INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND REGIMES Lucie Konečná CDSn4005 Security Systems and Actors 21/3/2023 ICI Division ■International Cooperative Institutions (ICI) –International - affecting two or more nations, states, trade unions or non-governmental organizations –Cooperative - involving mutual assistance in working towards a common goal –Institution - a set of formal and informal rules that determine roles, behavior and action and influence expectations ■ A) International Organization (NGO and IGO - Intergovernmental organization) (NATO, UN or AU) ■ B) International Regime (UN Convention on Civil and Political Rights, CEFTA - Central European Free Trade Agreement) ■ C) Convention (Peacekeeping) – International Organisation ■„An international organization is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states and other actors in the international system.“ ■International organizations are institutions = administrative apparatus, formal and material essence ■Union of International Associations/UIA – 15 types/categories of IO •Federation of International Organizations – UN •International organization with universal membership - International Labor Organization •International organization with intercontinental membership – NATO •Regionally defined organizations – AU •Less autonomous international organization - International Court of Justice •Organization with a special form - Asian Development Bank •Non-active organization - The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance •Religious, secular groups – Atheist Republic •Proposed organizations not yet established (International Criminal Court 1998-2002) • International Organisation ■Conditions for the existence of IO: •1. goals must be international, active in at least three countries •2. existence of individual or collective membership with full voting rights of members (3 states) •3. the statute must provide the right to regularly elect executive bodies, leaders, the existence of a permanent headquarters •4. the principle of regular rotation of top representatives •5. at least 3 members must contribute to the budget •6. the ability to exist independently in the international system •7. carries out current independent and regular activities, establishes relationships with other organizations International Regime ■„International organizations are generally seen to be more formally specified institutions, with a secretariat, permanent office, and the like. International regimes have been defined as sets of principle, norms, rules, and decisions upon which actors' expectations converge (Krasner 1983).“ ■The definition suggests more permanence, where regimes are often temporary. ■International regimes always relate to a specific issue. ■They do not have an administration or an office. ■They are institutions with a differentiated structure that is divided into four levels: principles, norms, rules and decision-making processes. Convention ■Ad hoc grouping, qualitatively lower grouping than the regime. ■Entities that precede regimes and organizations. ■„Conventions help to shape the actor's expectations, coordinate their behavior, enable mutual understanding of the parties even without set rules.“ ■Advantageous in coordination situations - actors are interested in behaving in a certain way as long as others do. ■Example - Diplomatic immunity. Brief History of IO ■Periodization of the evolution of IO: ■ a) Prenatal period (ICI are created very rarely, ex. Amphictyonia and Symmachia) ■ b) Early period of foundation formation (1648-1815, formation of diplomatic contacts, deepening of economic relations) ■ c) Period of the first international organizations (security, economic and social ICI, Congress of Vienna – several changes) ■ d) Period after the First World War (rapid increase of ICI, League of Nations) ■ e) Period after the Second World War (UN, monetary and economic institutions, regionalism) ■ f) Period after the end of bipolar confrontation (disintegration of bloc organizations , new ICI within Europe, massive increase of NGOs) Security architecture and relations among states ■„An institutional system of organizing relations between states guaranteeing their security. It is based on the assumption that issues and problems related to the security of states cannot be solved individually.“ ■Cooperative security - ongoing effort to reduce the risk of war that does not target a specific state or coalition of states ■Collective security - states avoid the use of force in mutual relations (two principles - the obligation to resolve all disputes by peaceful means, the prohibition of the use of force in mutual relations) ■Collective defense - system of joint defense against external threats, i.e. against attacks by states that are not members of the organization Security architecture and relations among states UN – United Nations Obsah obrázku vektorová grafika Popis byl vytvořen automaticky §24 October 1945, San Francisco §193 member states §The goal of the UN is to preserve international peace, security and ensure international cooperation. Membership in the UN is based on the principle of sovereign equality §Security Council – 15 members, 5 permanent members §General Assembly – all UN member states §UN Secretariat - day-to-day duties, 7,500 officials from 170 countries §International Court of Justice - fifteen judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council §Economic and Social Council - 54 members who are elected for 3 years §Trusteeship Council - Purpose? § § UN – United Nations Obsah obrázku vektorová grafika Popis byl vytvořen automaticky § § UN Charter ■Preamble ■Chapter I: Purposes and Principles ■Chapter II: Membership ■Chapter III: Organs ■Chapter IV: The General Assembly ■Chapter V: The Security Council ■Chapter VI: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes ■Chapter VII: Action with respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression ■Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements ■Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation ■Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council ■Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories ■Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System ■Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council ■Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice ■Chapter XV: The Secretariat ■Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions ■Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements ■Chapter XVIII: Amendments ■Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization §4 April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty (Washington) §30 member states §NATO's main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium §Civilian structure – North Atlantic Council, NATO Headquarters, Nuclear Planning Group, Secretary General §Military structure – Military Committee, Allied Command Operations, Allied Command Transformation NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/structure.htm#CS NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Article 5 §„The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.“ § §„Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.“ § OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe §1975 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe §Shift from the CSCE to the OSCE on 1 January 1995 §Topics: Arms control, border management, education, elections, human rights, migration, good governance, economic activities, cyber security, democratization, national minority issues, conflict prevention, etc. §Three dimensions: §Politico-military §Economic and environmental §Human OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe/OSCE Members Map 1 OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe V4 - Visegrad Group Obsah obrázku text, hodiny Popis byl vytvořen automaticky §Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary §To advance co-operation in military, economic, cultural and energy affairs §15 February 1991 §International Visegrad Fund §Non-institutionalized, regular meeting of top executives §Presidency lasts one year Class Participation- Discuss the following points: ■What type of security cooperation is the most effective? Justify your answers –Cooperative Security, Collective Security or Collective defence? ■What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of NATO membership? ■Which of the UN specialized agencies do you think is the most useful one and why? Thank you for your attention