Wahhabism and Governance Islamic Political Thought (BSS474) Josef Kraus Výsledek obrázku pro wahhabism History and Evolution of Wahhabism nDifferent evolution than other branches of salafism ¡Weak orthodoxy (Hanbali) ¡Barbarism and ignorance (jahiliyya) of Bedouins ¡Worshiping of people and graves (ziyara) + cults of caves, trees, magic etc. ¡Reaction by fundamentalists Výsledek obrázku pro old wahhabism History and Evolution of Wahhabism nMuhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 – 1792) ¡Cult of only one God (tawhid) and refusing of polytheism and idolatry (shirk) ¡God created people to worship him, people‘s duty to do so ¡Small shirk – showing of religiousness (riya) ¡Big shirk – people and graves worshipping, sacrificing to other God, any mediation between people and God, belief in magic Výsledek obrázku pro Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab History and Evolution of Wahhabism nCurrent society in jahiliyya, people are unbelievers nMigration (hijra) from jahiliyya to the world of Islam is a duty of each Muslim nibn Abd al-Wahhab tried to convert Bedouins to true Islam nIt is necessary to fight polytheist like the Prophet nUnbeliever is the one, who doesn‘t believe in Quran and Sunnah, or who doesn‘t practice, or refuses to pay zakat, or go to Mecca Saud – Abd al-Wahhab Agreement nImportance of connection to Saudi state nFirst Saudi state 1744 ¡Ibn Abd al-Wahhab gave a promise of loyalty to the king Muhammad ibn Saud ¡Ibn Saud promised to support Wahhabism, jihad and to spread sharia among people ¡Ibn Saud married ibn Abd al-Wahhab‘s daughter nOrdering the good, forbidding the bad ¡Zakat collection, praying time, hajj… ¡ Tensions within Ottoman Empire nConflict with Ottoman rule ¡Disrespect to Ottoman authority by Wahhabis ¡Endangering pilgrimages to Mecca ¡Worsening of a security situation in Arabian Peninsula ¡Destroying of graves of Muhammad‘s party members ¡1801 plundering and looting of Karbala ¡ nPropaganda campaign against Wahhabism nArmed campaign 1811 – 1818 – destroying of the first Saudi state Wahhabi and Saudi Exile nIbn Saud captured, moved to Istanbul and executed nRest of Saudi and Ibn Abd al-Wahhabi family to Egypt nContact with other Islamic thoughts nSulaiman ibn Abd al-Wahhab ¡A Muslim who doesn't demonstrate his hate to polytheist is an apostate and not being a part of Muslim community nAbdul Rahman ibn Hasan (grandson) studied in al-Azhar university – discovered Ibn Taymiyya thoughts ¡Returned to the second Saudi state (1824 – 1891) to become highest judge in Riyadh ¡Second Saudi state destroyed, interruption of Wahhabi tradition Wahhabism and Saudi State nThe third Saudi state (since 1902) – Abdul Aziz ibn Saud conquered Riyadh nCampaign to a country islamization nPressure upon Bedouin tribes ¡Forced to live in colonies ¡Harb, Mutayr, Utayba… tribes ¡ nTheir members left jahiliyya, accepted Wahhabism and called themselves an ikhwan (brothers) nIkhwan the most fanatic and the most combative power n Ibn Saud.jpg Wahhabism and Saudi State nAt the first Abdul Azis used ikhwan, but soon they criticized the Kingdom – too secular, connections with foreigners, bringing innovations (bid‘a) nSolution by military force (with British help) nWith the support of ulama of Riyadh ¡No disobedience or rebellion to the ruler is legal ¡ nUlama accepted Abd al-Aziz‘s position of the king ¡The king is a secular leader, not a head of Wahhabism ¡Ulama helped to implement innovations (maslaha) Wahhabism and Saudi State nAbdul Aziz ibn Baz – 40s, 20th century – fatwa forbidding the employment of non-Muslim foreigners nIbn Saud disagreed, ibn Baz in jail, accepted the threat of schism towards the state – finally took it back Výsledek obrázku pro Abdul Aziz ibn Baz 1940 Wahhabism and Saudi State nSince 50s – mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh ¡Believed in excommunication (takfir) of individuals and countries ¡Who doesn‘t rule according to divine rule is despot (taghut) and infidel (kufar) ¡Duty to migrate (hijra) from unislamic world ¡Prohibition of any social contact with polytheists ¡Censorship – no photos etc. ¡Solidarity with oppressed Muslims – opening to them ¡1961 – Islamic University of Madinah established (contrary to al-Azhar) Výsledek obrázku pro Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh Wahhabism and Saudi State n1962 – modernization by prince Faisal - abolition of slavery n1964 – Faisal became a king – internationalization of Wahhabism ¡The idea of panislamism - counterbalance to panarabism ¡Establishment of religious foundations and charities abroad ¡ nContinued during king Khalid‘s rule (1975) nTwo threats for the kingdom in 1979 ¡Juhayman al-Utaybi rebellion ¡Islamic revolution in Iran and Shia emancipation n n80‘s – the rise of social conservatism and regime tightening ¡Supervision over morality and religious duties, ¡Active support of armed jihad in Afghanistan and other places Wahhabism and Saudi State nAccepting of religious refugees – mainly Muslim Brotherhood ¡Ideology closeness ¡Inspired by Sayyid Qutb ¡Affection and competition of MB to Wahhabism ¡ nRabee al-Madkhali ¡The method of al wala wa al bara – loyalty and disavowal ¡Disqualification of any different religious thought ¡Using takfirism (verses 5:44) nDo not fear people, but fear Me. And do not sell My revelations for a cheap price. Those who do not rule according to what God revealed are the unbelievers. (kafirun) Takfiri and Takfirism nA takfiri is a Muslim who accuses another Muslim (or an adherent of another Abrahamic faith) of apostasy nAccusation itself is called takfir nDerived from the word kafir (unbeliever - infidel) nUsed not only for infidels, but also for apostates nKafir is sometimes used interchangeably with mushrik, those who commit polytheism nLegally only ulama can declare a kafir nOften misused by extremists Výsledek obrázku pro infidel baseball cap Wahhabism and Saudi State nMain takfiri ideologist Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi ¡Affected by qutbism ¡Takfir towards people and regimes (not against Saudi) ¡Two basic principles – to worship only one God, to excommunicate the one who doesn‘t ¡Be rude and unfriendly to polytheist ¡Use al wala wa al bara towards unbelievers and non-islamic regimes ¡Democracy is a sort of religion, object of worship = shirk n n90s – empowerment of Wahhabi clergy, the rise of extremism and intolerance towards foreign enemy – Christians, Jews, the West + fight against own Shia minority Mohammad bin Salman a Reformist? nCrown Prince‘s (since 2017) effort for modernization nSeveral successful reforms ¡regulations restricting the powers of the religious police ¡removal of the ban on female drivers ¡Saudi 2030 vision includes economic, social and religious change ¡ nBright future? ¡Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi ¡Game of Thrones? https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2018/02/27/Editorial-Opinion /Images/2018-02-21T170336Z_1594263203_RC1C6F275590_RTRMADP_3_SAUDI-DEFENCE-AEROSPACE-2778.jpg?uuid= _ZcgQhv4Eeid4RR90t84KQ Thank you for your attention! Výsledek obrázku pro saudi execution