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Media Society and Culture

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Frankfurt School
* The Institute for Social Research, part of the University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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* founded in 1924 and was devoted to the study of scientific Marxism
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*  Theodor W. Adorno (philosopher, sociologist and musicologist)
* Walter Benjamin (essayist and literary critic)
* Herbert Marcuse (philosopher)
* Max Horkheimer (philosopher, sociologist)
* Erich Fromm (Freudian analyst )
* Jürgen Habermas (philosopher and social theorist)
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Frankfurt School
* Main historical influences:
* The failure of proletarian revolutions in Western Europe, and the successful 1917 revolution in
Russia
* The rise of European Fascism
* Dominance of Monopoly Capitalism
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•“Critical theory” Critical of what?
* Current social conditions to bring hidden structures to light
* From political-economy determinism to mutual shaping among politics-economy-culture
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Culture Industry
* Adorno & Horkheimer
* Movies and radio need no longer pretend to be art,  The truth that they are just business is made
into an ideology
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* Interested parties explain the culture industry in technological terms…No mention is made of the
fact that the basis on which technology acquires power over society is greatest.
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* Use value -> Exchange Value
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* ‘Genuine’ or ‘autonomous’ art  VS  the products of the culture industry (Standardization)
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* Culture Industry
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* Art can provide an alternate vision of reality
* The radical character of autonomous art stems not from its content but from its form
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* Culture Industry - The triumph of instrumental reason over the role of culture
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* Standardized art does nothing to stimulate critical social reflection. Rather, it creates
standardized responses.
* Extinguishing the revolutionary potential of the masses, by providing relief from the stresses of
life under capitalism through brief and surface level distractions
* Culture Industry cements its audience to the status quo, and transforms culture itself into an
ideological medium of domination
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/view/