Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
A GEOPOLITICAL OVERVIEW ON THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
THE APPROACH OF THE EURO-MED POLICY TOWARDS THE
COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTHERN FRONT (FROM MOROCCO TO
EGYPT)
Tullio D’Aponte
1. The Mediterranean Sea, a restless area.
Nowadays, geopolitical studies are more and more interested in dynamics and
assets which are typical of the Mediterranean area. At the beginning, before being
considered as center of power and economic relationships, the Mediterranean sea
has been a cradle of civilization, a cradle in which has been growing up our literary
and poetical tradition. In fact, everyone knows the great heritage, represented by
Homer’s poems, Archimedes’ astronomy and Strabone’s geography. In the last
century, the Mediterranean Sea was the cradle of some of the most important
intellectuals in the world (for example, Fernand Braudel1
, Predrag Matvejevic2
and
Georges Duby3
).
Nevertheless, in the last decades of 20th century, it was the same idyllic idea of
the Mediterranean Sea as a prosperous and peaceful place to create problem in the
international scientific debate.
In fact, it was no possible for the scientists to share a kind of ‘geopolitical
optimism’ because of different reasons: the decolonization, the Jewish exodus and
the struggle to build a new state in Israel let public opinion to think that
Mediterranean area is also full of contrasts, violence and war. In fact, the
Mediterranean area is a complex framework in which it is possible to find tolerance
and culture, but also discontinuity and contradiction, created by a different
territorial potentiality.
The geopolitical crisis is also linked with the ethnic complexity of the whole
Mediterranean area, in which different communities and religions live side by side:
in this case, the dialogue is not always simple.
It is possible to divide the whole Mediterranean framework in two parts: the
first is represented by the Northern part, in which the European Union could assure
1
He is the author of the essay The Mediterranean sea: space, history, protagonists and tradition,
which has been published in Italy in 1987.
2
He is the author of the book Mediterranean Compendium, published in 1987 and updated in 1991.
3
He is the author of Historical Atlas (1992).
78 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
to its citizens a high standard of life; the second is the Southern part of the
Mediterranean area and the Middle East, in which there is a great political
instability. This political instability, which has ancient and more recent roots,
damages not only the role and the importance of the territorial framework between
East and West Union, but also the political institutions based from Israel to Syria,
from Caspian Sea to Afghanistan.
On the other hand, the African border has overcome, in different ways shared
by local communities, the effects determined by French, Spanish and Italian
colonization.
In fact, in the recent years, in North Africa also the civil war, which has
determined a new political balance, has testified the development of a new, local
and common identity.
This new course, called “Arabic spring”, has been considered in different ways:
for example, in Morocco, the local government has opened a new season of
reforms4
, while in Tunisia a political system more democratic and ‘occidental’ has
been established. In Algeria, otherwise, the local government has defined positive
commercial relationships with European countries: these relationships are based on
the development of hydrocarbon market (from Algeria towards EU) and high
technology (from EU to Algeria).
Otherwise, the political framework in Libya is really different: after Gheddafi’s
death, it is not possible to establish a strong political system, damaged by the
contrast among local communities and clans. This situation is getting more and
more difficult, because Libya is the center of hydrocarbon market in North Africa.
Furthermore, in Egypt, the same concept of democracy is passing a period of
deep crisis, because of violent conflicts determined by religious reasons, among
local clans and political parties: these conflicts are contained by the armed forces
of local government.
This strong geopolitical complexity has deeply changed the same concept of
Mediterranean philosophy, which could not be expressed in a single and limited
territorial framework, but in a small world with its contradictions and conflicts.
According to our point of view, nowadays we can only think about a “broaden”
Mediterranean sea, analyzing these three concepts:.
