Homework: 1. Study the rules for making questions, then create a quiz about Olympic games (at least 4 questions). For example: When were the modern Olympic games held for the first time 2. Do the TASK Listening: Human body (in this document) 3. Complete all the exercises in this document and look at the topics in “interaktivní osnova” 4. Sports Around the World 5. History of Sport 6. Basic Human Anatomy Revision: Read the following statements and complete the correct preposition. Then talk to your partner – do you agree with these statements? Why, why not? 1. If I don’t understand a word, I look it _____ in a dictionary. 2. I don’t listen _____my teacher if I want to know what to do in the seminar. 3. When learning a language, I don’t focus _____learning new vocabulary. 4. Accept Imperfection: If I get rid _____the fear of making a mistake, I will learn the language a whole lot easier. 5. Putting an emphasis _____realistic situations will help me profoundly to learn a foreign language. 6. It is not necessary to be aware _____how the language actually works, you just need to understand it. 7. No one but you is responsible _____your own learning progress. 8. We can use the context to work _____the meaning of unknown words. 9. To effectively learn a new language, you have to come up _____ a consistent study routine that includes daily practice, varied resources, and interactive activities. Key: 1up, 2to, 3on, 4 of, 5on, 6 of, 7 for, 8 out, 9 with Sports Around the World Sport is no longer a matter of simply playing games. It is a way of life for people all over the world. It can also be an international language, a force for peace or a political weapon as well as business. Sport is something that touches our lives to a lesser or greater degree. Some sports are global, others are more localised. Many sports have changed through the ages, others have stayed essentially the same for hundreds of years. QUESTIONS Can you give examples of global and local sports? Are there any sports played exclusively in the Czech Republic? What are the sports with a long history? What are the most recent sports and games? CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS Stadium Team Sports American Football, Football, Rugby, Baseball, Softball, Cricket, Hockey Court Games Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, Tennis, Squash Athletics Track Events, Field Events Gymnastics Men´s, Women´s Gymnastics (Artistic); Rhythmic Gymnastics Combat Sports Boxing, Wrestling, Sumo Wrestling, Martial Arts Water Sports Swimming, Rowing, Canoeing, Windsurfing, Diving, Scuba Diving Winter Sports Skiing, Ski Jumping, Bobsleigh, Snowboarding, Skating, Ice Hockey Activity/ Adventure Sports Cycling, Mountain Biking, Skateboarding, Inline Skating, Mountaineering, Paragliding TASK Add to the list more sports you know. Give characteristics of sports you like best. VOCABULARY Exercise 1: What sports are the people probably talking about? 1. It is all a matter of balance really. 2. You need a good eye and a lot of concentration. 3. The women´s downhill starts at ten. 4. After his performance on the rings, he´ll be hoping for something better on the horse. 5. You get sore at first and can hardly sit down, but you get used to it after a while. 6. The next big race is the 800 metres, in which Sarah Gates represents Great Britain. 7. It´s incredibly noisy, fast and dangerous, but exciting to watch. 8. And so Clare Downs wins the 100 metres freestyle to add to her victory in breaststroke. Exercise 2: Read this text and choose the best alternative from the four choices given to fill each gap. To be good at whatever sport you (1) _________ , you need to (2) ____________ a lot of time and energy on it. Professional footballers, for example, need to develop particular (3) ______________ , like passing the ball and tackling, but they also need to improve their endurance and general (4)_____________ . They (5) ___________ most days. This usually involves running around the (6)______________ and doing lots of exercises. 1. A do B make C play D take 2. A give B spend C use D waste 3. A abilities B characteristics C strategies D skills 4. A state B fitness C form D image 5. A prepare B perform C rehearse D train 6. A pitch B court C grass D pool Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the expressions given below. tournament record score beat win opponent 1. Who do you think will……………….? 2. Sweden…………… Portugal 2-0. 3. She´s a very difficult ………………… 4. What was the final…………………..? 5. It´s an incredible time – I think he has broken the world …………….. 