The Neolithic Revolution
and the Environment in Ancient
Sumer
ENV288 – Environmental History I
Department of Environmetnal Studies
Masaryk University
Spring 2016
Neolithic revolution
Was Agriculture the Greatest Mistake
in Human History?
1. Decline in available wild food
2. Climate change – expansion of wild
plants
Wild barley, Jordan Valley, Israel
3. New technologies
Sickle
Reed basket – Fayum, Egypt, 5,000 BC
4. Rising population densities – ratchet
effect
Lepensky vir, Serbia
9,000-7,000 B.C.
The geographic origins of agriculture
Americas
Fertile crescent
The Fertile Crescent “Package”
Grains: two kinds of wheat, barley Pulses: chickpeas, peas, lentils
Flax
Plus sheep, goats, cattle
Spread of agriculture
Spread of agriculture in Europe
Steppe vegetation, South Moravia
The dawn of civilization in the Near
East
Jericho – 7,500 B.C.
Çatal Hüyük
7,500 B.C.-5,700 B.C.
Mesopotamia
Uruk
Ur
Ur
The Changing Environment in Writing
Wheat vs. Barley
For more on environmental collapses
see
• Butzer, Karl W. "Collapse, environment, and
society." Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 109.10 (2012): 3632-3639.
• Diamond, Jared M. 2005. Collapse: how
societies choose to fail or succeed. New York:
Viking.