hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Far Left in Latin America Věra Stojarová CDS 441 Far Right and Left Parties peru 418 hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png latin_america hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png LA Political spectrum fidel_Castro_Hugo_Chavez hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Latin America •Unequality •Populism relies upon nationalism or indigenism •Seduction by charismatic leader able to distinguish from the traditional establishment •Always men with exception of Eva Perón – LA machismo •Populist origins are quite different from traditional while elite. (“The Turk” was the nickname of Carlos Menem (Syrian in origin), while Alberto Fujimori was “The Chinaman”, Evo Morales is indigenous, while Hugo Chávez is said to have the native physique of the Venezuelan people, former president of Ecuador, Abdalá Bucaram (parents were Lebanese) Néstor Kirchner (origins are Swiss and Chilean) •High public support •Mostly presidential systems without checks and balances •Fragile party system •Aim to create“new type of democracy“ usually ending with illiberal regime peru 418 hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Against the USA United we stand Left populism, socialism and indigenism • • •Venezuela: Hugo Chavez 1999-2013 •Bolivia: Evo Morales since 2006 •Argentina: Nestor Kirchner 2003-2007, Christina Fernandez de Kirchner since 2007 •Ecuador: Raffael Correa since 2007 •Cuba – Castro •Nicaragua – Sandinistas and ORtega • [USEMAP] morales hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Fidel Castro and Cuba •execution of about 500 police officers and others accused of being agents of the Batista regime •land reform, the nationalization of public utilities and the ruthless suppression of corruption, including closing down the gambling industry and evicting the American firms. hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Ernesto Che-Guevara •an Argentinian marxist and one of Castro’s closest advisers. •The coordinator of the economical reforms even having no economical education •Lost his interest in the internal Cuban affairs for the revolutionary movements in Dominican republic, Nicaragua, Panama, Guatemala, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, Kongo, guinea- Bissau, Angola, Kongo-Brazaville, Mosambik, Algeria, Ghana, Egypt and Ethiopia….. 210px-CheHigh hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Social conflict in Bolivia before Morales •Bolivia is South America's poorest country, with 60 percent of the population living below the poverty line, and 38 percent in extreme poverty," •Bolivia is 2nd after Venezuela with the natural reserves •30% Quechua, 30% Mestizo, 25% Aymara, 15% White •Exploitation of gas resources: capitalisation vs nationalisation •Coca eradication/cultivation •Military responses towards strikes •1964-85 junta, coups, counter coups, hyperinflation, •1985 -2005 transition to (weak) democracy • peru 489 hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Bolivia: Evo Morales •the first Native Bolivian president in history •announced the increase of the minimum wage by 50% •nationalizing most of Bolivia's natural gas fields •nationalised the oil and gas industries, begun redistributing land, cut public sector salaries and hopes to promote some legal uses of coca leaves. •Some have called the changes in Bolivia a democratic revolution. •close ties to governments in Venezuela and Cuba • • morales hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Bolivia: New constitution introduced by Evo Morales •Re-election: Allows Mr Morales to stand for re-election in Dec 2009 •Indigenous rights: Stresses importance of ethnicity in Bolivia's make-up. A whole chapter devoted to indigenous rights •Autonomy: Power decentralised, four levels of autonomy - departmental, regional, municipal and indigenous •Resources: Sets out state control over key economic sectors, state sovereignty over vast natural gas fields, redistribution of revenues to poorer parts of the nation •Judiciary: Indigenous systems of justice same status as official existing system. Judges will be elected, and no longer appointed by Congress. •Land: New limit on ownership 5,000 hectares (12,355). But measure not retroactive. • morales hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Evo Morales administration •Rise of tensions against redistribution •Anti-imperialism • morales hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Venezuela before Hugo Chavez •1820s-1935 caudillismo •1935-58 democratisation however interrupted by junta regime, universal suffrage, political parties, •1958-1998 transition towards democracy •Agreement from Punto Fijo – power in hands of two parties AD and COPEI, corporativism,nepotism, high oil revenues flowing through the government, corruption •1989 Caracaro protests – protest violently suppressed •1992 unsuccessful coup d etat, Chavez inprisoned and becomes national hero AD COPEI hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Venezuela: Hugo Chavez 1998-2013 •Bolivarian revolution •New constitution 1999: Reform of the judiciary power, More opportunities for referenda, Stronger presidential power, The role of the state in economy stronger, President can issue the decrees which have the power of law without consultation of approval by the parliament •The president term was extended to 6 years (5 before) with the right of re-election •Firstly popularity •Since 2001 increase in the opposition due to the nepotism, aggressive style, revolutionary extremist rhetoric •2002 unsuccessful coup d´etat organized by the opposition with the cooperation of oil company PDVSA, businessmen and USA • • chavez hugo fidel_Castro_Hugo_Chavez hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Venezuela under Hugo Chavez •New Constitution severely limits checks and balances •High government spending on populist policies •Maintained fixed exchange rate for a long time •Expanded role of the military •Nepotism and corruption •Stronger OPEC relationships à oil prices •Growing tensions: poverty, crime & corruption • FreeTirade-X hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wsxmod0TSAo (hugo chavez at un assembly, devil) •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlbJW7Bw1uQ (memorable speeches 2min) •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzQCQm77GK4 (last speech 18 min) hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Ecuador before Rafael Correa •1978 towards democracy •Weak