6. It´s a five-day………………….. Exercise 4: Complete the following phrases with either win or beat. 1. …a medal 2. …a trophy 3. …your rival 4. …a race 5. …the champion 6. …a competition 7. …the hot favourite 8. …by two seconds 9. …the first round match 10. …the championship Key: Exercise 2: 1do, 2spend, 3skills, 4fitness, 5train, 6 pitch Exercise 3: 1win, 2beat, 3opponent, 4 score, 5record, 6 tournament Exercise 4: beat: 3, 5, 7, otherwise win The History of Sports and Competition Before you read Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right: 1. To chase 2. Tool 3. To bring about 4. To domesticate 5. Patient 6. Keen on 7. Spectacle A) to train an animal to live with humans B) to follow sb. or sth. in order to catch them C) an instrument held in hand D) to make sth. happen, to cause a change E) an unusual and impressive event or sight F) able to wait for a long time G) wanting to do sth., very interested The Origins of Sports It is possible to search for the origins of sports in primitive matters of survival. Some sports and disciplines such as running and throwing can be associated with chasing and killing animals. Tools that were once used for killing have been transformed into symbolic instruments like bats, rackets and clubs. The coming of farming brought about a revolutionary change in the human way of living – hunting skills were no longer needed. Instead, farmers had to develop the skills of domesticating and feeding animals, they had to be patient and responsible. Nevertheless, people still went hunting for pleasure and excitement. Greek civilisation is probably the first culture to integrate sports and competition into civic life. Athletic excellence was a heroic, mythical success. The Greek ambition was to win and little attention was paid to such things as “fairness”. Greeks were also very keen on physical perfection and part of the competition was to show the muscular bodies of men, but not women. One of the ideals of Greek games was kalos kai agathos. The games were probably less important as a spectacle than they were as a point around which to organize training. Fitness and strength were important qualities of warriors as much as sports performers. After you read Decide whether these statements are true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM): 1. Many sports are similar to the methods people once used for getting food. 2. When people started farming and domesticating animals, they did not want to hunt any more. 3. The best Greek athletes were considered to be chosen by gods. 4. Women were allowed to take part in the Games. 5. The Games in ancient Greece were held primarily to entertain the crowds. Key: 1T, 2F, 3 NM, 4F, 5 F THE OLYMPIC GAMES Watch this video and complete the text below https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ot34DU6GQf4 Complete the text: The ancient Olympic Games were held in 1. _____________, Greece, every four year from at least 2. _____ BC, until they were banned by Emperor 3. ________________ in 389/393/394 AD. (date is unclear) Originally, there was only one race, a 4. __________ event, and the prize for the winner was an olive wreath. As time went on, other races and sports were added. A unique feature of the Games was that at the time of the staging, countries which were at 5. _____________ laid down their weapons, competed and returned to the war after the event. The Modern Olympics as we know it was the brain-child of a Frenchman 6._______________. He first proposed the idea of restaging the festivals of ancient Greece. In 1894 an Olympic Congress met in 7.___________ and decided to stage its first Modern Games in Athens in 8.________. The Games were not held in the years 1916, 9._______ and 1944 due to the First and Second World Wars. Key: 1 Olympia, 2 776, 3 Theodosius, 4 running, 5 war, 6 Piere de Coubertin, 7 Paris, 8 1986, 9 1940 Questions - Grammar What are you looking at?; What is she looking for?; Who are they talking to?; What do you agree with?; What will you pay for? What are you interested in? Who is she angry with? What they have been so worried about? TASK Do you know any interesting facts from the history of the Games? Prepare a few quiz questions for your colleagues. Topics for discussion • Ecological impact of the Olympics. • Impact of the Olympics on local people. • Commercialisation of the Olympics (e.g. sponsorship). • Security problems at the Olympics. • National and local government spending on sport. • The size of the Olympics. • Hosting the Olympics in this country/city Task Listening: Human body https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0 Listen and supply missing words : The human body is a network of ____________, ___________ and _____________. The infrastructure for other systems is provided by ______________, _______________, ________________ and ________________ systems. The skeletal system _____________ the body together, gives it _____________, and ________________ organs and tissues. The muscular system is composed of 3 types of muscles: _____________, ______________, _______________. The cardiovascular system comprises the ______________, _______________ and the _______________ itself. This system distributes ______________, white blood cells, ______________ and ______________ throughout the body. The nervous system consists of the _____________, the spinal ______________, _____________ and spinal nerves. The 3 regulation systems are: ______________, ____________, _______________. The endocrine system is a series of ______________ producing hormones. The lymphatic system is a collection of lymph ______________ and vessels which participate in the regulation of the body´s _________________. The urinary system is composed of ________________, ______________, ____________ and ______________. Waste material is expelled from the body as _______________. The systems supplying energy for all bodily functions are _____________ and ______________. Air goes through the _____________ cavity and is transported to the _______________. Food is first processed in the mouth, moves into the _____________, then into the _______________ and the ________________. Primary female sex organs are: _____________, fallopian tubes, the ______________, _____________. Primary male sex organs consist of ______________, _____________ channel. Basic anatomy Match the description with one of the systems. What organs do you associate with each of them? skeletal digestive lymphatic integumentary respiratory nervous reproductive urinary muscular circulatory endocrine 1. The ___________ system supports and protects, regulates body temperature, makes chemicals and hormones, and acts as a sense organ. 