Modals
David Zelený
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Present Modals
•Have to vs Must
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•I have to do it = I must do it (almost)
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•I don’t have to do it ≠ I mustn’t do it
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Present Modals
•I don’t need to do it = I needn’t do it
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•I can go home now = I could go home now
•                    (just politeness issues)
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•Probability: may, might, could
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Past Modals
•He must have done it. (100%)
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•Form: must + have + 3rd form
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•Opposite: He can’t have done it. (0%)
•He mustn’t have done it - does not exist
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Past Modals – 50%
•I may have done it.
•He might have done it.
•He could have done it.
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•Careful: He could have done it – probability
•BUT: He could run fast – also past, but ability
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Past Modals - Need
•I didn’t need to go to the bank
•    = I did NOT go there, I stayed home
•Also - I did not have to go to the bank – same meaning
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•BUT:
•I needn’t have gone to the bank.
•    = I went there, but it was closed for example
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