DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Network analysis: social, ecological, and social-ecological approaches FSS:ENSb1315 (Spring 2024) Yanhua Shi & Harald Waxenecker Course objectives This course introduces the students to qualitative and quantitative network analysis and its interdisciplinary applications in institutional analysis, political economy and ecology social-ecological economics, international relations, among others Social Network Analysis (SNA), Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) , and Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA) will be introduced. The students will understand the basics of network analysis across disciplines and be prepared to transfer parts of the acquired knowledge to cases of their own interest. When? What? Course introduction, basic network-related concepts 1.3. Basic network analysis in R - Part 1 Basic network analysis in R - Part 2 15.3. Social Network Analysis (SNA) Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) and Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA) 5.4. Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework Network of Action Situations I: A Multilevel Social Network Perspective 19.4. Pitch and groups Network of Action Situations II: Applications to Game Theory and Agent-Based Modeling 28.4. Social-Ecological Systems Frameworks: IAD-SES; SE-AS Case study 10.5. Case study Paper discussion in groups Who are we? .. .previous knowledge about the course topics? .. .your studies and interests? .. .etc. Careers Studies University ENV MSZU soc HOSP MV BACH MASTER MUNI INTERNSHIP Alexandra 1 1 1 Lukas_B 1 1 1 Ema_Elena 1 1 1 Eliška 1 1 1 Klára 1 1 1 Alena 1 1 1 Lukáš_V 1 1 1 MSZU SOC Ema(5lena MASTER El'ška Klára r^UNI Lukáš_B ENV Lukáš_V BACH Alexandra ^INTERNSHIP HOSP The course First section When? What? Who? 23.2. Course introduction, basic network-related concepts Yanhua Shi Harald Waxenecker 1.3. Basic network analysis in R - Part 1 Harald Waxenecker Basic network analysis in R - Part 2 Harald Waxenecker 15.3. SNA, ENA, SENA - Part 1 Harald Waxenecker Harald Waxenecker Second section When? What? Who? 5.4. Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework Yanhua Shi 12.4. Network of Action Situations I: A Multilevel Social Network Perspective Yanhua Shi Pitch and groups Yanhua Shi Harald Waxenecker 26.4. Network of Action Situations II: Applications to Game Theory and Agent-Based Modeling Christian Kimmich Social-Ecological Systems Frameworks: IAD-SES; SE-AS Yanhua Shi 3.5. Case study: Danube east of Vienna Yanhua Shi 10.5. SNA, (embodied) ressources and sustainability Christina Prell 17.5. Paper discussion in groups Yanhua Shi Harald Waxenecker Evaluation Course attendance: 80% March 22: network analysis in R (individual exercise) April 19: pitches (individual) May 17: group discussion End of May: essay (individual) • A musthave: network perspective applied to a topic of your interest • Outlining a research proposal... • Introducing a case study... • Analyzing existing data... • Etc. Individual consultation • Related to your individual essay: topics, analysis, discussion • Book an appointment with one of the lecturers during the semester Get started with thinking about your essay topic! • A social, ecological, or social-ecological problem of your interest • Or you can choose and analyze publicly available network datasets, e.g., • National, regional, and global trade data: Input-Output Table: EORA (https://worldmrio.com/); EXIOBASE (https://www.exiobase.eu/); GLORIA (https://ielab.info/analyse/gloria) • Procurement data in Europe: https://opentender.eu/all/start • Open ownership data: https://www.openownership.org/en/ • Datasets from publications, e.g., Ocelik et al. (2022) Relation society - nature From economic development to sustainable development THE WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AMU DEVELOPMENT Economic development Environmental movement Sustainable Development What now? 1950s 1960s - 1970s 1980s 'Silent Spring' (Carson, 1962); 'The Population Bomb' (Ehrlich, 1968); 'A Blueprint for Survival' (The Ecologist, 1972) 'Limits to Growth' (Meadows et al. 1972) THE LIMITS GROWTH -.'*.'( (jlc-1-.