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The Emotive Context of
Terrorism: Let's Stop Demonizing
& Instead Try to Understand
"Terrorism" as "Political Violence"
Spring 2010
Masaryk University
Department of Int'l Relations & European Studies
Dave McCuan
World Trade Center, NYC
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Pentagon
Let's Start With FOUR Terrorism Myths
* #1: Most terrorism is perpetrated by Muslims
from the Middle East;
* #2: Terrorists are crazy;
* #3: Terrorism can be defeated;
* #4: Terrorists are poor, uneducated, and have
few prospects.
* All four are FALSE.
* You should ask: What drives these biases &
representations?
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The Emotive Context of Nuclear Terrorism
* Announcement, Friday afternoon, Washington, D.C.,
THE WHITE HOUSE:
* Robert Gibbs, Press Secretary to President Obama,
announced at the of the briefing: "April 12th and
13th the President will host the Nuclear Security
Summit at the Washington Convention Center --
obviously here in Washington, D.C. The purpose of
the summit is to discuss steps we can collectively
take to secure vulnerable nuclear materials and
prevent acts of nuclear terrorism. As the President
stated in Prague, in April 2009, nuclear terrorism is
the most immediate and extreme threat to global
security."
Recent Acts of Terrorism
Specific Acts of Terrorism ­ Any Commonalities for Our
Understanding?
World Trade Center I Attack, February 26,1993
Oklahoma City April 19,1995
US Embassy Bombings August 7,1998
USS Cole October 12, 2000
September 11, 2001
Madrid Train, March 11, 2004
London, July 7, 2005
Mumbai, November 2008
Austin, TX, two weeks ago, February 2010
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Definitions
­ Many
­ Ambiguous
­ Are terrorists "freedom fighters"?
­ Matter of perception?
­ What is the relationship between insurgency
and terrorism? Are all insurgents terrorists?
Are all terrorists insurgents?
Defining Terrorism
Defining Terrorism: Problematic
1. Political Agenda
2. Violence/Threat of as the method(s)
3. Civilians as Targets
4. Emotive Context (includes Publicity &
Psychological Effects of Actions)
5. Rational? Thoughtful? A Political
(Electoral) Campaign of Sorts?
6. Structural and/or Ecological
Explanations? Directed Network
effects?
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1. Political Agendas: See URLs
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
* HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance
Movement, see:
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/
mideast.asp for more info)
* Sinn Fein home page (political wing of
Provisional Irish Republican Army,
www.sinnfein.org )
* Hizbollah home page (see:
http://english.hizbollah.tv/index.php
2. Violence: The Terrorist "Logic"
Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy in a
direct fight, so...
Terrorist
Violence &
Threat Logic
Causes pain
and fear
in targeted
audience
Publicizes
a political
agenda
Public
demands
change in
gov't policy
Coercion
of gov't;
pressure to
change policy
Change
in
gov't
policy
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The "Logic" at Work: Spain 2004
* Spain supports US in Iraq
* People's Party (PP) in favor of Spanish
intervention
* Socialist Worker's Party wants to withdraw;
* AQ warns Spain to leave or face reprisal;
* Parliamentary elections on 3/14;
* PP favored, but targeted, both militarily
(civilian soft targets) and politically in
electoral terms
The "Logic" at Work: Spain 2004
March 11
attack on
train station;
200 killed;
1400
wounded
Voters
fear
more
reprisals
Debate on
Spanish
Iraq policy
takes
center stage
Electoral
Surprise;
PP loses;
Worker's
Party wins
PP blames
ETA; fears
linkage of
bombs
to Iraq policy
New gov't
led by
Worker's
Party
Changes
policy
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Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004
3. Target Civilians
Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003
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4. Emotive Context: Publicity &
Psychological Spillover Effects
Munich 1972
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5. What is Terrorism?
Is it criminal? Or
War? Or is it a form of
political violence, common
to world history and politics?
Does it have an "agenda" to
it, a campaign of sorts?
Typology? A Start
1. Ideological
2. Ethno-nationalist/separatist
3. Narco-Terrorism
4. Religious nationalism/extremism
5. Linked, network effects or
hiearchies?
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Expectation and Frustration
expectations expectation
gap
reality
Time
Relationships Between Operations,
Support, Administration, & Leaders
"The Visual Complexity of Terrorism"
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Religious Splits & Terrorism - Example
Example of Expectation & Frustration
Gap in the World
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Threat & Technique(s) ­ Critical for
Validity: Suicide Bombing as Example
Geography = Tactics
& Techniques
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Threat & Technique: On the High Seas
http://www.icc-ccs.org/
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Motives: London, July 7, 2005
What Makes a Terrorist?
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Networks of Like-Minded Communities of Individuals?
Or Organizational Hierarchies? Or a "Club" of Interests?
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Countering
Terror ­
How?
What's
Effective?
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Tracking the Terror Threat ­ Tests of Credibility
* Organizational links, tools
* Operational links, tools
* Which groups have motivation & tools to wage credible
attacks?
* Which groups can adapt to pressure & CT influences
while undergoing transition?
* Where / when are groups vulnerable?
* When / under what conditions do groups find it difficult to
operate?
* Can you / how do you "split" cells of terrorists?
6. Structure & Effects: Terrorism is
about means not ends!
Compare two independence movements
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Key Question For Students of
Terrorism & Political Violence:
So, what distinguishes "terrorism'
in the post-9/11 era?
Three operating variables:
1. Goals;
2. Methods; and
3. Organization
of `new' terror groups as opposed to `old' terror groups