Migration, Transnationalism and the City SOC 585 B. Nadya Jaworsky jaworsky@fss.muni.cz Room 3.59 Thursdays 10-11 am or by appointment • Use the parts of an argument to guide your research: • •What’s the answer to your research question? (CLAIM) •Why should I believe that? •(REASONS) •How do you know that reason to be true? (EVIDENCE) •But have you considered this view? (ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & RESPONSE) • What your research paper might look like: • •Introduction •Literature/Theory Review •Method/methodology •Findings/Data •Discussion (YOUR argument – this should be the LARGEST section of your paper!) •Conclusion •References (use ASA Style Guide) • http://www.worldpressphoto.org/sites/default/files/styles/gallery_main_image/public/archive/2015/si ngles/SN/4/d9y5wsual7domv5lzi6y.jpg?itok=MGbnO7sI •Seeking refuge: •Movement from Persecution to Protection? SOME DEFINITIONS •Asylum seeker – a person who has applied for international protection but whose claim has not yet been decided •Refugee – a person who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the county of his (sic in original) nationality” (1951 U.N. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees) New issues about defining refugees: •Persecution by non-state actors •General insecurity about conflict •Sex, sexuality •Environmental reasons •IDPs – internally displaced persons • 2016 UNHCR Report http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7 •The global refugee total, passed the 20 million threshold (21.3 million) for the first time since 1992. •And the numbers of internally displaced people jumped to an estimated 40.8 million. •By the end of the year, 65.3 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or human rights violations. This is 5.8 million more than the previous year (59.5 million). 2016 UNHCR Report •In a global context, that means that one person in every 122 has been forced to flee their home. •On average 24 people worldwide were displaced from their homes every minute of every day during 2015 – some 34,000 people per day. This compares to 6 per minute in 2005. •Children below 18 years of age constituted about half of the refugee population in 2015, up from 41 per cent in 2009. • 2016 UNHCR Report •By end-2015, about 3.2 million people were waiting for a decision on their application for asylum. •Asylum-seekers submitted a record high number of new applications for asylum or refugee status – estimated at 2.0 million. With 441,900 asylum claims, Germany was the world’s largest recipient of new individual applications, followed by the United States of America (172,700), Sweden (156,400), and the Russian Federation (152,500). • Chart showing origin of asylum seekers Chart showing approved asylum applications in 2015 •More than 1 million people made "irregular arrivals" into the European Union in 2015, according to the International Organization for Migration. And the IOM estimates that 3,771 people died trying to cross the Mediterranean, making 2015 the deadliest year ever. https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews /files/2016/02/iomfeb2.jpg&w=1484 http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/photos/20150626-europes-migration-crossin g-points-carousel.jpg •https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/europe-s-migration-crossing-points-captured-six-film s#spain Where are the refugees really? •Developing regions hosted 86 per cent of the world’s refugees under UNHCR’s mandate. The Least Developed Countries provided asylum to 4.2 million refugees or about 26 per cent of the global total. •Turkey hosted the most refugees (2.5 million), followed by Pakistan (1.6), Lebanon (1.1), Iran (979,400), Ethiopia (736,100), Jordan (664,100). •The largest number of refugees in proportion to the national population is in Lebanon, with 183 refugees per 1,000 inhabitants. http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/RefugeesMap2011-12.jpg •http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/ •http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_380_sum_en.pdf#zoom=100 Many Europeans concerned with security, economic repercussions of refugee crisis The purpose of the UNHCR •To protect the rights and wellbeing of refugees. •Ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum •Be non-political and humanitarian •Strive to find permanent solutions for refugees such as to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country • State norms •The right to leave one’s own county •The right to the right to access the territory of other states •Asylum should be provided as a non-political act •Refugees should not be returned to their own country forcibly (non refoulement) •Full economic and social rights should be extended to refugees •States are obliged to try to provide lasting solutions for refugees The responsibilities of migrants? •"Dear stranger, dear stranger! Welcome to Germany, welcome to Hardheim. Many of you have gone through terrible things. War, mortal danger, a perilous escape across half the world. That is over now. You are now in Germany" •"Germany is a clean country and should remain so... We do our necessities exclusively on toilets, not in gardens and parks, not even in hedges and behind bushes" •"...learn as soon as possible the German language, so that we can communicate and you can bring your needs to express to us" •"Women must lead an independent life and have the same rights as men" • • •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvOnXh3NN9w Setting Refugee Policy in the EU •Assuming 1 million asylum seekers in 2017, mostly wanting to go to Germany or other Northern European countries •Consider: –Internal and external borders and their control/lack thereof –Rules for accepting refugees –What about the Dublin provisions? –Rules for integrating (or not) refugees –What about places like “The Jungle”? –