-i rtt-iiV- ** I ■O • b"t'o'« *um f>-' Op* • 090' Anthony (rwti. ***N»»» t'O'* final "development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs" Our common Future, 1987 DONELIA H MEADOWS/DENNIS I. MEADOWS J0CGEN (ANOEItS/WUIAM W BEHRENS 111 H A POTOMAC ASSOCIATES BOOK The limits to Growth, 1972 "world system...that is sustainable" Our Common Future/United Nation's Brundtland Report, 1987 Three pillars of SD ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT Sustainable development v.s. Sustainability SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL COMMUNITY ■ Foundations for Sustainability A Coherent Framework of Life-Environment Relations Daniel A. Hiscus, Brian I). Hath Source: Fiscus and Fath, 2018 A long history of understanding human environment interactions as coupled social-ecological systems Fig. 2. Publications related to social-ecological systems, covering the years 1998-2016. Source: Based on data in the Scopus database, accessed 20 August 2017. Intertwined social and ecological systems Rgure L A framework for analyzing the link between social and ecological systems for resilience and sustaJnabllity ecosystem people and technology local knowledge institutions property rights regional, national, global influences patterns of Interactions outcomes *| sustainable society "[t]he challenge is to find ways to match the dynamics of institutions with the dynamics of ecosystems for mutual social-ecological resilience and improved performance." (Folke and Berkes, 1998; p.4) Fig. 1. A conceptual framework for the analysis of linked social-ecological systems. Ecological knowledge and understanding is a critical link between complex and dynamic ecosystems, adaptive management practices, and institutions. Source: Based on and modified from Folke and Berkes (1998). Berkes F, Folke C (1994) Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer Discussion Papers -ecological systems as complex adaptive J^'3)^mic interactions among and between human and non-human elements of a SES gives rise system-level patterns, which in turm affects local interactions (Levin et al. 2013; Folke et al. 2016). systematic approach that looks at processes and interactions of the social-ecological phenomenon Empirical phenomenon of SES phenomenon Research question Key literature interest of interest 1 Collapse of the Baltic Sea Regime shift How did social factors and processes in the cod fishery Lade et al. 2015 cod populations contribute to the cod collapse? 2 Persistent poverty in the Social-ecological How did the introduction of a new seed by a donor organization L. J. Haider, W. J. Boonstra, Pamir Mountains trap contribute to the creation of a social-ecological trap? A. Akobirshoeva, and M. Schlüter, unpublished manuscript 3 Collapse of the Regime shift Which social and social-ecological interactions have maintained Mason 2002 Newfoundland cod fishery unsustainable harvesting and led to the collapse of cod? 4 Restoration of lake Regime shift How do social and ecological processes interplay to determine Martin and Schlüter 2015 Ringsjon, southern Sweden the restoration time of a tipping lake? R. Martin, M. Schlüter, T. Blenckner, unpublished manuscript 5 Small-scale fisheries in Trap Which microlevel mechanisms lead to a dominance of patron- Lindkvist et al. 2017 Mexico client relationships in the fishery? 6 Dryland agriculture in Social-ecological What feedbacks maintain the trap and what leverage points for Enfors2013 Tanzania trap escaping the trap exist? 7 Spread of Avian influenza Cascading crisis What are possible social-ecological feedbacks that may Galazet al. 2011 precipitate an epidemic? Source: Schüttler et a;l. 2019; p.9) A robustness framework of SES B Resource Users A Resource 6 r D Public Infrastructure í i. 7 C Public Infrastructure Providers Fig. 3. Basic feature of a social-ecological system model. The resource (A) is used by resource users (B) and public infrastructure providers (C). Public infrastructure (D) refers to physical capital (i.e., any engineered works such as dikes, irrigation canals, etc.) and social capital (i.e., the rules used by those governing, managing, and using the system including monitoring and enforcement of these rules). In the examination of robustness, external disturbance (Arrow 7) can be addressed (i.e., biophysical disruptions such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, and climate change) as well as socioeconomic changes (Arrow 8), e.g., population increases, economic and major political changes that impact on the resource users (B) and the public infrastructure providers (C). Arrow numbers in the figure signify interaction as follows: (1) between resource and resource users; (2) between users and public infrastructure providers; (3) between infrastructure providers and public infrastructure; (4) between public infrastructure and resource; (5) between public infrastructure and resource dynamics; (6) between resource users and public infrastructure; (7) external forces on resource and infrastructure; (8) external forces on social actors. Source: Anderies et al. 2004. Ostronrľs A multitier framework of SES Social, economic, and political settings (S) Exogenous Variables í A framework for institutional analysis. Source: Adapted from E. Ostrom, Gardnerm and Walker 1994, 37. 