Export odpovědí: Exam 9/2
Omezení: odpovídající dle výběru | jen nejnovější průchod
1. Affanyi, Nana Yaa (stud FSS MU), učo 504170 (0b)
2. Ahmed, Md Tanmay (stud FSS MU), učo 503932 (0b)
3. Alakbar, Raul (stud FSS MU), učo 493152 (0b)
4. Banerjee, Abhinav (stud FSS MU), učo 506431 (0b)
5. Bzhadug, Alina (stud FSS MU), učo 504154 (0b)
6. Derer, Ellena-Eva (stud FSS MU), učo 506432 (0b)
7. Fofuh-Fru, Cyprain Lionel Junior (stud FSS MU), učo 491541 (0b)
8. Gallschneider, Viliam (stud FSS MU), učo 503822 (0b)
9. Gavankar, Ursula (stud FSS MU), učo 506433 (0b)
10. Gaziyev, Anar, Bc., M.A. (stud FSS MU), učo 491068 (0b)
11. Chakma, Seul (stud FSS MU), učo 496419 (0b)
12. Chanchi, Marilyn Ngekwi (stud FSS MU), učo 491320 (0b)
13. Chaurasiya, Amit Kumar (stud FSS MU), učo 503146 (0b)
14. Chenenaoui, Omar (stud FSS MU), učo 506439 (0b)
15. Kazantseva, Daria (stud FSS MU), učo 504156 (0b)
16. Kusiy, Viktoriya (stud FSS MU), učo 504126 (0b)
17. Landaverde, Carlos (stud FSS MU), učo 486920 (0b)
18. Lanza Raguso, Maximo (stud FSS MU), učo 504168 (0b)
19. Li, Kainan (stud FSS MU), učo 503683 (0b)
20. Mokhothu, Matseliso (stud FSS MU), učo 504687 (0b)
21. Scekic, Mina (stud FSS MU), učo 506438 (0b)
22. Shukurlu, Farid (stud FSS MU), učo 506440 (0b)
23. Teterina, Aleksandra (stud FSS MU), učo 504689 (0b)
1
1 Affanyi, Nana Yaa (stud FSS MU), učo 504170
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink makes decision making less rational since it arrives on majority rules, thus until most members come
to a consensus, delay becomes the order of the day. A group can reach decisions without accurately assessing
their consequences because individual group members decide to follow an option chosen by the majority. There
is the absence or minimal accountability for actions taken after an outcome of a decision. The structure of the
decision making process can cause delay in arriving at an outcome especially when no single alternative appeals
to a majority of participants. Experienced participants of a group decision makers can control a group’s formal
decision rules and also control the agenda of the meeting.
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The Charter of Fundamental Rights
3. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies is an academic field of study which focuses on developments of European countries. whiles
EU studies is the study of the European Union is a regional integration organization. The structures and functions
of the union.
4. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• The treaty of Paris was signed by six Western European Countriescreating the European Coal and Steel Community.
It was signed by France, Belgium, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg And the Netherlands. They were
nicknamed the Original six. The end of euroceloesis
5. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism and Realism are 2 of the 4 major classical theoritical traditions in the study of International Relations.
Realism focuses on power and self interest. To the realist the date is the principal actor of the international
system and so the state is the main determinant of the demand and supply. Such an economy kills initiatives
and slows down developments. Liberals on the other hand recognizes the presence and importance of other
actors within the international system, hence economic interventions such as free market, tax holidays and
social interventions are encouraged to boosts the economy by individuals.
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The international system is made up of weak states and strong states. The weaker ones look up to the states with
much influence in the system both for inspiration and financial benefits since they are resourced with military
presence and economic growth. For instance, a developing country like Ghana can have the US as a hegemon
to hide under their security umbrella and so any time their security is being threatened, they can look up to the
US for assistance. Through diplomacy, economic interventions such as free flow of goods can strengthen the
economy of the weaker states.
2
2 Ahmed, Md Tanmay (stud FSS MU), učo 503932
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.02 (0b)
1. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies discuss about the current development in Europe. EU studies discuss the low, policy, economic,
social policies in EU members.
2. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink is a process through which the desire for consensus in groups can lead to poor decisions. Rather than
object to them and risk losing a sense of group solidarity, members may remain silent and lend their support.
3. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• liberalism based on liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law. Realism is one of the dominant
schools of thought in international relation theory. Basically, the current work is meant to explain the key differences
between the most two dominant theories in international relations, Realism and Liberalism, providing the
precise and concise statements of some authors’keywords to help the reader to identify the most relevant and
appropriate theory to be used as a methodological instrument to resolve the complexities of the contemporary
world issues. Therefore, this work applied the analogical and analytical approach to pinpoint the deficiencies
of each theory and to figure out smoothly the most convincing basis of the two controversies. Accordingly, the
following main concepts are discussed human nature, power, security, survival, security dilemma, and anarchy
is the basic assumptions of each theory guiding us somewhat to Liberalism as the appropriate approach to
maintain a harmonious peaceful environment in the world of politics.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The Lisbon Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Lisbon, updated regulations for the European Union, establishing
a more centralized leadership and foreign policy, a proper process for countries that wish to leave the Union, and
a streamlined process for enacting new policies. The Lisbon Treaty updated European Union (EU) regulations,
establishing more centralized leadership and foreign policy, a process for countries that want to leave the EU,
and a streamlined process for enacting new policies. The treaty was built on existing treaties but adopted new
rules to enhance cohesion and streamline action within the EU. The Lisbon Treaty also replaced the previously
rejected Constitutional Treaty, which attempted to establish a Union constitution.
5. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
•
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
•
3
3 Alakbar, Raul (stud FSS MU), učo 493152
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• This agreement is known as the Reform Treaty because the first time ever since the Maastricht Treaty signed
in 1992 and formed the European Union was a subject of the amendment. In other words, the Lisbon Treaty
reshaped the two previous treaties – the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 and the Nice Treaty of 2001. The constitutional
basis of the EU was reformed by the consent of all the Member States. The Lisbon Treaty is signed in
2007 and went into force two years later. The updated form of the EU also changed earlier agreements signed
before the foundation of the European Union. The Treaty also launched the European Neighborhood Policy
Instrument (ENPI), as well as the European Partnership (EaP) within the frames of the ENPI.
2. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• One of the leading branches in the theory of international relations is realism. In this regard, the Realpolitik
conception arose in Germany in the 19th century and implemented by Otto von Bismarck is of a great interest.