2. The ___________ system supports and protects, makes movement easier (with joints), stores minerals, and makes blood cells. 3. The ___________ system brings about body movement, maintains posture, and produces heat. 4. The ___________ system allows a person to communicate with the environment and integrates and controls the body. 5. The ___________ system secretes hormones into the blood that serve to communicate with, integrate, and control mechanisms. 6. The ___________ system transports substances through the body and establishes immunity. 7. The ___________ system is a subdivision of the circulatory system. It does not contain blood, but rather lymph, which is formed from the fluid surrounding body cells and diffused into lymph vessels. The major functions of this system are the movement of fluid and its critical role in the defense mechanism of the body against disease. 8. The ___________ system exchanges oxygen from the air for the waste product carbon dioxide, which is eliminated from the body. 9. The ___________ system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes solid waste. 10. The __ ___________ _______ system cleans waste products from blood in the form of urine and maintains electrolyte balance, water balance, and acid-base balance. 11. The ___________ system produces sex cells, allows transfer of sex cells and fertilization to occur, permits development and birth of offspring, nourishes offspring, and produces sex hormones. Key: 1integumentary, 2skeletal, 3muscular, 4nervous, 5 endocrine, 6 circulatory, 7 lymphatic, 8 respiratory, 9 digestive, 10 urinary, 11 reproductive Complete the following verbs in the correct form: COMPOSE, CONSIST, COMPRISE, PROTECT, MAKE, CONTAIN, SERVE, DIVIDE Skeletal system 1_________ of about 206 bones. The bones 2_________ as a shield and 3_________ the vital internal organs from injury. They are 4_________ of minerals, organic matter and water. In the bones, there is red and yellow bone marrow, the yellow marrow 5___________ fat cells. The spinal column is 6_________ up of vertebrae and spinal discs and it is 7_________ into several parts, e.g. cervical and thoracic. Humerus, ulna and radius 8____________ the upper limb. 1consists, 2 serve, 3 protect, 4 composed, 5 contains, 6 made, 7 divided, 8 comprise Task Reading: Read this text, underline any new vocabulary and learn them. Then answer the questions below. HUMAN ANATOMY The human body is a complex machine. It takes in and absorbs oxygen through the respiratory system. Then the blood is distributed through the cardiovascular system to all tissues. The digestive system converts food to energy and disposes of the rest. The skeletal-muscular system gives form to the body. And the skin covers the mass. It is the largest organ of the body. The science of the structure of this complicated "machine" is called anatomy. 1. One of the major systems is the SKELETAL-MUSCULAR SYSTEM. It consists of more than 200 bones and the muscles and tendons which are connected to them. They are strong but can bend at their joints. They also protect the vital internal organs from injury. Bones are as strong as steel but much lighter and more flexible. They are composed of minerals, organic matter, and water, held together by a substance called collagen, and are filled with red and yellow bone marrow. The red marrow produces the red blood cells which transport oxygen, while the yellow marrow consists primarily of fat cells. The bones are covered by periosteum. human skeleton Human skeleton The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. We are actually born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse together as a child grows up. These bones support your body and allow you to move. Bones contain a lot of calcium (an element found in milk, broccoli, and other foods). Bones manufacture blood cells and store important minerals. The longest bone in our bodies is the femur (thigh bone). The smallest bone is the stirrup bone inside the ear. Each hand has 26 bones in it. Your nose and ears are not made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible substance that is not as hard as bone. Joints: Bones are connected to other bones at joints. There are many different types of joints, including: fixed joints (such as in the skull, which consists of many bones), hinged joints (such as in the fingers and toes), and ball-and-socket joints (such as the shoulders and hips). Muscles control movement and many organic functions. Skeletal muscles are called voluntary because they can be consciously controlled. Other muscles, such as the stomach muscles and the heart, are involuntary and are operated automatically by the central nervous system. 