01 The theory: „all what is said, is said by somebody“. The context and meaning Lubomír Kostron The course structure 1.Introduction 2.Perception, judgment (and behavioral activities) ; the story of Egon Brunswik 3. a) social judgment theory , b) the nature of information 4. A model of personalisty – what is missing? 5. The theory o tasks, situations and the environment/ecology 6. The role of emotions and group support in ill defined problems solution 7. System dynamics - learning to „see“ processes 8. The decision-making under uncertainity 9. Interpersonal cognitive conflict solution (workshop with POLICY) 10. The eternal puzzle of consciousness. 11. The ultimate knowledge - the art of asking the smart questions Students are expected to turn in a paper on one of the issues, listed above. For more detailes see the syllabus. Simple definition of psychology 1 : the science or study of the mind and behavior 2 : the way a person or group thinks Full Definition of psychology - plural psychologies 1 : the science of mind and behavior 2 a : the mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group b : the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity 3 : a theory or system of psychology Source: Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary 1.The Introduction: * The history of psychology and its position within the system of science, * Psychological states and processes, * The problem of cosciousness (what are we aware of and is subconscious, subliminal?) * The life story of psychologist, Egon Edler Brunswik of Korompa (Krompachy) 2. The Perception: the story of Egon Brunswik C:\Users\Kostron\Documents\BIBS\výuka 2016-17\SCN_0008.jpg 18.3. 1903 – 7.7.1955 https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.M9a8b517db13ef20f5018bb35a73414f6o2&pid=15.1&P=0&w=300&h=300 C:\Users\Kostron\Documents\BIBS\výuka 2016-17\SCN_0009.jpg Egon´s parents. Egon Brunswik´s father and his brothers. Austro-Hungarian nobility in Korompa (Krompachy), central Slovakia The professional career of Egon Brunswik started with experiments on perception („the perception constancy“) in Psychological Institute of Karl Buhler, Vienna. Brunswik´s PhD disertation: second chair on the committee was Moritz Schlick. The program of logical positivism gave inspiration to the unity of science movement. The movement carried the belief that all sciences, including the social sciences and the humanities, ought to share some common language if these disciplines were to be considered genuine sciences (Wissenschaften). The philosophy that came to dominate research in psychology in the first half of the 20th century was called logical positivism. ... The basic idea of logical positivism is that all knowledge is based on empirical observation, assisted by the rigorous use of logic and mathematics. Logical positivism, also called logical empiricism, a philosophical movement that arose in Vienna in the 1920s and was characterized by the view that scientific knowledge is the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless. Inner Circle: Gustav Bergmann, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Philipp Frank, Kurt Gödel, Hans Hahn, Olga Hahn-Neurath, Béla Juhos, Felix Kaufmann, Victor Kraft, Karl Menger, Richard von Mises, Otto Neurath, Rose Rand, Josef Schächter, Moritz Schlick, Friedrich Waismann, Edgar Zilsel. Periphery: Alfred Jules Ayer, Egon Brunswik, Karl Bühler, Josef Frank, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Heinrich Gomperz, Carl Gustav Hempel, Eino Kaila, Hans Kelsen, Charles W. Morris, Arne Naess, Karl Raimund Popper, Willard Van Orman Quine, Frank P. Ramsey, Hans Reichenbach, Kurt Reidemeister, Alfred Tarski, Olga Taussky-Todd, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Karl Popper In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was titled On Questions of Method in the Psychology of Thinking.[ In a book „The Logic of Scientific Discovery“ he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductivism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. Overview of the members of the Vienna Circle The Unity of Science Movement https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ToK_Simple.jpg/379px-ToK_Simple.jpg Gregg Henriques' Tree of Knowledge System The unity of science thesis is most famously clarified and tentatively argued for by Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General System Theory, Paul Oppenheim and Hilary Putnam. It is most famously argued against by Jerry Fodor, John Dupre and Paul Feyerabend. Jean Piaget's 1918 work Recherche: …the unity of science can be considered in terms of a circle of the sciences, where logic is the foundation for mathematics, which is the foundation for mechanics and physics, and physics is the foundation for chemistry, which is the foundation for biology, which is the foundation for sociology, the moral sciences, psychology, and the theory of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge is based on logic.