Thanks to mindfulness and realist approaches of the ‘great Chancellor’Germany had a leading position in
Europe won the crucial wars taking over significant parts of Austria, Denmark and France. To a certain extent,
such a realistic approach to things appeared in early modern Europe. Nowadays, the realism theory does not
coincide with the ideals of liberalism. From the other side, liberalism rejects power politics by considering it
as only outcome of the system of international relations. According to this theory, war and security are pillars
of realism, whereas it is possible to have a world with mutual benefit and international cooperation. Liberals
around the world promote the role of international organisations and multiple NGOs in getting the better world
without wars and violence. This ideology encourages more cooperation and less conflict situation, which can
be reached with high-profile international institutions, international trade and spread of democracy.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Given to the fact that groupthink is a psychological issue it may completely impact on the decision-making
abilities. A certain group of people may desire for accordance in the group results in an irrational decisionmaking
results. It may cause a tendency between its members to agree in any way. Minimizing disagreements
and reaching a deal without criticism cannot be considered as the rational decision. In general, there is a few
factors, that influence decision-making. This includes past experiences, a couple of cognitive prejudicial approach,
rising of commitments, personal differences such as age or socioeconomic origin, and, in some cases a
belief or personal faith. A decision to be made might completely depend on these points and human conditions.
It is believed that people tend to avoid repeating mistakes made in the past. Nevertheless, to a certain extent
future decisions based on experiences are not definitely the best choices. As for the cognitive prejudicial approach,
that may arise due to the errors in memory, irrelevant judgments, and faults in thinking ability. That
may lead to the dependence on prior practices, which usually causes biased decisions. In other words, cognitive
biases may occasionally lead to bad decisions, however it enable individuals to make efficient decisions, as
well. Additionally, in decision-making past experiences and a cognitive prejudicial approach may be impacted
by a rising of commitment and sunk outcomes, which are being considered as unrecoverable costs. Some people
make decisions basing on an irrational rising of commitment. For instance, individuals spend time, invest
money and effort into a decision. Feeling responsibility for the sunk costs people may tend to continue to make
wrong decisions. Therefore, an irrational thinking might be considered as a phenomena for decision-makers on
individual level. When it comes to personal differences, it can be seen that older people tend to be overconfident
regarding their skills to make decisions. At the same time, age is only one personal difference that impacts on
decision-making. Study shows, that people on low incomes may make poorer decisions, based on negative life
events in the past. And last, but not the least, belief or personal faith also make sense. Whether people believe
that they make things and their opinion is decisive, they tend to make a decision more likely.
4. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• A small state may mean a better and concentrated government, as well as participation of all in the administrative
issues. Creating a small state may also lead to reducing of corruption cases. In a small state a government in
a position to tackle the local problems at the grass-roots level. The different things such as building of the
infrastructure, availability of utility services, construction of public buildings are being implemented by a local
government
4
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• EU studies cover only researches regarding the Member States of the European Union, its institutions such as
the European Parliament, the Europena Council and the European Commission, whereas the Europan studies
concern all the countries in the European continent including the UK, Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, Serbia
and other which are not the members of the EU. The European studies needs a comprehensive approach to the
whole of the continent and its participation not only in the various international issues but ist role in the world
terms of the new global challenges.
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• Firstly, after being comprised exclusively of the developed countries of Northern Europe for several years, The
European Economic Community opened its doors to the new democracies of Southern Europe, with accession
of Greece(1981) Spain, and Portugal(1986). And it was a component of political stability and economic improvement
in the Mediterranean region of Europe.The Community has been through a long path of change in
the mid-80s. A new period of growth has the begun-the conclusion of the establishment of the single internal
market. The legal basis of the policy was the Single European Act, which was signed by the Member States in
February 1986 and came into effect on 1 July 1987. Thirty years after the signing of the Treaties of Rome, there
was a need to update current positions in the light of the progress of European integration. After lengthy talks,
initiated by Jacques Delors, the Heads of State and Government reached an agreement on a whole package
of significant reforms. By its nature, the Single European Act of 1986 was simply a series of changes to the
Treaties forming the ECSC, the EEC, and Euratom. Which is similar to the ”budget agreement” of early 1970s.
Future EU audit treaties as a whole (Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and finally Lisbon (2007) treaties)
5
4 Banerjee, Abhinav (stud FSS MU), učo 506431
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.02 (0b)
1. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• Although the 2 terms European Studies and EU studies look really similar, their content of studies has some
differences. European studies includes the careful analysis of the whole of Europe, its culture, its people, its
geography, the languages spoken. the EU studies signifies the study of the European Union, which includes the
analysis of its, treaties, studying the key EU institutions and it is more focused on the current and prospective
members of the EU rather than the entirety of Europe
2. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism and Realism are the 2 of the most dominant theories of IR and most of what happens around the
world and the key decision making of politicians can be explained under these 2 schools of thought. However,
the 2 theories arent 2 peas in a pod and are very different than each other. In terms of Economy, liberalisation
views the world as a much more interconnected and coherent unit, it emphasizes on how economically states
are very dependent on each other, the scholars of liberalization also are staunch supporters of a free market.
They see globalization as a result of a long term interaction between states and the very existence of it seems to
signify the defeat of realist theories. Liberalization puts heavy emphasis on International institutions, it deems
international institutions more important in world politics than states and lastly when it comes to human nature
liberal school of thought believes that people have the capacity to improve and be better. on the other hand we
have realism, it focuses solely on the state and believes that, heavy emphasis on state interconnectedness will
lead to a loss of sovereignty. realists dont view globalization as a bad thing, they believe it exists but it doesn’t
affect state sovereignty and the state stil remains the most powerful entity. When it comes to International
organizations realists believe that the state is the most important political actor all other actors like IO’s are
redundant, the world functions by the interactions between different governments of the states. when it comes
to human nature realists believe it is intrinsically bad, humans are greedy and lustful and their desires will
automatically lead to war.
3. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The process of a small state aligning with a hegemon is called alliance building. there are a few benefits to
alliance building namely. Alliance building were a key feature of the cold war and still function as deterrents for
other nationsin global politics eg. the formation of the QUAD to deter china. Countries enter alliances because
aligning with a hegemon reaps certain benefits. First, it allows an elevated status for the state which means its
neighbours will think twice before trying to pick fight with the state. It also has the benefits of a shared improved
technology which can help the state improve and develop its country. Economically it involves the participation
of the country in various trade organizations headed by the hegemon, which overall brings prosperity for the
state.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The lisbon treaty was a key document for the bettwer future of the EU. It aimed to- -bring reforms to the European
parliament and make it much more powerful than before, the European According to the treaty changes, the
Parliament elects the head of the Commission, the EU’s executive body. It provide the power for the parliament
to set up the European political direction -The Lisbon treaty increased the ability of the EU and its Parliament to
act and deliver. It extended Parliament’s full legislative power to more than 40 new fields, including agriculture,
energy security, immigration, justice and EU funds, and put it on an equal footing with the Council that
represents member states’governments. Parliament also gained the power to approve the entire EU budget
together with the Council. it incr
5. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• group think refers to the policy of groups reaching decisions without truly assessing their consequences.. Group
think can lead to rational decision making, but most of the times it is highly unikely. People when they are in a
group feel less responsible for their actions so they can come up with some questionalble decisions, moreover
group think creates an environment of bandwagoning, now even though there is no one holding a gun to the
perons head and forcing them to make a particular decision, people often try to replicate others and try to
function within the norms, so they are most likely to agree with the decision of the other members. Group think
also rarely promotes individual thinking and during the times of crisis the decicion making could get worse.
