Seminar in US Foreign Policy (USFP) Weeks 3 & 4 Background Slides on USFP Actors, Institutions, & Influences Dave McCuan Masaryk University Fall 2009 Cabinet-Style Government (standard organizational structure) PresidentPresidentPresidentPresident Secretary ofSecretary ofSecretary ofSecretary of............ Secretary ofSecretary ofSecretary ofSecretary of............ Secretary ofSecretary ofSecretary ofSecretary of............ Deputy Sec ofDeputy Sec ofDeputy Sec ofDeputy Sec of............ Undersecretary ofUndersecretary ofUndersecretary ofUndersecretary of............ Undersecretary ofUndersecretary ofUndersecretary ofUndersecretary of............ Assistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary of............ Assistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary of............ Assistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary ofAssistant Secretary of............ Career vs. Appointee Actors Transition Periods (2000-2001; 2008-2009) Clinton GW Career Appointees Key Actors of USFP * White House * National Security Council * Presidential Decision Directives (PDDs & which you can find at the Federation of American Scientists, see www.fas.org) * US National Security Structure, including DoD & OSD & the Joint Staff * US State Department DoD: Department of Defense The Pentagon DoD Structure * DoD Organization * The Department of Defense * The Office of the Secretary of Defense * The Joint Staff ­ Joint Staff Structure * United States Army * United States Navy * United States Marine Corps * United States Air Force * Unified Commands (like Central Command, Tampa, FL) * U.S. Strategic Command * Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA * National Security Agency (NSA) * Defense Science Board Intelligence Community * Office of the Director of National Intelligence ­ ODNI Structure ­ DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005) ­ National Intelligence Council * National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) * President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB). * Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ­ World Factbook ­ CIA list of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments ­ CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issues ­ Freedom of Information Act details for CIA documents Congressional Oversight ­ House Armed Services Committee ­ House Committee on International Relations ­ House Select Committee on Homeland Security ­ House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ­ Senate Committee on Armed Services ­ Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ­ Senate Committee on Intelligence ­ Congressional Budget Office (CBO) ­ Government Accountability Office (GAO) ­ CRS Reports through the Federation of American Scientists ­ CRS Reports through the Dept. of State House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence National Security Council * Members ­ President ­ Vice President ­ Secretary of State ­ Secretary of Defense ­ Any others the President wishes to add * Advisors ­ Chair, Joint Staff (formerly the JCS) ­ DNI Current NSC Committee Structure NSCNSCNSCNSC NSC Principals CommitteeNSC Principals CommitteeNSC Principals CommitteeNSC Principals Committee NSC Deputies CommitteeNSC Deputies CommitteeNSC Deputies CommitteeNSC Deputies Committee NSC PolicyNSC PolicyNSC PolicyNSC Policy Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating CommitteeCoordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee NSC PolicyNSC PolicyNSC PolicyNSC Policy Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating CommitteeCoordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee Evolution of the NSC Intended Design But sometimes... PresidentPresidentPresidentPresident VP Sec State SecDef CJCS DNI NSC Committees PresidentPresidentPresidentPresident National Security Advisor Trusted Advisor Trusted Advisor NSC Staff Analytical Model-Rational Actor Modeling Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) ??C ??B ??A BenefitsCostsOptions Organizational Process Model StateStateStateState DefenseDefenseDefenseDefense TreasuryTreasuryTreasuryTreasury CommerceCommerceCommerceCommerce HomelandHomelandHomelandHomeland SecuritySecuritySecuritySecurity Advice to the President * Are solutions available in a foreign crisis? * State: Negotiate * Treasury: Sanctions * Commerce: Trade * DNI: Need better intel * Defense: Use force ­ Army: Ground troops ­ Navy: Carrier air power ­ Marines: Amphibious landing ­ Air Force: Bombing Bureaucratic Politics Model A7A7A7A7 A6A6A6A6 A5A5A5A5 A4A4A4A4 A3A3A3A3 A2A2A2A2 A1A1A1A1 PRESPRESPRESPRES Presidential Management Model * What Structures, if any, are used in decision making? * Who is actually making the decision? * Who does the president trust the most? Presidential Management Styles * Competitive * Formalistic * Collegial * "Two Presidencies" thesis of Aaron Wildavsky? * Updates to this thesis? Decision-Making Evolves & Normalizes to the Mean of Past Formal Structure Informal Structure Pres andPres andPres andPres and most trustedmost trustedmost trustedmost trusted advisor (1advisor (1advisor (1advisor (1----3)3)3)3) Inauguration dayInauguration day 33--6 months6 months 0 to a year0 to a year