Balkan Security: Overview Věra Stojarová FSS MU Brno, Czech Republic stojarova@fss.muni.cz Identity and nation/state building nHistory nLanguage nCulture nReligion nCommon feeling n > Main features of Slovenia and the Western/Eastern Balkan states si-flag croatia_flag_w Bosnia_flag macedonia_flag srbsko ALBA0001 bg romania What is Balkan? Western Balkan, southern, eastern?? Dates: (395, 1054, end of 14, century, 1453) Dissolution of yugoslavia into what?? - Nations, ethnics, religions, language, script, lliteracy, life standard montenegro_flag kosovo flag Timeline n1991 Slovenia n1991-95 Croatia n1992-95 BiH n1997 Anarchy in Albania n1998-99 Kosovo n2000 Presevo valley n2001 Macedonia n2003 Belgrade agreement n2006 Montenegro n2008 Kosovo n2018 North Macedonia n n n n n > Slovenia n10 days war nItalian, Austrian, Hungarian national minority n2.3.2004 NATO n1.5.2004 EU msloven Croatia n1991-1995 civil war n12% serbian population drop 5 % n1990-1999 president Franjo Tudjman, authoritative regime, semipresidentialism, suppresion of serbian minority, strongest HDZ nNATO 2009 n2013 EU n mapa hr Croatia nWar 1992-95 nKuna, Za dom spremni, Jasenovac, Chessboard, U, Victory Day, Thompson, ICTY nHDZ 1990-2000, 2003-2011, since 2016 nEU nConstant attempt to hold over media and judiciary nVeterans and Catholic church nQuislings and Serbs n > Serbia (and Monte Negro) n Slobodan Milošević (1989 -1997 president of Serbia, 1997-2000 president of FRY authoritative regime nKosovo: Serbian forces vs. KLA 1996-1998; war of NATO vs. Serbia 1999) nDecentralisation of Vojvodina nBelgrade agreement 2003 n2006 – independence of CG n2008 – independence of Kosovo n Srbija_okruzi Serbia nWars in Croatia, BiH, Kosovo nPopulism, nationalism, nICTY, quislings nHold over media, resources, judiciary, independent institutions nKrvave košulje and 1od5miliona nSerbian orthodox church > Monte Negro n Milo Djukanovic forever nOrganized crime, nepotism, clientelism nOrientation towards east as well west n n D:\82653\Desktop\map_of_montenegro.jpg Montenegro nMilo Djukanovic forever nIn the name of the nation nEU, NATO n > Bosnia and Herzegovina n3 ethnics: 17%Croatians, 31% Serbs,44 %Bosniaks nCivil war 1991-1995 nBiH divided into 2 entities Federation of BiH and RS nHigh representative (since 2009 Valentin Inzko) nUN protectorate, missions NATO (IFOR, SFOR, SFOR II), EU Althea nSarajevo agreement 2002 changed Dayton – all institution have to reflect the ethnics according to the census in 1991 n3 main parties based on the ethnicity: HDZ, SDS, SDA. bosnia_herzegovina_pol97 Serbs Croats Bosniaks I. Bosniak II. Internal actor Political party Serbian democratic party (SDS BiH) Croatian democratic community (HDZ BiH) Party of democratic action (SDA) Persona Radovan Karadžić Davor Perinović, Stjepan Kljuić, Mate Boban Alija Izetbegović Fikret Abdić Armed formation Army of Republika srpska Croatian council of defence (HVO) Army of Republic BaH Army of Fikret Abdić State 9.1.1992 Republika srpska BaH, 12.8. renamed Republika srpska, Pale 3.7.1992 Croatian community Herzeg Bosna, 24.8.1993 Croatian republic Herzeg Bosna, Grude Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH, Sarajevo) Athonomous region Western Bosnia, renamed Republic of Western Bosnia, Velka Kladuša External actor Political party Socialistic party of Serbia (SPS) Croatian democratic community (HDZ) Support of islamic countries Cooperation with Croats as well as Serbs Persona Slobodan Milošević Franjo Tudjman Armed formation Yugoslav Peples Army (JNA), Yugoslavian army Croatian army (HV) State Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Belgrade Croatia. Zagreb Support of islamic countries (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libye) Paramiliary formations Serbian volunteer guard (Tigers) – Arkan; Chetniks- Šešelj; White Eagles- Jović Croatian defence forces (HOS) El-Mudžahid Green Berets I. Phase of the war (6. 4. 1992 beginning 1993) II. Phase of the war (1993 -March 1994) III. Phase of the war (March 1994 -1995) IV. Local episode (29. 9. 1993 - 7. 8. 1995) Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Serbs x Bosniaks Serbs x Croats Bosniaks x Croats Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Bosniaks x Bosniaks (Army of the Republic BaH x Army of Fikret Abdić) BiH nParties based on ethnicity nCompetitive Authoritarian regime in RS – Dodik nIn the name of the nation nHold over media, judiciary, resources, bosnia_herzegovina_pol97 > Kosovo nAutonomous province of Serbia nGreat powers since 1974 nLimitation of the authonomy since the 1980´s n1996-99 war alb vs srb n1999 NATO air campaign (bombing) n2003 Constitutional framework n17 February 2008 self-proclaimed independence n111 UN member states recognized independence kosovo flag > Kosovo nPDK and illiberal practices, captured state nVetevendosje, Albin Kurti nSelf-determination – referendum nClan parties nAgainst the established parties (PDK,AAK,LDK) > Macedonia nIndependence complicated : nGreece n Bulgaria n Serbia n Albanian irredentism 2001 Ohrid peace agreement 750x750_macedonia_m North Macedonia nGreece, Bulgaria, Albanians, Serbian orthodox church nVMRO-DPMNE nAlexander the Great, airport, highway, Skopje nAntiquisation, Nationalism nVMRO-DPMNE nSDSM and Zaev?? nQuislings and Soros n > Albania nGegs vs. Tosks n1992-1997 Democratic party of Sali Berisha n1997 coup d etat, anarchy nThe only national minority n map alb Albania nDemocrats and Socialists nMedia, judiciary, captured state ndemonstrations > Romania nHungarian and Roma minority nMoldova issue nGreater Romania Party n RomaniaCountiesMap Bulgaria n2004 NATO n2007 EU nTurks nTurkish Movement for the rights and liberties n2009 GERB nAtaka bulgaria Moldova nTransnistria nCommunist party in power till 2009 D:\82653\Desktop\moldova-map.gif