6
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
•
7
5 Bzhadug, Alina (stud FSS MU), učo 504154
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• 1) In 1986, the Single European Act was signed. Its essence was to create a single internal market by 1992, as
well as to formulate the principles of European political cooperation. It was signed in Luxembourg on February
17.
2. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• According to Hegemonic Stability theory, the hegemon will act as a “central government”in the international
system, thus, to smaller states this will guarantee reduced anarchy, promotion of free trade - since the hegemon
begin will be the largest international trader and will promote economic stability of the world market, and lastly
begin will be the one to enforce rules and manage the system to avoid wars.
3. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• In the case of the EU Studies, European integration is not a research topic. The topics covered are diverse.
Special attention is paid to politics, history, the decision-making process, and public opinion.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• There are three key principles which limit EUs power. 1. Conferral - power given to EU within a treaty. 2.
Subsidiarity - under which the EU has more possibilities/capabilities to achieve an action within a treaty better
than the MS can. 3. Proportionality - power of the EU is limited by the scope and the content that must not go
beyond the objective of Treaty in question. Treaty of Lisbon explicitly merged these three principles by further
dividing then into three categories of competences: 1. Exclusive - the highest level of EU power 2. Shared joint
EU power and MS 3 Supporting - EU only provides support/advises to MS
5. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groups are more likely to take risks, as there is more optimism in group decisions. Individual participants turn a
blind eye to their insecurities during the decision-making process if the rest of the participants are positive. Also,
in some cases, no one feels fully responsible for any actions, since this responsibility is shared by everyone.
6. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• I will start with Economy. Liberal approach to economy is rather positive than negative. Liberalists promote
free market idea and support the optimal role of government + institutions that will jointly ensure smooth
work of the international system. Realism or Mercantilism in economic sense, do not share the above ideas.
Mercantilists see world economy as arena for competition among the states, where there has to be a hegemon
(according to hegemonic stability theory) that will define and manage the system. Globalization. Liberals see
globalization as a positive development of the world politics. For liberals the modernization that comes along
with forces of globalization is of priority, since it’s one of the main principles of liberalism in general. For
liberals globalization will give/gives more “space to breathe”because stars will not longer be sealed units,
they will be more eager towards cooperation. Realists on the contrary see globalization as nothing significant
for the anarchic system. To realists globalization does not affect the struggle for power, and thus, does not
undermine the use of force among the states in the system. The system was, is and will be anarchic according
to them. IOs and Human nature. Liberalism mainly focuses on interactions between states and non-state actors
= aka IOs. The laws, international regimes and international law are all products of existence of IOs. It’s
fair to say that liberals disregard human nature as a factor in world politics in comparison with realists. For
liberals human nature can be perfected, even though ideas of human do affect in some sense the system, it’s
the (preferably democratic) state + non state action that matters. Realists in this sense focus on just states as
the main actors in the system. Human nature matters, since what people’s states to act as they’re acting - it’
s the human nature. World politics is anarchy, where states act in their personal interests, rather than in some
collective good idea in coordination with a higher institution like an IO. Realist stand strongly for the notion of
sovereignty among states, meaning that there’s no actor above state that can compel these actors. If IOs are
present, then they’re acting within the framework of inter-state relations, rather than above.
8
6 Derer, Ellena-Eva (stud FSS MU), učo 506432
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.01 (0b)
1. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The EU powers evident in the Lisbon son treaty include the expansion of the EU parliament and their legislative
powers. The European council is furthermore recognized as an EU institution and placed in the same legal
regard as the parliament, making it a co-legislator. The jurisdiction of the court expands to all proceedings of
the union. The commission was also granted the power to appoint EU leaders on the basis of election results.
Furthermore, 18 members to represent participating countries were granted a seat in parliment. The election of
the EUs representative for foreign affairs would also be a matter of Parliament’s consent.
2. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• In regards to human nature, liberalism has an optimistic attitude and believes humans behaviour is framed by
reason and for the greater good. Realism, on the other hand, views humans as inherently greedy and self-serving
with a tendency to place seld-interest above morality. This relates to back to the economic globalisation, where
the state through the eyes of a realist only aims to gain power and influence by any means. While a liberal view
of the international systems works in company with non-state actors, a realist views dominance as the end-goal
and dissavows the authority of non-state actors.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Increased pressure as a result of groupthink leads others to suppress doubts on their own judgments. Selfcensorship
also occurs when people will keep quiet about their own opinions in order to fit in with the group.
People also tend to ignore their own moral standards and instead follow the morality of others blindly. Rationalizing
stops members from questioning their own beliefs and shun their own skepticism and doubt,
4. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• The adoption of the single European act was a reformation of the treaty of Rome and promoted economic
integration and established a singular market. Secondly, enlargement occurred when several Mediterranean
countries such as Greece, Spain, and Portugal joined the union.
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• While European union studies refers to analyzing the current and historic processes of European integration,
EU studies are focused on the integration develops within the context of the European Union. European studies
may involve a broad historical study dating back thousands of years, while EU studies solely explores the time
period since and leading up to the establishment of the EU
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• small states maintain access to a larger export market, thereby increasing the chances of economic prosperity.
Due to their dependency on trade for goods, from a security perspective, they are less likely to start or engage
in a conflict which could possibly lead to a disruption in trade, making them more peace-oriented.
9
7 Fofuh-Fru, Cyprain Lionel Junior (stud FSS MU), učo 491541
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.01 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism refers to a school of thought that holds the view that the state is not the only actor in world affairs and
belief that through cooperation national interest can be achieved.They believe in an intergovernmental approach.Realist
hold the view that the state is the key player and that inherently selfish in pursuit of power.Liberalist
are support intergoverntal interactions and hence see international organisations as a means of resolving issues
in the system.The realist see international organisations as a means of safe guarding their national interest
and pursuit of power and must rely on their military resourse in this self-help system.Realist belief that human
nature is selfish andand imperfectable,whereas liberalist belief human nature is perfectabble through democracy.Realist
hold that globalisation does not chnage the importance of threat of force or the neccessity for the
balance of power.Liberalist hold that globalisation is proof of the perfectability of human nature and truimp
over realism.They see it as transformation of world politics.Liberals stress the importance of economy through
cooperation whereas realist stress on power and and not economy.