4
Despite the opposition, in the recent April 2014, the President Boutefika was re-elected on the first
ballot. The country's political stability is ensured by a balance of power between the presidency
crossing, executive, military, administration and judiciary. In 1992, after the unexpected electoral
victory of the Islamic Salvation Front, to stop the bloody anti-Western actions by the
Fundamentalists, the Secret Service's Gen.Le Mohamed Médiene realizzòuna violent repression,
which led to the marginalization of the FIS and the stabilizzione the power of Boutefika, supported by
the Army.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 79
• Progressive dynamism, because the Mediterranean, with its numerous
countries, is the center from which our modern democracy will grow up. In
this process of democratization, European Union will play a fundamental
role, mediating between North Africa and Middle East;
• Commercial perspective and transnational relationships, because, in the middle
term, the Mediterranean Sea will be the main corridor of international market,
thanks to an interactive dialogue between West and East countries;
• Geopolitical strategy, in order to imagine the Mediterranean Sea as the first
guarantee for the stability of a “broaden” Middle East, until Caucasus, HinduKush
and Afghanistan. In this “broaden” Middle East it is possible to build a
new form of ethnic and religious dialogue, based on the same Mediterranean
roots.
2. The “broaden” Mediterranean Sea
In geopolitics studies, the concept of “broaden” Mediterranen Sea is not only based
on a geographic point of view, but on a transnational one. In fact, thinking about a
broaden Mediterranean Sea means that there is not only a common geographic
framework among Mediterranean nations, but also an economic and political one. For
this reason, the broaden Mediterranean Sea touches also Iran, Caucasus and
Afghanistan, which run out the same geographical and political area of economic
interests.
In this complex scenario, there are strong geopolitics relationships which
determines the political instability of the whole area: the need of a more diffused social
welfare is mixed with the explosion of radicalism and religious integralism, which
cause violent forms of social division. Furthermore, the broaden Mediterranean Sea
could be expressed in different areas, which are characterized by different forms of
political stability and instability. In order to have a global view on this asset, we could
distinguish the whole Mediterranean area in different sides, which establish also
different relationships with the Western countries. We could define these sides in this
way:
NORTH CORNER
A) Stable areas (UE countries)
North-West Mediterranean Sea (Spain, Italy, France)
North-East Meidterranean Sea (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia)
B) Areas in transition and moderately instable
North-East Mediterranean Sea (Bosnia, Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania)
80 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
C) Instable and critic areas
Caucasus and Russian corner: (Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan5
)
Figura 1  Critic areas of political instability in the Extended Mediterranean
Source: Prof. T. D’Aponte, elab.from World Population Prospects
Note: Cartography by C. De Luca- Dip.Sc.Pol .
SOUTH CORNER
South-West Mediterranean Sea 6
A) More occidental and stable areas (Morocco)
B) In transition with a new political system (Tunisia and Algeria)
C) Countries which are still in a condition of political and economic instability
(Libya and Egypt)
EAST CORNER
South-East Mediterranean Sea7
5
Russian Corner has been instable since the last Nineties: from that period conflicts are based on
religious problems, energetic needs, political and military oppositions.
6
There are some countries in which conflicts have been based on the opposition against local
government, which has been seen as a regime by local population. The ‘Arabic spring’ has shown to
the rest of the world that in North Africa it was necessary not only to establish a new political course,
but also a new political balance. Nowadays, also if local regimes have been demolished, there is still
difficult to find a new democratic course for local affairs.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 81
A) Instable and critic areas (Sudan, Eritrea, Gabon, Ethiopia, Somalia)
B) Instable area in the East corner (Iraq and Iran)
East Mediterranean Sea8
A) Critic areas where conflicts are potential or real (Israel, Lebanon, Syria)
The common Mediterranean character, which has been emphasized in the last years,
is that in the whole Mediterranean area (apart from EU countries) is offended by
political instability and, for this reason, also the flow of foreign direct investment indoor
is deeply damaged.
Nevertheless, the Mediterranean area, also being considered at risk of instability, is
still a point of reference for the development of the future geopolitical assets.
It is necessary to underline that there are some international actors who are interested
in defining their authority and power in the Mediterranean area: these actors are active,
when their political action is aimed at conquering a more positive role in the
Mediterranean Sea, and passive (or latent) when their transnational relationships are not
really influent on the local asset of Mediterranean regional economies.
It is obvious that active actors are represented by occidental and more developed
countries, who not only have a military and political control on the whole
Mediterranean area, but also a diplomatic role in the Mediterranean region.
Recently, some actors have had a more aggressive intervention in the Mediterranean
area, while others have assumed a more diplomatic and protective role: for example, the
United States have still a strong influence in the area, thanks to their aero-naval bases.