2. The most important muscle in the body is the heart. Its rhythmic contractions are called the pulse rate. Without the heart and its CARDIOVASCULAR (circulatory) SYSTEM, human life would not be possible The human heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles. It functions in two phases - the contraction phase, called the systole, and relaxation phase called the diastole . The rest of the system consists of vessels which are: arteries, veins, arterioles (small arteries), venules (small veins), and capillaries. 3. The cardiovascular system also carries hormones which are secreted by glands of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. 4. The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM starts at the nose, where air is breathed in during inspiration. It then passes through the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe) into the bronchi and bronchioles, and ends in little air pockets called alveoli within the lungs. The process is called respiration. 5. The largest organ in the body is the outer covering called skin plus its structures (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands, and specialized sensory receptors). They altogether make up the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. Skin protects the body from microbes and other impurities, prevents the loss of body fluids, and regulates body temperature. It consists of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutis (subcutaneous layer). 6. Another major body complex is the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, which processes the food so that it can be used for energy. The process begins in the mouth, where food is chopped and crushed by the teeth. The food then passes through the esophagus in the stomach. From there the food passes into small intestine, where it is absorbed. 7. What cannot be absorbed is passed out through the large intestine as feces. Liquid wastes are eliminated through the URINARY SYSTEM. They are picked up by the blood and removed by the kidneys. From there they pass through the ureter, bladder, a urethra, and are excreted from the body as urine. 8. Closely associated with the urinary system is the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, by which human life is carried on to future generations. The basic male reproductive system consists of two testicles, producing sperms, the penis and the prostate. The female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, the uterus, two ovaries, which produce the ova. 9. The NERVOUS SYSTEM controls all other systems and bodily movements. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of the nerves that connect muscles and sensory organs with the central nervous system. The brain is not only the most important component of the nervous system; it is also the controller of all bodily activities, thoughts, and emotions. English terms denoting parts of the human body: ankle arm navel chest chin ear elbow eye fingers foot hand head heel hip knee leg mouth nose neck shin shoulder thigh toes waist wrist Label the human body diagram using the word list above. body to label Human anatomy – short quiz 1. What is the largest organ of the body? 2. What is the main function of the skeletal-muscular system? 3. What is the most important muscle in the body and why? 4. How many pairs of ribs are there in the human body? 5. How are blood vessels divided? 6. Describe the passages of the respiratory system. 7. Name the structures of skin. 8. What are the main layers composing the skin? 9. What are the main parts of the digestive system? 10. Where do the liquid wastes pass from the kidneys? 11. How is the nervous system divided? 12. How are muscles divided? Skeletal system song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAUaMLP9qMM Cranium the _____, eight bony plates will merge Jawbone I have heard _____is the word The scapula and _____, shoulder – collarbone Backbone is _____ Then there is the _____, it is made up of three Ilium and pubis, ischium helps legs swing And together they help you run and play and move _____in night and day Refrain: Like a _____maybe it protects it and gives body _____ Here are the parts of _____ Short, long, _____, irregular They are hard, protect your _____and they’re inside you Here are the parts of _____ From feet to face it is a system _____moving, la la la They are inside you Here are the parts, here are the parts Hello my name is … Humerus, arm _____and radius Where? In the _____ Thigh bone is femur, _____, knee Coccyx, it was once a _____ Tibia and fibula make up the _____ Tarsals are in the ankle, _____are the foot bones The _____, they are your toes Yeah, just like your finger bones, like Refrain Here are the parts – _____skeleton Made up of backbone, skull, _____for the lungs On imaginary line or around Middle of us, here it is, the line’s down. Here are the parts of _____ Made up of bones on both sides of the line They help you dance like your legs and your arms Namely your _____and pelvis, I’m done Refrain m Ex. 2. Complete synonyms carpus trachea sternum clavicle thorax tibia maxilla digit cervix talus scapula cranium spine mandible patella femur ulna oesophagus wrist, breast bone, chest/rib cage, upper jaw, neck, shoulder blade, backbone/vertebral column, knee, elbow (bone), windpipe, collar bone, shin bone, finger, ankle bone, skull, lower jaw, thigh bone, gullet