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The Lisbon treaty provides; a) Conferral powers: This is provided from article 5 and states that the EU can only
act in areas conferred by member states for the EU to act. b) Subsidiary power: The EU should act in an area
where the member state can better achieve the objective. c) Proportional power: This is provided from art 5
TEU.It states that for the EU to achieve it’s aims, the EU will only take action it needs and no more. This aims
to regulate.
3. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies is multidisciplinary in nature and it is studied by focusing on a particular area.That is,it is
uses the area approach. Whereas EU studies cover many topics such as decision making,history etc as well as
curriculm in political science which covers various theories.One major difference lies in the fact that european
intergration is not a topic for EU studies.Under European Studies,integration process is a topic and an in-depth
appraoch into it is pursued.L
4. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• The features that make groupthink less rational are overestimation,that is the group tend to be too unrealistic or
ambitious.Second feauture is closedmindedness.Last feature is pressure towards uniformity,this is less rational
as individuals fear to oppose the group.
5. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• Under the Delors commission, there was the relaunch of the single market. Which was to enable the free movement
of goods, service, people and money. It was finally achieved. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined the EC
in the ’80s. This was important as it should that European enlargement was possible and led the EC on the path
of becoming the EU encompassing much of Europe.
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The advantage of a small state having a hegemon in the international system from the security aspects is in
regards to the small state entering into an alliance with the hegemon and hence the hegemon serving as deterence.On
the economic angle,the small state saves money,personel etc which it would have used to defend itself.It
can plough this money it’s economy.
10
8 Gallschneider, Viliam (stud FSS MU), učo 503822
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• Treaty of Lisbon introduced new positions of power in the EU, mainly the president for the European Council
that are voted in for two and a half years and can be reelected twice. A High Representative for Foreign
Affairs and Security Policy, whose mission is to focus on international relations outside the Union. However,
the changes through Lisbon treaty weren’t only in terms of positions of power. European Union got far more
power in nation state areas such as climate change, terrorism, crime research and public health that could be
now decided on a continental level, assuring everyone is on the same standard.EU also gained the power by
having a single personality representing it abroad, meaning that negotiating on the world level became far more
accessible through the projection of European power.
2. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• The European Economic Community became the European Community in 1986. For the first time in history
the European Community had its own independent body of law and people gained their representation in the
European Parliament. There was also a large debate in regards to the single currency which would become
the Euro and it was mainly debated to stabilize exchange rate between the member states. This led to greater
integration by making the EC more political by making a government that could govern over multiple states. It
also led to further economic integration which was mainly being prepared through the single currency, giving
all member states a fair chance to be a part of a single economic union.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink makes decision making less rational because they tend to make decisions without properly assessing
the direct consequences. Group thinkers tend to be over the top optimistic and opposition to the group idea is
limited because everyone else thinks that it is a good idea. It may also be irrational because a situation may
occur where not a single alternative is acceptable to all members. However, this is a rare occurance, most of the
time the idea is supported by majority.
4. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The main reasons why hegemony creates advantages for a small states is because it provieds order in the international
system, it protects the small state by reducing anarchy, acting as a mediator, guaranteeing free trade
and promoting growth which in turn develops the smaller state.
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• The difference between European studies and EU studies is that European studies focus on studying Europe
as a continent while EU studies focus on the studying of the institution that is the European Union. When
one speaks of European studies, majority of the time the theme is the development, origins or reasons for
existence of individual European nations and how they reflect the world we live in today. EU studies focus
on the development of the modern European Union, from its humble beginnings as Euroepan Steal and Coal
Community (ESCC) to the RIA that it represents today.
6. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Realists aproach globalisation with suspicion, mainly due to the fact that the territorial divisions are still very
much present and while the interdependence through trade the same cannot be said about the nation states.
Countries don’t merge together, no matter how interdependent they may be. The only way they can merge is
through strong, economic, social and political ties, which in the modern world is a rare occurence. The liberals
view globalization as a long envisioned goal and for them globalism defines a rebuttal of all realist policies.
The liberals believe that states are no longer isolated units but that they have become so interdependent that the
world is represented more as a spider web than independent islands known as states.
11
9 Gavankar, Ursula (stud FSS MU), učo 506433
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism: is the school of international relations that believes that the spread of democracy is what will help
stop conflicts from occurring. - in the case of economy, they believe that free trade is crucial, and they will
only benefit countries, as opening a communication via trade helps to create more stable relationships between
countries as all of them are profiting. - in the case of globalization, liberalists believe that the rising interdependence
between states that has been brought on by globalization is a positive thing, that will lead to less conflict
and competition between nations.- liberals strongly support the idea of creating and establishing international
organizations such as the EU and UN in order to maintain relations between nations, as a way to get them to
cooperate with one another. - human nature wise, liberals believe that it is human nature to interact and create
communities, as we are social animals, and in order to do it in peace we must have democracies. Realism: is
the school of thought in international relations that believes that power is the ultimate tool to ensure peace as
each country fights to establish its own dominance. (hegemons). - in the case of economies, it is called the
mercantilist tradition in which each country does as much as it can to ensure maximum profit for itself, export
over import. It is about competition and who can be the best. - they do not support international organizations as
they have made it clear that there is no world order above sovereign states and there is only anarchy. - from the
perspective of globalization, they are not entirely supportive, as globalization promotes interdependence and
realists do not support the idea of a equal power. - in the case of human nature, realists, tend to believe human
nature is just bad, we are a selfish species that are only looking out for ourselves, Freuds belief that human
tendency is to obsess over power.
2. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• 1. The first is the Single European Act that took place in 1986, it was to reform few norms, primary law now
included the European Council and the court of auditors. The court of first instance was also established, and
new decision making process of cooperation was also introduced. 2. The second was the Maastricht treaty, a
turning point for the Eu, as it was when a new decision making process of decision making was introduced
known as co-decision.
3. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The types of EU power that can be found in the Lisbon Treaty: 1. European Commission: Part of decision making
alongside the EU council and European Parliament, considered the engine of the integration process. 2.
European Council: Considered as the leader of the institution, part of all the decision makings and funding via
the European Central Bank.3. Council of the EU: it is the intergovernmental institution which includes heads
of states, they do the day to day work 4. European Parliament: established to represent the EU citizens, a supranational
institution, its job is to ensure the budget, process of legislation as well as the citizens representation. 5.
Court of Justice: an apolitical system, or judicial system whose main goal is to help make just decisions in the
case of disagreements with no bias to politics. 6. Court of Auditors; they are responsible as supervisory power
that over looks the budget and funds of the EU.
4. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• the advantage of a small state having a hegemon in the international system from a security and economic angle
is that security wise the state
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• The difference between European Studies and EU studies, is that European studies is focused on the history of
the continent as a whole, the wars, the battles, the A to Z of the continent, where as EU studies is focused on
understanding the external and internal workings of the European Union which is an international organization
so a non-actor. It is about learning how many nations come together to create a peaceful and stable organization.
6. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• The features of group think that make decision making less rational are: 1. overestimation: in an individual group
there is not as much optimism, therefore decisions are not over estimated, whereas in group think because the
12
moral is high, people tend to get carried away with over estimating. 2. Close mindedness, in the sense that in
a group it is not unlikely that there will be people with a difference of opinion, and in the case the opinion is
of a more conservative kind, disagreements take place making it harder to make a proper decision. 3.There is a
lot of pressure that comes with group think, majorly because there is a sense of unanimity which demands that
decisions be taken faster which is not always the case.
13
10 Gaziyev, Anar, Bc., M.A. (stud FSS MU), učo 491068
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• For liberalism, economy provides the core area in which individuals can affect state decision-making process
and that is the market. For liberalists, state decision making process is more effected by players in the market
rather than other players in governance. Also they are of the opinion that globalization is the result of the role
of individuals that launched the process and shaped the world. International organizations are accepted as key
players in the anarchic system for liberalists opposed to the realists who believe that states are the core actors
in this system. Also realists believe that states themselves led to the process of globalization due to their need
to cooperate in the areas of security and economy to protect balance of power as well as encourage economic
cooperation that brings peace. Also for realists, economy poses many elements of soft power of a state and
sometimes those sorts of power outweigh hard power elements.
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• With the Lisbon Treaty, the European Parliament gained more power. Also the voting procedure in the Council
changed towards the qualified majority voting system. The citizen‘s initiative was adopted as the first step toward
the notion of single European citizenship. The institution of permanent president of the European Council
was adopted together with a new High Representative for Foreign Affairs. The Lisbon Treaty turned the EU
into a normative power with more global ambitions including promoting democracy and human rights, the rule
of law, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and etc.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink is the tendency of groups toward reaching decisions without precisely assessing its consequences.
What leads to less rational decisions is the interactions of different individuals in a group that may result in the
formulation of goals reflecting more to the state interests rather than individual idiosyncrasies. Additionally,
group dynamics pose new sources of irrationality into the decision-making process.
4. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• In 1983, the European Council meeting was held in Sttutgart with a special focus on creating a single market. In
1986, the Single European Act was adopted in order to complete all requirements for creating a single market.
These developments had a great importance in the creation of European Union and the Eurozone in the 1990s.
With this meeting and Act, the main building blocks of the Monetary Union and Political Union were placed.
5. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• It enables that state to have a security guarantor as well as an economic partner since being hegemon means
to have very powerful economic, security and defense instruments allowing it to mobilize in order to maintain
its hegemonic position. It also enables to defend its national interests in the international organizations in front
of other big powers. In addition, that small state is likely to join security and economic organizations or integration
launched by the very particular hegemon that help it empower its capacity of economy and security and
consequently develop faster.
6. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• The EU studies covers mainly the foundation, development and key elements of governance of the EU that
the process of European Integration led to its establishment. The EU studies also cover the examination of
core founding treaties of the EU, its role in the EU governance, allocation of competencies through main EU
institutions. It also includes the process of enlargement as well as neighborhood policy and etc. The European
Studies however covers a broader area that includes European political history, economic history, development
of current geopolitical situation in Europe. Although the European Studies also includes the EU but the EU
studies exists within it as a more precise field that a special focus is given to the EU.
14
11 Chakma, Seul (stud FSS MU), učo 496419
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Generally, rational decision always comes from the group thinking but it has some problem because in this
proccess citizens cannot take part in the decison making process only politicains and national bruecratcst take
part in the this decision making process. However, group thinktank always try to fulfill the aspcets of general
people but sometimes when decision-taking is crucial and need to intiate immedietaly hence some decision
comes irritionally.
2. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberlism thinkers always promote interdepence on trade,mutual interactions between states. Furthermore, liberalism
opens the way for everyone and self dignity with the co-existence in the world system. Hence, the
sate actors, non-sate actors do take part in the international system with coleboration but the realist approach
is totally different from liberalism. Realist always prefer for self satisfiction. In realist view, the world system
is anarchic and every natio-state intiate such programme or project which can bring more favour therm rather
than other.
3. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
•
4. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• Generally, hegemonic states always want to implenment their own prespectives on its people and others as well
in the world system whatever it is a small state or big power state. But for the small state it is hard to define
beacuse small state or less powerful states always depend on others. In some cases, small states take decision
regarding security and economic decision which can bring good progressive results but if the politicians are
going to take any decision which is not good for the neibourghing countries it would be bad for them for example
promoting their own products and by imposing a lot tariffs on export products. Small states cannot sustain in
the long run with out the help of other states. it is obvious that small states have vew resources as well as small
population. Hememonic decisions can bring some favourable progess in security and economic purposes but
in the long run small state cannot sustain in the world system by implementing hegemonic nature.
5. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• Lisbon treay has brought massive changes in the EU power including lawmaking, policy-making etc. Hence,
the European parli
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
•
15
12 Chanchi, Marilyn Ngekwi (stud FSS MU), učo 491320
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.11 (0b)
1. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• It greatly reduces security competition by rendering the balance of power inoperable and also confers reasonable
benefits or profitable results in building world security and economy .
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• Germany Estonia Denmark Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia
Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Austria Poland Romania Slovakia Slovania Sweden The United
Kingdom. The treaty was signed
3. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• The custom union and
4. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism calls for opening of local economies to the global capital market while realism calls for economic
nationalism. Liberalism sees IGO ‘s and INGO’s as real actors in the international system while realism
implies state-centrisms in the conduct of international relations and as a results international organizations have
very little impacts when viewed through the prism of realism.
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
•
6. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Stereotypes Wishful thinking Cognitive Biases They appeal to the emotions rather than reason so they reduce
the propensity of arriving at rational decisions
16
13 Chaurasiya, Amit Kumar (stud FSS MU), učo 503146
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism holds the belief that the market should be liberal like one based on Washington census and it helped
to enhance the economy based on inclusive market strategy on conray, realism believes that national interest
and greeds shape the priority on the market and their regulation must followed, however globalization tend to
revoke realism approach in whereas Int’l organizations somehow seems to hold power and bypass the legality
and legislative code of many states. for example General motor internal regulation in different states.
2. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• groupthink often favor the same decision highly influenced by the like minded individuals in a group so it came
to conclusion without rational
3. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• single market and the free movement of the people are the two events of the 80s eu integration. single market
brought several changes in the EU market that provides greater opportunities for the businesses and trade within
the EU. For instance , one nation can trade in other nation without any difficulties or avoiding any extra tax
payment in EU zone. freemovement provides privileges to move freely within EU as well as can people can
stay anywhere within EU. so, It lifted restriction of so called 4 movements of people, services goods and money,
that brought flows of capital and people from one EU nation to other.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• Lisbon brought several changes in power like it created a protocol for High Representative of the Union for
foreign affairs and security and also Article 50 for the first time created procedure for a member state to leave
EU. LT gave more power to the European parliament that seems to hold major influence in the EU. the main
change it brought is the change in QMV. for most decision should follow the 55 % of MS and provided that
represented 65 % of EU population, and also double majority.
5. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
•
6. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies are the multidisciplinary approach that go beyond the EU integration process on the other
hand, EU studies is a political stream that covered a wide range of topic like History, policies, and so on. the
former course includes Economics, European law, sociology
17
14 Chenenaoui, Omar (stud FSS MU), učo 506439
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Realism and liberalism are two approaches that explain international relations. In term of economy, realists
tend to believe that the growth of integration of the world economy could be achieved through cooperation between
states, removal of barriers, and movements of good. They think the more cooperation the more economy
grows and the more wealth, and aggression leads to economic losses. However, realists believe that the main
features of economy is power, by focusing only on state’s self interest wether through colonization or being
a hegemon. When it comes to globalization, liberalists approve that globalization is the consequence of creating
a multicultural community, and it benefits shaping the national identity, as it helps cooperation, the goods
movement, services, and more the economy growth. On the other hand, realists believe that it is part of the
hegemonic pressure of the great power which creates vulnerability and leads to conflicts, and does not alter the
nation state because powerful state keep their identity and their sovereignty Liberalism focuses on states actors
and non state actors, for example, institutions and international organization. The international organizations
play a major role in cooperating between states and on help the other countries developing, they strengthen the
diplomatic relations between countries as they tend to create a peaceful environment for developing countries.
However, realists believe that the international organizations do not play and should not in the international
system because the IR system focuses mainly on the state actors and the states’ actions Realists believe that
selfishness, aiming for power, unconfidence in others is part of human nature and they prove it by wars and
history and since humans are organized into communities and states, it impacts the state’s relations. But for liberalists,
think that humans can cooperate and achieve a better future, they believe that it is possible to achieve
peace and control human nature as humans are more working on developing themselves not fighting.
2. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European integration is not a topic for area studies it is more as a political science method to follow, it covers a
variety of topics such as social science, history, politics, and public opinion, On the other hand, European studies
is an area study approach with a multi focuses and topics, and focuses mainly on the EU such as integration,
the EU institutions, and the EU policies
3. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• Small states can gain advantages from having a hegemon in the IR system for example they can have a stable
system as it keeps it secure, also the structure of the system iswhich is a hierarchical state so it opposes the
adventurism that is adopted by anarchies
4. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• In the 80s there were two relevant important events in the process of European integration. The first one is the
European single act which signed in Luxembourg in 1986, it was known for the removal of physical borders,
fiscal barriers, border control, goods movements, and services. Furthermore, the second important event is
the Schengen agreement that signed in 1985 and led to the free movement of European community members
citizens, cooperation between countries, and new reforms.
5. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• There are 3 features of groupthink that make decisions less rational. First of all, is overestimation where groups
tend usually to be optimistic about their chances of achieving success and motivated by the morality of the
group. Second is close mindedness, the group stereotyping the members who are opposed to them. Third, we can
notice the pressure made towards uniformity, individuals are complicated when it comes to providing alternative
solutions or controversial issues, plus the illusion of animality, and the pressure by their administration for
example the Bush’s administration in Iraq War
6. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• In the Lisbon treaty, we can find mentioned the EU council where the president would be elected every 2 year.
Also, this treaty strengthens the parliament and council authority when it comes to legislation which means that
the last decision approval is in their hands. It exposes competitions between institutions, exclusive European
actors, and states
18
15 Kazantseva, Daria (stud FSS MU), učo 504156
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
•
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• - conferral - subsidiarity in the area - proportionality in the Treaty of Lisbon clarifies the division of competences
between the EU and the EU countries
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• The features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational are: - a fact that no one in the group feels
accountable for the actions - they are more into taking the risks
4. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
•
5. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
•
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• From a security angle, an advantage of having a hegemon in the international system is the fact, that hegemony
reduces anarchy and restrains aggression. And from an economic angle, an advantage of having a hegemon is
that hegemony is providing a hard currency, which can be used as a standard one, and, by promoting free trade
it helps small states to easily enter the international market.
19
16 Kusiy, Viktoriya (stud FSS MU), učo 504126
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• EU studies usually covers such topics as History of the EU, the decision-making processes, positive and negative
impact, opinion of the citizens and created policies. It does not however include the studies of European
integration and development. European Studies focus on multidisciplinary factors, the EU integration processes
and area studies. Thus European studies involve the study of the whole Europe itself while the EU studies focus
on the EU development only.
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The Lisbon treaty established the new powers for the EU - it led to election of the new president for the European
council every two years, introduced the pillar system, developed fixed and equal powers for the parliament
and council over legislation, improved the power of the human rights, strengthened the negotiation powers
and left the decision on the currency change on the states, devided competence between exclusive european
competences, competing competences and support competen. The institutions of the EU are European Council,
European Parliament, Court of Justice and most importantly the European Commission.
3. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• It is advantages are having a more fixed state system and the more hierarchical state-like system with hegemon
and some of its satellites at the top, this leads to discourage of the adventurism that can be spotted at system
pledged by anarchy.
4. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Such features as Overestimation, close-mindedness and pressure towards uniformity might affect the groupthink
process. Overestimation is often caused since the group is usually more optimistic when it comes to decision
making than the individual. Close mindedness is connected to judging and usually stereotyping those whose
opinions differ from the rest of the group. Pressure is usually direct towards the minority of the group.
5. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalistic views on economy tend to support cooperation in terms of trade and economic support, it also
mostly focuses on domestic-level details and factors. Realism on the other hand deals mostly with security
and power. Regarding the human nature liberalists believe in interdependence, whereas realists believe it is
only important for the state to focus on its own wealth. To realists the globalisation is the effect of hegemonic
influence of the major forces on international relations. Realists also believe that globalisation does not alter
the nation state because they are trying to keep the sovereignty and independence of the state.