1990's 2010's Related ecosystems (ECO) The SES framework. Source: Ostrom (2009) A SES is a system composed of: (1) A focal resource system (RS); (2) One or more resource units (RU) that exist within or affect this RS (3) A focal governance system (GS); (4) One of more actor groups (U) that interact within this governance system Source: The Bloomington school of institutional analysis (seminar on Institutional Theory - Fall 2023) A common analytical framework needed Fig. 5. The lack of a common analytical framework of social-ecological systems (SES) is a significant challenge for the field of SES to develop and communicate with other social and natural science fields. Artwork by Jonas Adner. ( op\ right © 2019 by the author(s). Published here under lieensc by the Resilience Alliance. Colding, J., and S. Barthel. 2019. Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later. Ecology and Society 24(1):2. https:// doi.org/10.5751/ES-10598-240102 Synthesis Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later Johan Colding1,2,3 and Stephan Barthel1,3 A lack of a unifying definition of SES "We hold the view that social and ecological systems are in fact linked, and that the delineation between social and natural systems is artificial and arbitrary." (Folke and Berkes, 1998; p.4) "A clearer definition would for sure avoid the 'blind elephant analogy' that runs the risk of circumscribing the SES concept" (Colding and Barthel, 2019; p.9) Networks .. concepts from graph Social networks O e.g., political collaboration network o o o o ° o 0°n0o ft* ° o o o o o -o o 0 CP o o [Ocelik et al., 2022] [Fischer & Waxenecker, 2020] Social networks e.g., trade network ^Tanzania""* Guinea °Ira(^ < nSingapore QUnjtedArab Emirates Q Serbia ia°KenYa ^Ireland /"^ft- nAustria QEg^^Jew.Zealand a OSIovakiaa^>T^^\ ^SogvanuaturRSlQvenjapAustraii, So-Jajp^Romania '-'wiij-foHonduras",<•■'• -'Costa Ricar- —■ °Ne-Pa!;ibia ^.Zambia^Pem^nTepub^ ol2Ecuadonire^ - - 'vUgandaascarv SiSri Lankaigl PCYemen, öMauritius^Tr-' ^Nigersnegro "\° Lithuania aazimbabwe Uzbekistan ■Trinidad and Tobago • Oman Kazakhstan " Belarus ^Bosnia and Herzegovina Malaysja^ Iran °San Marino ° Grenada °Monaco °(3uyaiiä "Brunei Saudi Arabia 'Nigeria 'Myanmar 0 Angola/ □ Argentina Philippines ^^Viet Nam ° Bolivia 3 Mongolia Year 2010 [Prell & Feng, 2016] Social networks e.g., policy instrument preferences research Figure 3. Two-mode network of policy instrument preferences. Note: Support network ("agree somewhat" or "strongly agree") on the left; rejection network ("disagree somewhat" or "strongly disagree") on the right. Circles = actors, squares = policy instruments, ties = preferences in the form of support or rejection. [Metzetal., 2018] What is a network? ...an interconnected system of a set of vertices and ed G(V, E) G = graph [network] V = vertices [nodes] E = edges [ties, relations] "The most general characteristic of social science data is that they are rooted in cultural values and symbols. Unlike the pysical data of the natural sciences, social science data are constituted through meanings, motives, definitions and typifications. [...] The principle type of data can be referred to as attribute data' and 'relational data." [Scott, 2013: 3] We need relational data!!! Style of research Survey research Ethnographic research Documentary research Source Questionnaires, interviews Observations Texts Type of data Type of analysis Attribute Relational Variable analysis Network analysis [Based on Scott, 2013] [graph] [matrix] [edgelist] 348 nodes 523 edges Graph density: 0.009 Describing a network... One-mode network Binary Undirected Number of vertices (nodes) Number of edges (ties) Graph density Describing a network... One-mode network ^- Two-mode network ^- Binary [0,1] Cj Wheighted o—o o^o Undirected Directed o—o o—o o □ o _ □ Two types of nodes Mode 1 (set 1) Mode 2 (set 2) edge = bipartite or two-mode network [graph] CD oo CD O c [matrix] Second node set [edgelist] 1 2 3 A 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 C 1 1 1 D 0 1 1 A B 1 First mode Second mode 2 3 A ~r B i 4 C i 5 C 2 6 C 3 7 D 2 8 D 3 Q Degree centrality (J) ® ® • How many actors is one directly tied to? (^) (^) In social theory, high degree tends to be a measure of popularity for undirected graphs. Which actor(s) appear to have more degree central ity? © © © 'deg(i) — Tij = l Xij 100 nodes 243 edges Graph density: 0.049 100 nodes 197 edges Graph density: 0.039 Erdos-Renyi © © © (V) © © © ^© 0 © 0 @ ~© ©r; ® %^ ©^©Ju© © © ® (Z) w /-n (8>^ w © © © ^©u© Erdos-Renyi graphs provide a simple model for studying networks and serve as a baseline for comparison with more complex network models. Distribution of Degree Centralities in & c