/ACES Int. Conf. Wireless Applied Computational Electromagnetics Commun. Appl. Comput. Electromagn. ICWCACE Int. Conf. Wireless Communications and Applied Int. Conf. Wireless Commun. Appl. Computational Electromagnetics Comput. Electromagn. ISAP International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. IEEE IEEE Int. Conf. on Phased Array Systems Technology IEEE Int. Conf. Phased Array Syst. Technol. ICPAST Int. Conf. on Phased Array Systems Technology Int. Conf. Phased Array Syst. Technol. GLOBECOM IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. URSI General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science Gen. Assem. Int. Union Radio Sci. IEEE IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference Digest IEEE Radio Wireless Conf. Dig. RWC Radio and Wireless Conference Digest Radio Wireless Conf. Dig. AAAS Annual Antenna Applications Symposium Annu. Antenna Appl. Symp. ECWT European Conference on Wireless Technology Eur. Conf. Wireless Technol. IEEE IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless IEEE Top. Conf. Wireless Commun. Communications Tech. Dig. TCWC Topical Conference on Wireless Communications Technical Digest Top. Conf. Wireless Commun. Tech. Dig. ANTEM International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Int. Symp. Antenna Technol. Appl. Applied Electromagnetics Electromagn. ECFRSN European Conference on Fixed Radio Systems and Networks Eur. Conf. Fixed Radio Syst, Netw. CSNDSP International Symposium on Communication Systems, Int. Symp. Commun. Syst., Netw., Digital Networks, and Digital Signal Processing Signal Process. ECMAST European Conference on Multimedia Applications and Eur. Conf. Multimedia Appl. Serv. Services Technology Technol. URSI URSI General Assembly URSI Gen. Assem. SPIE SPIE International Symposium on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation SPIE Int. Symp. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. ISATI International Symposium on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation Int. Symp. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. IEEE IEEE Aerospace Conference IEEE Aerosp. Conf. SSDM Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference Struct. Struct. Dyn. Mater. Conf. WARS Workshop on Applications of Radio Science Workshop Appl. Radio Sci. IROS Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems Int. Conf. Intell. Robots Syst. IEEE/RSJ IEEE Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robots Syst. ICRA Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. IEEE IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL FOR AUTHORS III. 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