Also the Russian Federation is more and more present in the global scenario and, in
particular, in the Mediterranean area, connoting its power as alternative to United
States’ control on the rest of the world.
For this reason, Russian Federation is still supporting economically and militarily all
the countries which, more or less openly, are establishing political contrasts with US.
Also China’s role in the Mediterranean Sea has been changing: in fact, China has
been trying to establish a new economic control on the Mediterranean.
This control has been based on strong commercial relationships, which are linked
with agribusiness and high technology: in particular, it is really appealing the great
quantity of raw material which characterizes African territories.
7
Arabia, which is really important in the balance of global geopolitical relationships, is not directly
included in Mediterranean framework for geographic and political reasons.
8
The East corner of Mediterranean Sea is characterized by different problems: for example, the
dearth of hydro resources and the food requirements are social pathologies not still resolved in that
area. The exploitation of energetic resources and the emergency of religious contrasts define the deep
criticism of the whole area.
82 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
On the other hand, regional actors are not able to establish a process of international
cohesion, because they are deeply involved in a recent mechanism of social and
economic modernization: for example, African corner is still lazy in adopting a common
perspective of economic organization.
In this complex and various framework, European Union is adopting an unsettled
and changeable position, which could be compared with the waves of Mediterranean
Sea: European Union could not avoid to be involved in the “Mediterranean problem”,
but the dialogue between North and South corner of this area is not always simple.
For this reason, it is possible to conclude that in the “broaden Mediterranean Sea”
the central problem is the energetic one, because the energetic dependence introduces
factors of risk both in the Occidental countries (US and Europe) or in South Asia
(especially in China).
In this framework, it is getting more and more relevant the role of Russian
Federation, the main energetic authority closer to Europe with its Caspian corridor, on
which European energetic needs are based. Summarizing, there are a lot of problems in
the “broaden Mediterranean Sea”: the question of Palestine, the role of Iran and the
instability of Afghanistan define a complex scenario in which active actors are in
instable balance9
. At this point of our research it is useful analyses the territorial
framework of North Africa, which is really important for different reasons: in effect,
North Africa is the closest African corner to Europe and it represents, in particular for
South Italy, a center of interest but also a great problem because of the continuous
exodus of migrants who unload on Italian coasts.10
3. The North African “theater” in the Mediterranean Sea
In the countries of the Southern part of Mediterranean Sea there are in some cases
uniform indicators (birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate, life expectancy at birth),
while, for example, in Algeria and Egypt growth rate is different from Libya, Morocco
and Tunisia.
9
More recently, during the preparation for printing of this paper, new serious events occurred
between Syria and Iraq. We refer to the fierce advance of ISIS militants of Al-Baghdadi, leader of the
terrorist group that seeks to establish the Caliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria (or the
Levant), or, more simply, "the Islamic State
10
South Italy could play an important role in the relationships with North Africa: 1) in fact, South
Italy could determine a new political balance in the Northern corner of Africa, increasing import and
export flows; 2) furthermore, South Italy could have a diplomatic role, emphasizing the dialogue
between African and Europe, establishing also a more positive approach towards the country of
MENA (Middle-East North Africa) framework.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 83
Table 1 – Demographic Indicators
Indicators Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia
Population (million inhabitants) 38.5 80.7 6.2 32.5 10.8
Birth rate (%) 24.4 24.2 17.5 19.0 17.3
Mortality rate (%) 4.3 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.9
Infant mortality rate (%) 23.4 24.2 12.7 26.5 25.0
Growth rate 2.0 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.1
Life expectancy at birth (years) 75 73 78 76 75
Fertility rate 2.8 2.9 2.1 2.2 2.0
Net migration rate (%) -0.27 -0-2 Not available -3.67 -1.78
Urban population (%) 66 43 78 58 67
Source: The World Bank.
3.1. The demographic dynamics
It is obvious that this current asset is the natural consequence of a trend which has
been determined in the last fifty years.
Figure 2 – Population growth rate (1960-2012)
Source: The World Bank.
The most interesting element among demographic indicators is that North African
population has been quickly growing: inhabitants are now 170 millions (they were 75
millions in the last decades) and, in 2030, they will reach 200 millions, with a
prevalence of young people.
