* In Pairs: rewrite the above sentences using your own words so that the meaning of the sentence
doesn’t change:

a)      Systolic blood pressure response to exercise has been shown in some studies to predict the
development of hypertension in men.

Various studies have shown that the development of hypertension in men can be predicted by systolic
blood pressure response to exercise.


a)      Emotional distress in women during pregnancy has been shown by Edwards (2017) to increase
the risk of adverse outcomes for women and newborns.

Edwards (2017) demonstrated that the risk of adverse outcomes for women and newborns is increased
in women who have emotional distress during pregnancy.


b)      Many studies have shown that teachers are positive about integrating children whose
disabilities are not likely to require extra time or attention from the teacher.

It has been reported widely that so long as extra time or attention is not required from the
teacher, the integration of children with disabilities is viewed positively by teachers.


5. Reporting
Verbs

A common way of referring to the original author in your paraphrase is to use his or her name with
a reporting verb.

* What do these reporting verbs mean? Provide a synonym or definition and use it in context:
eg: reveal – to show or uncover something; from his work, the author has revealed more information
about….

identify:  to establish who or what something/someone is; unfortunately the authors were not able
to accurately identify several significant methodological problems.

indicate: to point out or show; our research has indicated a clear relationship between….

deny: to refuse to admit the truth or existence of something; several authors have denied that this
possibility may exist, however….

evaluate: to assess, form an idea about something; previous studies have only evaluated acute
symptoms, however the current study has included both acute and chronic forms of the disease.

define: state or describe exactly the meaning or nature of something; Our study has attempted to
define the most effective process of injury rehabilitation for those people with….

state: express something definitely, clearly; Previous research has clearly stated that individuals
who participate in weekly training regimes…

demonstrate: to clearly show something; Our work has clearly demonstrated that warming up prior to
exercise is more effective than…

accept: to believe or recognize that something is valid or correct; We all need to accept the
reality that global warming and climate change is real….

claim: to state or assert that something is the case or true; Edwards (2019) claimed that this is a
global problem, however our research has indicated that….

classify: to arrange in classes / groups according to shared characteristics; One previous paper
classified their participants into wider age ranges than the current study, however…

contest: to oppose or disagree with something as wrong; Smith (2018) concluded that organic food is
no healthier than a non-organic diet, however another study contested this view…