}beliefs, symbols, practices (e.g. rituals) based on the idea of sacrum and the unification of
believers within a social-religious community


}beliefs (e.g. discrimination, tolerance, religious freedom, ban on persecution)
}religious symbols (in the public realm)
}practices (executing religious practices, rituals, holidays, holding on to diets etc.)
}canon of norms and values (axiological systems, women’s role in the society, moral norms - e.g.
abortion and contraception)
}socio-religious community (internal organisation, hierarchy, relations in the community, state
subsidies)
}

}descriptive pluralism - the fact of the existence of different groups, phenomena and traditions in
a certain social order;
}pluralism in a normative sense - acceptance and inclusion of pluralism in the legal system (for
instance, in normative acts, documents, political programmes)

}The pluralistic character of society does not determine state secularism but:
}secularisation contributes to the de-monopolisation of religious traditions so (…) it leads to a
pluralistic situation /Beckford/

}Luckmann: links between structural pluralisation of society and the erosion of Christian monopoly
}
}Theory of religious market

}Martin: where a religious monopoly exists, society is divided into two fighting parties, one of
which defends religion
}Where at least two religions (or different forms of one religion - the so-called inter-religious
pluralism) appear, such a situation does not take place
}

}State neutrality- an a-religious state?
}Concepts of neutral public space
}Neutrality and secular states
}Neutrality and laic states
}Neutrality and states with established churches

}Inclusive neutrality: the concept of secular state which is ‘open’ to religion
}
}Exclusive neutrality: the state forms the ‘lowest common denominator’

}Laicism - anti-religious and anti-clerical ideology, a certain ‘model’, ideological and
theoretical concept of state and society
}
}Laïcité - the idea of the separation of church and state and is defined as a-religious and
pro-civil (Trigg 2007)
}
}

}a system that excludes churches from having political or administrative power, especially from
organising public education
}the separation (between secular and religious societies), in which churches have no political
power

}Laicisation: Catholic societies
}Secularisation: Protestant societies
}/F. Champion/
}Or:
}Laicisation: political level
}Secularisation: social level

}concepts of division/ separation between the political and the religious
}Secular states – accept the presence of religion in the public sphere
}Laic states- religion as a private, individual matter

}radical and moderate secularity
}internal (the status of lay church members) and external (respect for mutual autonomy of sacrum
and profanum)
}closed and open (to other forms of religion, tradition and values)
}

}an individual’s rights to make their ideas and convictions in religious affairs visible and to
manifest them individually or collectively, privately or publically, and to act in accordance with
one’s convictions

}freedom of reflections and philosophical-ethical searches, of expressing thoughts and convictions,
of conversion and proselytism as well as of forming new religious communities
}Freedom vs. equality – e.g. a ban to veil one’s face; position of religious communities
}Direct (explicit) or indirect regulations
}