In the following figure 3, it has been shown that both in the two most populous
countries (Algeria and Egypt) or in the two less populous (Libya and Tunisia) the
pyramid has a large base and it means that young people are a prevalent component in
local population.
84 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
Figure 3 – Population of the countries of the North and South of the Mediterranean
The most important aspect that emerges from the analysis of the demographic size
of the area is represented by the fact that in just 35 years it has gone from 75
million to 170 million inhabitants. That is, the time interval of a single generation,
has more than doubled the population of the area.
In perspective, so even taking into account an expected decline in birth rates, it
is estimated that in 2030, the "market" of North Africa will reach 200 million
people, with a strong presence of young population.
The structure of the age-pyramid for the two most populous countries (Egypt
and Algeria) and least populous (Libya and Tunisia) shows very clearly that in all
the countries will have an enormous expansion of the base, ie, the band where he
focuses most young population.
The recent transformation of population settlement has been showing that
numerous inhabitants have been concentrated not only in the coastline, but also in
cities and capitals, avoiding, in this way, the poor and difficult social context of
hinterlands.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 85
Figure 4 – Population age in the most and less populated countries
Source: our elab. based on World Bank data
Figure 5 – Decrease of rural population and urbanization
Source: our elab. based on World Bank data
Internal migration, always directed from the interior to the coastal cities, is only
one aspect of the redistribution of the population of North Africa. In fact, very
often, reached the coast of the population, along with many other immigrants from
86 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
different countries (Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Ciad, Camerun, Ethiopia, Somalia,
Eritrea), try the adventure to Europe. With first preference destination in Italy. Not
only because the nearest European country, but also because the Italian military
fleet at sea provides security.
UN projections speak of a North Africa intended to gradually normalize in
terms of population, thanks to the improving global economy and the gradual
increase in the average education of young people, especially women. However,
the problem remains unsolved for a corresponding, appropriate growth of skilled
jobs and, what is most important, fairly paid.
It is also essential to consider that the modest differentiation of inter-sectoral
composition of the economy, overly influenced by the energy component, even in
countries with a higher rate of growth of domestic product, does not allow adequate
employment developments, as it determines strong exposure of component
migration more educated11
.
3.2. The “geoeconomic” context
The demographic structure, the size of the available labor force and the
presence of huge energy resources, together with the opportunities for tourism
development and good traditions in the field of manufacturing, make it decidedly
high growth potential of the countries of the southern Mediterranean.
Figure 6 – Dynamics of Labour force 1990-2012
Source: our elab. based on World Bank data
11
Before the fall of Gaddafi's 90% of the Libyan population enjoyed a high rate of school attendance and a standard of
living that, despite the economic sanctions imposed on the Western Alliance, the early nineties, had reached one of the
highest levels of well-being the region.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 87
The most important negative factor for foreign investors, is represented by the
excessive level of political instability that persists, even more so in recent years, in
different countries of the area.
The World Bank shows that the countries in question, despite the structural
reforms and the advances achieved in socio-economic, tend to place themselves in
positions still decidedly marginal in the international rankings.
The report of the World Economic Forum (2014) puts Algeria, Libya and Egypt
among the last places in the ranking of 147 countries surveyed. The main causes of
this backwardness are to be related to the persistent rigidity of the labor market,
poor diffusion of innovation, but also the difficulties of security of financial capital,
the bad bureaucracy, widespread corruption, the lack of vocational training, the
opacity of economic policies.
If, then, we examine the values of the "Global Competitiveness Index" 12
, all the
countries of the southern shore, are at greater distances than those in the EU
belonging to the northern shore of the Mediterranean.
Table 2 – Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)– 2013
PAESE Index Posizione PAESE Index Posizione
Francia 5,05 23 Tunisia 4,06 83
Spagna 4,57 35 Grecia 3,93 91
Italia 4,41 49 Algeria 3,79 100
Marocco 4,11 77 Libia 3,73 108
Egitto 3,63 118
Source: World Economic Forum
In terms of economic potential, it is possible to distinguish between these
countries in only two groups: a) the large energy producers (Algeria and Libya),
with strong sector concentration of exports (over 90% made up of energy and
derivatives) oriented mainly toward large EU countries; b) countries with a more
diversified structure of the economy (Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt), with moderate
growth in manufacturing output in sectors with high labor intensity and significant
trade relations with the EU.