[1] Science is a human endeavor, a part of human culture. It is unified in the sense that it is understood as a single endeavor, and there are no scientists studying alternative realities. To the extent that they do, however, one could argue that they are not unified. It is the perception of a single reality that results in a unity of science. International encyclopedia of unified science The IEUS was an output of the Vienna Circle to address the "growing concern throughout the world for the logic, the history, and the sociology of science...„ Only the first section Foundations of the Unity of Science (FUS) was published; it contains two volumes for a total of nineteen monographs published from 1938 to 1969. Preliminary conference in Prague in 1934, the First International Congress for the Unity of Science was held at the Sorbonne, Paris, 16–21 September 1935. The Third International Congress for the Unity of Science, which was devoted exclusively to the IEUS, was held in Paris 29–31 July 1937. The Conceptual Framework of Psychology (FUS I-10) Egon Brunswik Image result https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41iI2o%2BtN3L.jpg Much later, in the U.S., he introduced the concept of probability into psychological research; also, he was inspired by the then new theory of information. He proposed his original theory of psychology : probabilistic functionalism. He introduced several new concepts: ecological validity, conceptual isomorphism; promoted the idiographic approach to the research design (first understanding the nature of a problem studied, then may follow attempts to study causal relations, nomothetic approach). Also, he offered an original research methodology : „representative design of experiments“, as contrasted to the traditional „systematic design of experiments“ (taken over from natural sciences); He is a forerunner of „Ecological psychology“. Psychoanalytic psychologist, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Egon´s colleague and later his wife. 18.8.1908 – 31.3.1958 Lemberg (Lvov), Berkeley http://neuropolitics.org/frenkel-brunswick.jpg 1950 Else was involved into the intolerance of ambiguity research, the F scale After obtaining a position at the University of a Berkeley in California (U.S.A), Brunswik, (who was raised in a rather philosophical tradition of a logical positivism) was challanged with totally different approach to psychology: a pragmatical behaviorism A transition cultural shock - from Vienna to Amerika: Brunswik´s notes in the textbook of Woodworth, Schlosberg´s „Experimental Psychology“. C:\Users\Kostron\Documents\BIBS\výuka 2016-17\SCN_0013a.jpg A cultural shock in Amerika: Brunswik´s comments in the textbook of Woodworth, Schlosberg „Experimental Psychology“. C:\Users\Kostron\Documents\BIBS\výuka 2016-17\SCN_0010a.jpg C:\Users\Kostron\Documents\BIBS\výuka 2016-17\SCN_0014.jpg Everything from the beginning again: how does it fit together? Brunswik had to rethink psychology anew. The Brunswik´s „lens model“ of a perception Working together with Edward C.Tolman, they realized, that the „lens model“, may be mirror like reversed and the output side may be added. So, thus the lens contains input with impulses, stimulating receptors, and also output, which signifies the choice of means of activities, actual behavior. The choice of action, behavior: the extended lens model offered a common base for the co-operation with Edward C.Tolman https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.M2466bcae2769ce70348c75f8333fd897o1&pid=15.1&P=0&w=300&h=300 1856 - 1959 organism environment environment CENTRAL The organism and the environment (ecology) : two equally important systems in a mutual interaction http://www.brunswik.org/resources/ebcover.jpg The organism and the causal texture of the environment [1935] Edward C. Tolman and Egon Brunswik Psychology as a science of objective relations [1937] Egon Brunswik Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology [1955] and In defense of probabilistic functionalism: A reply [1955] Egon Brunswik The Conceptual Framework of Psychology [1952] Egon Brunswik "Ratiomorphic" models of perception and thinking [1955] Egon Brunswik Historical and thematic relations of psychology to other sciences [1956] Egon Brunswik Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments [1956] Egon Brunswik See www.brunswik.org K:\Fotky\Cesty po cizině\USA a návštěvy zde\Boulder, Hammondovi, Lancaster, Orbanovi\000019.JPG K:\Fotky\Rodina a přátelé\Kostroň Luboš\000020a.jpg Virginia Hammond Kenneth R.Hammond His student, Kenneth R. Hammond University of Colorado at Boulder), extended the focus of perception research on subsequent „reasoning“: how do we arrive at judgments? K.R.H: (1955) “Probabilistic Functionalism and the Clinical Method“ He with his colleagues, created a number of lens model versions; L.R. Tucker came up with regression equation, which makes possible to quantify the lens model, decompose the relations into linear and nonlinear components and to use it for a research in various settings. K.R.H., 1917 - 2015 3 a: Judgment K:\Fotky\Rodina a přátelé\Kostroň Luboš\000011a.jpg The lens model equation [Hursch, Hammond, and Hursch, 1964; Tucker. 