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• Single European act can be considered as one of the events which led to removal of control on the borders,
technical barriers, fiscal barriers - all this makes an area of free movement of goods, capital, services. Despite
the process of the single European act progress of opening up the borders were variable so the governments of
the certain states signed the Schengen agreement in mid-1980s. This led to all the control on the borders to be
removed. After signing of this agreement passports became un-needed.
20
17 Landaverde, Carlos (stud FSS MU), učo 486920
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink, with its features of having a strong burden on members of the group and control of all the disagreements
and matters in a group, makes groupthink a process that may lead to irrational decision making. This kind
of decision-making can limit a decision-making process’s efficiency because it is always focused on preserving
the status quo rather than supporting alternate actions for making decisions. This kind of thinking tends to make
a decision less rational, it has the inclination to preserve the status quo, and its approach has the tendency to
ignore the outsiders, due to those people having low positions and status feel pressurized to conformity, and
also restrains innovation. Furthermore, also we could say that overriding the realistic evaluation of alternative
actions making a decision less rational.
2. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• A small state can be benefitted by having a hegemon in an international system either in the context of security
and economy. A small state can seek security agreements from a powerful state or a hegemon in terms of
security. For example, A non-nuclear state can seek a nuclear umbrella from a nuclear weapon state under the
ambit of positive security assurances. During the Cold War, many small states got security from the United
States to contain Soviet Union containment. But the same could be applied to small states seeking help to
biggest states. for example, nowadays, even though that the United States is not a hemogenic state. because
there is more power in the international arena, small states Latina American states still depend on this country
in the economic aspect of cooperation like in fomilenio I and II and every decision is highly influenced by
the economic and political decision of the USA. In terms of economy, small or developing states can get aids,
funds, and loans from a hegemon for their economic sustainability and development. They, then, use such aids
or any kind of economic help or loan or grants to increase their micro and macroeconomic stability by inducing
foreign direct investments to capitalize on their domestic economic productions. Moreover, a hegemon may
also build a network of industries and factories that would benefit a small state’s population by providing them
with job opportunities and wages.
3. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
•
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• Lisbon treaty was promulgated in 2009. Under this treaty certain powers were conferred to different main
institution of EU. Like the European parliament was granted the excessive powers; that includes the powers
like budgery powers and the powers of legislation on environment , transport, market,and education
5. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
10:40 AM, 2/9/2021 Luisito Hermanito : Liberalism contends that human nature is inherently good and social. It is freed from evil
instinct, and this good nature of humans can lead to cooperation through international institutions’ platform.
While realism proffers that human nature is inherently brutal, corrupt, and selfish. And it is always inclined
towards evil and wrongdoings, and there are no regards for morality and ethics in humans naturally. In terms of
economy, liberalism supports the notion of free markets, open economy, and ownership of private properties,
and it favors the limited role of government in regulating markets. At the same time, realism favors the role of the
government/ state in regulating the economy. Realism speaks for a closed economy. In terms of globalization,
liberalism sees globalization as a sign of modernization having economic welfare and political and civil liberties.
It also appreciates globalization as it is the tool for interlinking mankind across the globe. At the same time,
realism contends that globalization has encouraged international organizations, multinational corporations, and
nonstate actors into the international political arena. And this situation is posing a challenge to state sovereignty
because the state is the primary actor in the international system. So globalization has posed a great challenge
to the supremacy of the state.
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
21
• In 1981 the second extension of the system took place with Greece’s accession to the community (1 January),
becoming the 10th member and thus increasing the territory of the European Economic Community in the
southern Balkans in recognition also of the so-called cradle of European civilization. This enlargement injected
optimism into the process after a decade of institutional crisis within the process. New expectations were opened
for future enlargements. There was also evidence of the need for significant adjustments at the level of the
previous treaties to provide further dynamism to integration. Thus, the European Council meeting in Brussels
in 1982 confirmed that the priority objectives were the economic and social areas and the commitment to
enlargement. At another council meeting in 1985, the accession of Spain and Portugal to the community was
accepted, and they formally joined the community on 1 January 1986. This led to a third enlargement amid an
atmosphere of confidence and optimism for the process’s future. EU council Luxembourg (Dec. 1-2). It was
decided to aid Italy for destructions in the earthquake that occurred in the 1980s. Moreover, it was also decided
to grant aid to Poland. The unity of Europe served as an example to other European countries as well. It helped
in countering the small differences, and countries decided to go for a progressive way that can keep the whole
of Europe intact. As a result, Greece became the 10th member of the European community in 1981, paving
the way for a new start of European integration. In 1986 the European Union expanded by the inclusion of
Spain and Portugal. All this further led to the Single European Act, which updated Rome’s treaty in 1987. This
completed the formation of a single European market. The European Union was made to achieve integration of
the whole of Europe. It can conclude that the 1980s was the era that gave acceleration to the dream of European
Unitythis led to multi level polity which unified governance, economics and politics.
22
18 Lanza Raguso, Maximo (stud FSS MU), učo 504168
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.01 (0b)
1. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies embark a whole range of European related studies such as culture, language, and other fields
that may not involve the European Union. Meanwhile EU studies focuses on the study of the EU, EU history,
EU transformation, EU system.
2. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Realism says that human nature is ambivalent, people are driven for hunger of power. Liberalism believes that
the state is not the only actor in the system. In a economic perspective where Liberals may incline towards a
more cooperative system of trading and sharing of goods, Realist will go with a more conservative view and
argue that everyone should be able to auto supply and find their trade partners a darwinistic philosophy.
3. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The Lisbon Treaty gave new law making powers to the European Parliament, putting it more in pair with the
council of members on decision making as well as money decisions.
4. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• the features that make groupthink less rational are the tug of war between members of the group to show who has
more influence, bias towards different people from the group, and more time consuming therefore losing track
of the end goal as well. When members of the group battle each other for the authority within the group decision
making may become more irrational due to possibly taking a stronger stance on a topic to show differences.
Bias towards a certain member may lead to the irrationally agreeing on their decision making.
5. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• during the 1980’s there were some major events that helped the European integration become as successful as
it has been. First there was a big expansion, initially Greece and then Spain and Portugal followed, these major
European countries would become very important for the strength of the union. Also in the 80’s the president of
the commission Jacques Delors relaunched the single market, a strong step towards integration and cooperation
in the region.
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• A hegemon is not good for small states, as they are often overlooked when decisions are being taken. However,
an advantage for a small state to have a hegemon is an advantage on reliability on security and trade, if aligned
with the political philosophy of this country the small state will receive beneficial treatment. We saw this clearly
during the Cold War where countries aligned with the soviets received special treatment from the USSR and
countries aligned with the U.S received special treatment from the U.S as well.