Although the countries of the Southern Mediterranean have, currently, a modest
economic position even in the global context, they take on special importance on a
plan of development opportunities. Not only for the extremely relevant role of
alternative suppliers of energy compared to Europe, but because of the growth
opportunities and business related to the processes of diversification of national
12
The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) aims to quantify the impact of several key factors that contribute to creating
the conditions for competitiveness, with particular focus on the macroeconomic environment, the quality of institutions,
and the state of technology and infrastructure.Only the Greece for the recent economic situation that has
affected, is ideally rearmost Morocco and Tunisia
88 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
economies to be realized in the coming years. To all this, we must add that must
have been completed a further redistribution of social welfare, with a consequent
increase in income levels and capabilities resulting from consumption of the local
population.
Figure 7 – Recent changes in the growth rate of GDP (after the 2008 crisis)
Source: our elab. on World Bank data; to Libya data not available
The graph shows that, after an initial sharp decrease in growth rates, caused by
the socio-political revolutions that have crossed the economies of North Africa,
from 2011 records a strong recovery, with a stable trend GDP growth of between 3
and 5 % per annum.
A major problem depends on the consideration that the bank deposits, which
would finance the productive system indoor, depending mainly on the economy,
the main form of households' financial wealth, (and, in part, by remittances from
emigrants) is rather small. This explains the modest role of the banking system
that, by itself, can only to a limited extent to finance the development, the progress
of which essentially depends mainly on the role played by the State13
.
In summary, the set of observed conditions and the prospects for further
progress of the North African countries, there are substantial opportunities for
13
The presence of the state in the economy is very important. In Libya, in particular, during the regime of Gaddafi
represented as much as 90% of the total national investment. Privatization processes have been initiated in various
countries, although recently slowed down with the onset of the global financial crisis and domestic political instability.
The presence of foreign banks is marginal in Algeria and Libya; while an important role is played mostly in Morocco and
Tunisia by French banks. Recently, Egypt has grown in the position of Italy, after the purchase, in 2006, the Bank of
Alexandria by the Gruppo Sanpaolo-IMI.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 89
cooperation in the modernization of the productive apparatus that those countries
will have to achieve. At the same time there is an unquestionable strategic interest
of the European Union to support economic growth and the strengthening of
collaborative links with an area which, geographically, plays a role as a bridge
between north and south, and, simultaneously, between the eastern and western
gate of the Mediterranean.
Table 3 – Matrix of the risks and prospects of development
COUNTRY
GDP growt
CRITICAL
ISSUES
FACTORS OF
DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL
EXPECTATIONS
FOREIGN
TRADE
FOREIGN
TRADE
(COUNTRY RISK) EXPORT IMPORT
ALGERY
In recent years
realizes robust
growth (+
4%). Unable
to compensate
for the critical
period and
stands at tenyear
average
(3.5%)
Extreme
dependence on
oil (95% of
exports and
45% of GDP).
Excessive state
presence in the
economy. Lack
of sectoral
diversification.
Tensions with
Morocco for
control over the
Western Sahara
Significant reserves
of hydrocarbons.
Wide availability of
funds. Substantial
public investment
in infrastructure.
Provision of state
subsidies to support
the population to
support domestic
consumption.
Productive
innovation with
greater presence of
private component.
Further development
of infrastructure and
construction.
Containment of
unemployment.
Consequent increase
in private
consumption.
Spain
Italy
United
Kingdom
France
US
Cina
France
Italy
Spain
Germany
C 3
EGYPT
He has
affected to
some extent of
the crisis, but
even more to
recent political
instability. In
the face of a
previous trend
close to 5%,
after 2001, the
GDP fell by
around 2%
Need to reduce
debt and control
inflation.
Investing in
agriculture
(28% of
employment) by
increasing the
arable land.
Extreme social
gap with high
weight of
poverty.
Exploitation of
energy reserves.
Large internal
market. Strategic
Geographical
Location.
