SKIING

   

   1.      Alpine skiing

   -          at ski resorts, on trails

   -          lifts, funiculars

   -          snowmaking equipment

   -          techniques:  snowplough (wedge) – to control speed, turn (shift weight), stop;  –
   tips  

                                                                   together, tails apart

                             step turn – stepping onto the outer ski

                             stem turns – pushing one ski out to the side

   

   2.      Nordic skiing

   -          trails, cross-country centres

   -          techniques:  diagonal stride (walking) – poles to propel forward;

                             skating stride (skating)

                             herringbone (climbing)

   

   3.      Equipment

   -          Ski – steel edges

   -          alpine skiing – “shaped, carving, parabolic” skis – specially designed to make it
   easier to carve a turn

   -          wax, boots, bindings, poles – basket, helmets, goggles

   

   4.      Competition

          I Alpine: skiers run courses through a series of gates

   -          Slalom – two runs, the skier with fastest combined time from both wins; tightly set
   gates, precision required

   -          Giant Slalom – longer than slalom, gates further apart, helmets required

   -          Super Giant Slalom – courses longer than giant

   -          Downhill – the fastest, most dangerous, long, few gates, helmets, very long skis
   for greater stability, tight suits

   -          Combined – slalom and downhill

   

   II Nordic:

   -          Racing – from 5km sprints to 50km marathons, combination of uphills, downhills,
   flats; individual, relays(men 15,30,50; women 5,10,30); diagonal stride, in freestyle –
   skating; world cup relay men-4 times 10, women 4 times 5km.

   -          Jumping – ski down an inrun to takeoff point, land on a steep hill, classified
   according to the average distance jumped; V technique – most aerodynamically successful

   -          Nordic combined – jumping + cross-country (two rounds of 90m jumps and 15km race)

   

III Freestyle: borrows movements from gymnastics, figure skating, scored by judging

   -          Acroski – jumps, spins to music, one 90 sec run

   -          Moguls – runs on a moguled slope with two jumps

   -          Aerials – two jumps

   

IV Other

   -          biathlon – cross-country racing + shooting – 20km (4km periods – shooting); penalty
   system – extra time added for inaccurate shots