Appendix: Tables 1 and 2 Table 1 What theories of International Relations understand by the concept of national interests Theoretical approach Realism English School Marxism critical Liberalism Constructivism Conception of the national interest Means & purpose Obligations The nation has a common interest in its survival & security in an anarchical world Military power St alliances Interests are permanent Sc unaffected by ideology or changes in government No duty to aliens or to advance internationalist ideals Enlightened self-interest Obligations to humanity may override national interests Wrong to set policy without regard for its impact on others & international morality Broader definition of interests Universal interests mean parochial attachments may need to be relinquished Cosmopolitan & Internationalist National interest conceals class divisions in capitalist societies Bourgeoisie seeks to pass off its interests as national interests No common economic interests in class-divided societies State is ruled by ruling class National interests will surrender to class interests Anti-statist & ambiguous about role of national interests State can be captive to special interests National interest leads to protectionism & corruption of markets (foreign investment) Globalisation: free trade & unrestricted commerce take priority Identity Sc interests are symbiotic -social construction Inter-subjective (ideational) rather than material Shared ideas & normative practice changes as do interests - not permanent Political & cultural context of policy & interpretation States have corporate interests not reducible to individuals Table 2 Examples and problems with theoretical approaches to the national interest Theoretical Realism approach English School Marxism critical Liberalism Constructivism Examples Common interest in territorial integrity & deterring invasion East Timor (Jakarta lobby) Problems Persecuted minorities Secessionists Shifting boundaries Military-industrial sector Global challenges? Nations without states (Kurds) Refugees Human rights St Aid Arms control & disarmament Environmental challenges Humanitarian intervention Challenges to international society Sc universality (Asian values, Islamist terror, religion & culture) Disparities of wealth & income under market capitalism - winners & losers from free trade What about the persistence of nationalism? Divisions within ruling class (trade policy) Globalisation is eroding state sovereignty Sc relevance of national interests Physical survival, autonomy, economic well-being, collective self-esteem (Wendt) Norms of appropriate behaviour Nation-states remain States as moral agents preferred political community despite economic globalisation Politics engenders nationalist thinking too? Relationship between material & ideational interests? Role of nationalism?