Development of
tourism (falling
because of the
political crisis).
Proceeds of the
Canal always high.
IDE in strategic
sectors
Plan of investment in
transport,
infrastructure,
telecommunications,
health and water
treatment. Contrast
unemployment.
Recovery of IDE,
especially from the
Gulf Emirates.
Political stability as
an antidote to the
crisis in tourism and
foreign investment.
Italy
India
USA
Saudi
Arabia
Turkey
Cina
USA
Germany
Russian
Fed.
Ucraine
Turkey
Italy
D 4
LIBYA
Lack of
reliable data.
Undoubtedly,
the condition
of extreme
political
instability
adversely
affects all
values of
economic
fundamentals.
Overweight of
oil remittances.
Lack of product
diversification.
Crisis due to
lack of
competitiveness
of the
processing
industry. Tribal
contrasts.
Important energy
reserves and not
marginal
development
opportunities in the
private component,
boosted by the
opening of the
market.
Private sector
development aimed
at diversifying
independently from
mining. Use of oil
revenues for the
import of goods
aimed at raising the
standards of
consumption of the
population. Rapid
implementation of a
reconstruction plan.
Fight against
corruption.
Italy
Germany
Cina
France
Spain
Italy
Cina
Turkey
Egypt
South
Corea
n.d. (D4?)
90 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
Table 3 (continue) – Matrix of the risks and prospects of development
COUNTRY
GDP growt
CRITICAL
ISSUES
FACTORS OF
DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL
EXPECTATIONS
FOREIGN
TRADE
FOREIGN
TRADE
(COUNTRY RISK) EXPORT IMPORT
MOROCCO
Little effect of
the crisis, both
economic, and
political,
quickly
retracted.
Changes in
GDP in 2012
(2.7%)
compared to
the long-term
trend (4.5%)
derive from
the effects of
drought. A
stable growth
is expected.
Agricultural
sector highly
exposed to
atmospheric
variables. High
weight on GDP
of the energy
dependence.
Dependence on
remittances
from emigrants.
Social
differences and
widespread
poverty.
Intense economic
relations with
Europe (the main
partner of
Morocco). New
impetus for
government
intervention as a
result of popular
protest,
immediately
absorbed.
Significant role of
Tangier in the
movement of
container.
Substantial
investment in road
infrastructure, ports,
airports, highways,
high-speed (Tangier Rabat
via
Casablanca) in
agreement with
France. Creating
over 1 million jobs.
International
Collaboration (FDI
growth). Significant
effects of the
agreement with the
EU for the Free
Trade Area of
commercial and
industrial goods for
the benefits produced
by the ENP
(European
Neighbourhood
Policy)
France
Spain
Brasil
India
USA
Spain
France
Cina
USA
Saudi
Arabia
B 2
TUNISIA
The annual
growth rate of
GDP is
aligned around
a 3%. A sharp
fall (-1.9%)
was recorded
in 2011 as a
direct effect of
the political
crisis
Slowdown of
FDI. Lack of
presence of the
private sector.
The crisis in
Europe has
affected
economy by
reducing
exports and
tourism.
Agriculture
fueling the
export leaves in
debt domestic
consumption.
Heavy weight
of Remittances
of emigrants.
High potential for
agriculture and
tourism. Relief of
mining
(phosphates).
Possible reduction
of energy
dependence for
new exploration of
deposits of modest
consistency. The
service sector is
fairly dynamic.
In the manufacturing
sector are essential
interventions to
support production.
The need to reduce
dependence on food
by intervening on the
types of crops (less
export). Need for
political stability.
Urgency of
infrastructure in
transport and in
electricity.
France
Italy
Germany
Libya
Switzerland
France
Italy
Germany
Cina
Algery
B 3
The problems and prospects of more obvious interest are summarized in the
following table, which has been taken into account both the country risk, both
buoyancy of trade relations already currently in progress.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 91
4. The relations with Italy and the outlook of the “MEDA” UE program
Although there are many doubts and uncertainties about the political stability of
countries including, mainly, Libya and Egypt, the commercial movement in the
southern Meditarraneo is anything of modest economic dimension.