democracy, permanent crisis •Correa since 2006, Hugo Chavez his mentor hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Ecuador: Rafael Correa •(1) a constitutional and democratic revolution, including a deep reform of state institutions, • (2) a moral revolution through a media campaign and tougher penalties against those guilty of corruption, •(3) an economic and productive revolution against the interests of big business, •(4) an education and health revolution through the creation of new social programmes, and •(5) a revolution for dignity, sovereignty and Latin American integration. hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Nicaragua - FSLN •Sandinistas against the Contras supported by the USA •nationalization of property owned by the Somozas and their supporters; • land reform; •improved rural and urban working conditions; free unionization for all workers, • price fixing for commodities of basic necessity; improved public services, housing conditions, education; equality for women; hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Intra-state conflicts and the far left •Peru- Shining Path •Colombia – FARC et al •Venezuela since 2014 •Paraguay: EPP (Ejercito del Pueblo Paraguayo and splinter Armed Farmers Group ACA since 2005 •Chiapas hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Mexico: Zapatistas and Chiapas • •Zapatista •1994 uprising in Chiapas •Presidential elections in 2000 and ceasefire •Subcomandante Marcos Zapatistas1 Subcomandante_Marcos •whose Liberation Army of the South (Ejército Libertador del Sur) fought during the Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land. • Zapata, his army and allies, including Pancho Villa at one point, fought for agrarian reform in Mexico and specifically the establishment of communal land rights for indigenous population. •January 1994 - Zapatistas in the state of Chiapas briefly took arms against the government, protesting alleged oppression and governmental indifference to poverty. • After 12 days of fighting, a cease-fire was negotiated that remains in effect. Since 1994 sporadic clashes have continued to occur between armed civilian groups, usually over disputed land claims. •As a presidential candidate, Fox promised to renew dialogue with the EZLN and address unresolved problems in the state. Following his inauguration, he ordered many troops out of Chiapas, dismantled roadblocks, closed military bases, and submitted revised peace accords to Congress. •Nonetheless, Chiapas has the largest military presence of any other state of the country. In August 2001, the peace accords became Mexican law, after having been passed by Congress and ratified by more than half of the state legislatures. •The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), has not accepted the laws passed, claiming they fail to address certain points. •Subcommandate Marcos, once spokesperson for the EZLN has proclaimed that he will oppose any form of government. hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowShort.png Mexico: Oaxaca •two armed groups in the state of Oaxaca •Revolutionary Democratic Tendency - Army of the People (TDR-EP) •Lucio Cabanas Barrientos Revolutionary Movement •Both of these are originally splinter groups of the People's Revolutionary Army EPR. •Neither is considered to have any conventional military capacity hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png PERU: The communist party of Peru -Shining path •1960´s •Abimael Guzman •Universities, intelectuals •Marxism-leninism, maoism •Terrorist activities flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso Pcpnovote hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png PERU: The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) • marxist-leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983 • communist state •In December 1996 Japanese embassy hostage crisis • MRTA •MRTA suffered from infighting as well as violent clashes with Maoist rival Shining Path, the imprisonment or deaths of senior leaders, and loss of leftist support. •Its last major action resulted in the 1997 Japanes embassy hostage crisis. fourteen MRTA members occupied the Japanese Ambassador's residence in Lima, holding 72 hostages for more than four months. hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png COLOMBIA: FARC/EP •Oldest,largest revolutionary guerilla group •the military wing of the communist party. •12,000-18,000 members •present in 35-40 percent of Colombia's territory •terrorist group •Peace accord 2016 •Alleged ties with venezuela and Ecuador FARc On June 23, 2016 a ceasefire accord was signed between the FARC Guerilla Army and the Colombian Government, in Havana, Cuba. Leaders of several Latin American countries which contributed to the deal, including Cuba and Venezuela, were present. A final peace accord will require a referendum to be approved.^[204] Under the accord, the Colombian government will support massive investment for rural development and facilitate the FARC's reincarnation as a legal political party. FARC promised to help eradicate illegal drug crops, remove landmines in the areas of conflict, and offer reparations to victims. FARC leaders can avoid prosecution by acts of reparation to victims and other community work Colombian peace agreement referendum, or FARC referandum, to ratify the final agreement on the termination of the Colombian conflict will be held on 2 October 2016. ^[1] hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Colombia: National liberation army ELN •Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) •Revolutionary, marxist, insurgent guerilla •since 1964 •3,500 to 5,000 guerrillas. •Perceived as terrorist group • ELMŇ Elnlogo hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png Colombia: Other guerilla/paramilitary groups •Ejército popular de liberación EPL •M-19 Movimiento 19 de Abril •Movimiento Quintín Lame handed in weapons together with EPL in 1991 •Autodefensas unidas de colombia UAC – created in 1997 with the aim to unite and centralize all paramilitares. • hashOverlay-FullResolve.png HD-ShadowLong.png HD-ShadowShort.png chinchoneros •active in the 1980s in Honduras. •century Honduran peasant leader Serapio Romero (nicknamed Cinchonero), who was executed by the Catholic Church in 1865 for refusing to pay taxes. •The MPL was believed to be linked to other leftist movements in El Salvador, Cuba, and Nicaragua. •hijacking aircraft, kidnapping, and hostage-taking, often targeting international corporations in Honduras. •