19641 expresses the correlation between two variables as the sum of a linear and a nonlinear component. The linear component reflects that part of the correlation which can be explained by the linear relation between the variables and a set of mediating variables, and the nonlinear component reflects the part of the correlation which cannot be accounted for by the linear component. The POLICY program calculates the weights (the degree of utilization), which judges ascribe to individual cues The POLICY program calculates by means of a regression analysis the realtions between cues and the distal variable (the goal) Hammond came up with the following „cognitive continuum theory“: Kahneman´s „fast“ System 1 Kahneman´s „slow“ System 2 Kahneman (Twersky): „Thinking Slow and Fast“ Film strips – intuition inducing Bar graphs – quasi Rationality inducing Fomulas – analysis inducing The highway design study Other approaches to judgment and decision making. An American psychologist, prominent for work on decision theory and on the formulation and revision of beliefs. For twenty-two years, he directed the university’s Social Science Research Institute as a professor of psychology and of industrial and systems engineering. Edwards retired from USC in 1995. Edwards published more than one hundred journal articles and books including Decision Analysis and Behavioral Research and Utility Theories: Measurement and Applications. Ward Edwards (1954) „The Theory of Decision Making“ In 1962, Edwards founded the Bayesian Research Conference with the aim to incorporate and apply Bayesian statistical methods and ideas to decision theory. His approach was adopted by many leading psychologists of the time including future Nobel Prize laureate, Daniel Kahneman. In the 1970s, Edwards began to look at social utilities and how to use their measurement for social decision making. Ward Edwards (1927 – 2005) Daniel Kahneman´s and Amos Twersky´s study of judgment and decisions: D.Kahneman: „Thinking Fast and Slow“ World 1 : the world of physical objects and states, the ecology World 2 : Our subjective world. Perception, thinking, our cogitive systems, dispositions to act World 3: the world of scientific concepts, problems and theories, „objective objects of thought“ Mats Bjorkman: human judgment as related to Carl Popper´s „Three Worlds“ K.R.Hammond.: Human Judgment and Social Policy – Irreducible Uncertainity, Inevitable Error, Unavoidable injustice, Chapter.8 The correspondence competence; cccuracy of judgment (KRH) , intuition inclined, (System 1), pattern recognition , The coherence competence; Rationality of judgment (Ward Edwards); functional analysis inclined (System 2), Systematic design of experiments; R.A.Fisher. one experimental variable…, exper. and control groups Representative design of experiments; E.Brunswik. Modern computer „flight“ simulators Methodology: Helping to synthetize: pictorial presentations as a tool to reveal non obvious relationships. Three books Graphic Press, Cheshire, Conn. : - The Visual Display of Quantitative information (1983) - Envisioning Information (1990) - Visual Explanations images and quantities, evidence and narrative (1997) Edward R. Tufte 1942 - Michael Polanyi 1891-1976 „Tangible“, explicit kind of infomation, diffused by means of communication. The meaning of information is usually less dependent upon the context. „Tacit“ knowledge, skills, is rather of a very personal experience nature. It is difficult to communicate it, it gets shared differently. Most often it is story telling, metaphors, skills by dsimply imitation. The meaning may to a considerable extent depend upon the context. 3 b: The nature of information and its processing; some related opinions …. Analysis. Intuition. System dynamics modelling: systems´behavior is given by the structure of process interaction. In the case of complex systems, most often we are not even eware of. Jay Wright Forrester 1918 - 2016 Tangible knowledge Tacit knowledge Quantifiable knowledge „A percept turns into an information when we are able to ascribe any meaning to it. The meaning is, of course, determined by the econtext, the situation – which changes most of the time…“ (Lem, 1964, pp.?) Summa Technologiae, published 1964 Stanislaw Lem Henry David Thoreau 1932 - 2006 1818 - 1862 „What we look at is not that important. Important is what we see…“