Figure 8 – Trade with the rest of the world
Source: our elab. from IMF data 2012
The largest firms, traditionally present in the area14
, remain firmly active in the
sector of the IDE, otherwise an expansive trend of foreign investment, aimed at small
and medium enterprises, is, still, held back by the high "country risk".
To overcome this obstacle, countries, such as the Egypt, they have established a
program of tax incentives, reduction of the energy costs and commitments in vocational
training and, (what more should reassure foreign investors), assurances about the safety
and inviolability of invested capitals.
Italy's position, although not reaching high levels (about 8% of national total) is
interesting. Mainly considering the specialization of the productive sectors, on the one
hand, and the evolution of social and economic dynamism that, in the short term, tends
to involve the countries of North Africa.
14
Among the major Italian companies, active in the area, the main operator is represented by ENI, in
the energy sector. But even Edison, Italcementi, Ansaldo, Breda, Italgen, Techint Group Cementir
and others, play a leading position in their respective fields.
92 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
In fact, many productive sectors, affecting the industry of the southern shore
Mediterranean Sea appear effectively connected and associated to the type of the Italian
model of enterprise, and to the many and various specifications that constitute its
competitive appeal.
Moreover, if we consider the direction and the geographical distribution of the
Mediterranean’s trade flows involving Italy, is very clear as the percentages tend to
double, when calculated against the interchange with the southern regions of the Italy.
This fact confirms the special interest "meridionalista" to the interaction between the
two shores of the Mediterranean basin. Clarifying the sense that it assumes particular
importance that connects the Italian economic growth through a significant increase in
the role of the South in the economic development of the whole of Italy.
Figure 8 – Trade with Italy
Source: our elab. from IMF data 2012
A further important aspect of the "Mediterranean question " is the relative marginal
attention of the country's "non-Mediterranean" of Europe, first of all on the political
level, and, consequently, also in terms of business interests and support the process of
development of the economies of North Africa.
On the one hand, it is always important the French presence in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia; the other is the United States, and even more, China, Russia, Turkey, and even
South Korea, who are competing for top positions such as "customer" or "supplier" of
the countries of the southern Mediterranean. In the EU, only marginally, Germany and
the United Kingdom appear interested in significant positions in the trade with the
countries of the Southern Mediterranean Sea.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 93
The European Union plays a role in the application of the "Barcelona Process", in
1995, had seemed quite effective in achieving a strong Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
between the Europe and the countries of the southern Mediterranean15
.
However, the "Barcelona Process" has achieved modest results achieved, while there
has emerged a broader strategic vision of the role that the EU would dovutto play in that
area, specifically in relation to the affirmation of the concept of "enlarged
Mediterranean." For this reason, at the Summit for the Mediterranean held in Paris in
July 2008, was approved the establishment of the Union for the Mediterranean16.
The partners of the Union for the Mediterranean17 there are multiple interesting
objectives:
- The de-pollution of the Mediterranean Sea;
- The development of maritime and land transport routes;
- The organization of civil protection against natural disasters and those caused
by humans;
- The production of solar energy;
- The development of enterprises, (particularly micro and small enterprises).
In this context, particular importance is attached to a special progam "MEDA",
designed to support the economic transition in the Mediterranean countries and the
establishment of a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area. The program seeks to promote
economic and social reforms for the modernization of enterprises and the development
of the private sector through:
- Support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the creation of jobs;
- The opening of markets;
- The promotion of private investment, industrial cooperation and trade between the
different partners;
- Upgrading of economic infrastructure and financial and taxation systems;
15
The main objective was to be the creation, by 2010, an area of Euro-Mediterranean free trade with
all the countries of the southern Mediterranean Association Agreements by concluding bilateral
agreements with the EU. The association agreements and comply with a common aim to promote: a)
A regular dialogue on political and security, to promote mutual understanding, cooperation and joint
initiatives; b) Economic, commercial and financial, for the progressive liberalization of trade,
sustainable development of the region and the increase in investments; c) Cooperation in social,
cultural and education, especially through intercultural dialogue, migration control, skill development,
promotion of employment law and equality between women and men.
16
The Union for the Mediterranean provides for the presidency to rotate among the partners in the
North and South and establishing a permanent secretariat, based in Barcelona, to ensure the
management of the regional, sub-regional and trans-nationals.
17
Important steps have been taken for the financing of projects and for the support of SMEs, within
the framework of the Alliance des Banque pour la Méditerranée, by a group of twelve banks in the
region as an investment fund's long-term average was formed by the Caisse des Depots et
Consignations (France), from the Deposits and Loans Fund (Italy), EFGHermès (Egypt), the Caisse
de Dépot et de Gestion (Morocco).
94 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
- Restoring financial equilibrium and the creation of an economic environment
favorable to accelerated growth (structural adjustment support).
5. Conclusion and remarks
In conclusion, it seems evident that the need to allocate resources to promote
virtuous acceleration of the processes of economic growth in North Africa stems from
the growing view that the EU is biased against the centrality that takes on a western
Mediterranean, peaceful and prosperous, geopolitical and geo-economic. Moreover, the
entire Basin, because of its geographical configuration, as natural sea corridor for eastwest
trade relations, on the one hand, it suggests the creation of adequate infrastructure
for logistics and for exports, while, from 'other, is presented as an essential "bridge" for
the consolidation of a profitable positive climate for business, actions by imposing
policies that create an environment of absolute political stability.
In this perspective, the position of logistics hubs, covered by the southern European
countries, gives the EU a significant role in the southern front, “pivot”, in the
expansion of regional trade, even to other EU partners.
The dynamism planned for the southern Mediterranean can set in motion a process
of propagation of growth with cascading effects: the planned consolidation of economic
activities in North Africa will be supported by the increase in interventions both on the
demand side (expansion of the middle class, increase of national wealth) and the supply
(increase in economic investment and human capital).
It is apparent, with increasing evidence, a “theater” in which the mutual advantage
of Europe, the Mediterranean and Africa, are emphasized by an initiative of
development and peace ruled by Europe, but by establishing forms cohesive and shared
with the countries of the southern Mediterranean Sea.
Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica 95
Annex
96 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
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98 Volume LXVIII n.2 Aprile-Giugno 2014
SUMMARY
A geopolitical overview on the Mediterranean Sea the approach of the euromed
policy towards the countries of the southern front (from Morocco to
Egypt)
Nowadays, geopolitical studies are more and more interested in dynamics and assets
which are typical of the Mediterranean area. At the beginning, before being considered as
center of power and economic relationships, the Mediterranean Sea has been a cradle of
civilization, a cradle in which has been growing up our literary and poetical tradition.
Nevertheless, in the last decades of 20th century, it was the same idyllic idea of the
Mediterranean Sea as a prosperous and peaceful place to create problem in the international
scientific debate.
The geopolitical crisis is also linked with the ethnic complexity of the whole
Mediterranean area, in which different communities and religions live side by side: in this
case, the dialogue is not always simple.
In the recent years, in North Africa also the civil war, which has determined a new
political balance, has testified the development of a new, local and common identity.
This new course, called “Arabic spring”, has been considered in different ways: for
example, in Morocco, the local government has opened a new season of reforms, while in
Tunisia a political system more democratic and ‘occidental’ has been established. In
Algeria, otherwise, the local government has defined positive commercial relationships
with European countries: these relationships are based on the development of hydrocarbon
market (from Algeria towards EU) and high technology (from EU to Algeria). The political
framework in Libya is really different: after Gheddafi’s death, it is not possible to establish
a strong political system, damaged by the contrast among local communities and clans.
This situation is getting more and more difficult, because Libya is the center of
hydrocarbon market in North Africa. In Egypt, the same concept of democracy is passing a
period of deep crisis, because of violent conflicts determined by religious reasons, among
local clans and political parties: these conflicts are contained by the armed forces of local
government.
This strong geopolitical complexity has deeply changed the same concept of
Mediterranean philosophy, which could not be expressed in a single and limited territorial
framework, but in a small world with its contradictions and conflicts.
Is apparent, with increasing evidence, a “theater” in which the mutual advantage of
Europe, the Mediterranean and Africa, are emphasized by an initiative of development and
peace ruled by Europe.
_________________________
Tullio D’APONTE, Full Professor of ‘Economic geopolitics’ at the Department of
Political Science, University of Naples, Federico II, prof.daponte@gmail.com.