23
19 Li, Kainan (stud FSS MU), učo 503683
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• liberalism think economy is liberalism think globalization is the product ofother ways of world politics and
globalization is originate from people drives to pursue their most profit also being freedoms in globalisation
market. realism think globalisation undermined the state sovereignty and unsecurity
2. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• the Single European Act(SEA) was forced to act in 1986 creating a large internal market in 1986 which strengthen
the European integration,also,Greece became a EU member in 1981; Portugal and Spain joined in 1986.
3. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• a small state will reduce the risk of unsecurity by alliance with hegemon and to trade with it to promote the
ability to update the technology and science which may result in weapon development and internal market
promotion, and will be stable in the international system , also can solve the common issue which can’t be
solved by itself like climate change ,also when they have economy crisis, they can ask for help in cooperation
with hegemon.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• exclusive competence, the EU alone can legislate, and Member States only implement; shared competence,
the Member States can legislate and adopt legally binding measures if the EU has not done so;supporting
competence, where the EU adopts measures to support or complement Member States’policies which means
that union competences can now be given back to the Member States of a treaty revision.
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies is mainly involved that culture economy policy military not only limited in eu member and
all European contry with other country relationship EU studies is to the eu law making and sigle market.
6. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• public opinion can affect because can reducpersonal attitude and
24
20 Mokhothu, Matseliso (stud FSS MU), učo 504687
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• New powers were given to the European Parliament, meaning that it had the power to make decisions in relation
to EU law together with the Council of ministers. New rights were given to citizens of member states of the
EU meaning that they could live wherever they want A European intelligence agency was to be created to deal
with crimes such as human trafficking and drug smuggling A new committee was set up to deal with poorer
states by giving them funds so that they will also be able to be well financially EU responsibility extended to
other parts such as health and consumer rights because before the Lisbon Treaty it was not yet in those areas
The Delors three stage monetary union was confirmed to deal with the financial status of the member states
2. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies is an area studies approach while EU studies is not an area of studies. European studies is a
multidisciplinary focus while EU studies discusses a variety of topics such as the history of the EU. European
studies goes beyond the European integration process while EU studies has a political science scope as well as
different theories.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Groupthink may be less rational because some people in a group might shy away from expressing their opinions
in the group if majority thinks a certain way and that might disturb the decision making process. It might also
not be rational because sometimes in a group, a certain person also known as the devil’s advocate might be sent
to divert the way the group makes the decision and make it focused on his or her own interests.
4. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism is a theory in international relations that believes in avoiding future conflict by reforming the international
system. Its focus on economy is capitalism. Its approach on globalisation is that it is a cobweb of
interconnectedness of states and societies. It is also focused on interdependence, peace and cooperation and
works hand in hand with promoting democracy. However Realism is a theory that believes that human nature
is bad and it proves this from the first murder in the Bible and that human being will always be in conflict with
each other one way or another. It focuses on power politics, aggression, conflict and war. Its approach towards
globalisation is that globalisation may affect social, economic and cultural lives of people but it does not go
beyond the international political system of states.
5. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The advantage of a small state having a hegemon is that it will be able to get free trade due to its hegemonic
status. It can also create a currency that can be used worldwide because it will be dominant. Security wise a
hegemon due to the amount of power it has, it can be able to provide some bit of order in the international
system by deterring aggression and can help resolve conflicts in middle and small states. They are able to do
so because of their status as hegemons and the dominance they have in the international system of states.
6. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• By 1986 the European Economic Community (EEC) had become known as the European Community (EC).
The EC leaders launched the European monetary system In 1986 the Single European Act was signed in order
to achieve a single market and all of its other objectives.
25
21 Scekic, Mina (stud FSS MU), učo 506438
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• European integration in the 80 was based governments deciision making. The two of the most important events
related to it, are the Single European act signed in Luxemburg, 1986. with which there was a removal of all
remainign physisical bodies, such as border control, fiscal barriers and technical bariers.They created a area of
free movement of goods, capital, services. Another important one is Shengen agreement. All borderd controls
were removed with passport free travel for all countrie It WAS SIGNED IN 1985.
2. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• The feauters that that make decision making less rational are overstimation (being too optimistic and overstimaing
thing such as morality), close mindedness (steretypes of the opponents) and also pressures toward
uniformity (it is a direct pressure with an illusion of unanimity)
3. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Liberalism in the human nature think that the humans can cooperate and be good together while realist think that
people are selfish and evil. In liberalism, economy is the focus of it and in realism the focus is on power, state,
diplomacy. Also, liberalist express the imprtance of international actors, transnational actors and importance
of independence of the state. Globalization to realist is a reflect of hegemony, what is also the important thing
they are expressing. The globalization also affects every aspect of the state (social, economic etc) but it doesnt
affect international system. For liberalist the states are not that important actors tahtthey were earlier, therefore
the world politics affect of globalization is different than realists.
4. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The types of power that can be found in Lisbon treaty are usually pretty free. They represent the pillar system,
strenghtening European negotiation powers, focus on human rights, equal powers for parliament and council,
also focus on enviroment. Also, with Leasbon trey it is established that there will be the new president for European
council every two years. The EU powers are confrontal,subsidianty, proportionality as a key principles.
They are specified in treaty of functioning of the EU.
5. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• In the eyes of EU studies, European integration is not a topic for the area of studies. But intesad of that the focus
is on policies, peopples opinion, both sides impact on the subjects, decision-making process is related to the
topics of it also, History s important part of the covered topics for the research. And for the European studies,
they care avout european integration, more than the normal borders, and also the area of studies is on the focus.
European studies the whole Europe, while EU studies European Union only.
6. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• The advantage for a small state of having a hegemn in international system is having a stable state system.
Also the system has a hiereachal state-liek structure wuth hegemon and its satalites on top so it discourages
adventurism taht we see in international system played by anarchy. Also, the states are more likely to be peaceful
and making good decisions in a security way, and in the conomy way there is high employment, good investions
with steady outcomes and uniterrupted flow of trade.
26
22 Shukurlu, Farid (stud FSS MU), učo 506440
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• 80’s marked the decade that marked the acceptance of Greece to the European Community and it was followed
by Spain and Portugal who had meet the goals of the EC. This era is also known as Jacques Delor’s who is
assumed to be one of the strongest presidents of the commission. He relaunched the Single Market and desidned
transformation of the community to a union in the most effective way. He also established a community that
would ease the process of the breakdown of the iron curtain so new states could also join the EC.
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• It gave new authorities to the parliament as according to the new treaty the parliament elects the head of the commission
and EU executive bodies. It also provided us with new legislative powers as it extended Parliament’s
rights to access to more than 40 new fields and it also made it a lawmaker at the same level as the Council. This
is also one of the reasons why a new law cannot be legitimated without the approval of the parliament
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• Group thinking remains to be one of the most essential features in the foreign policy as it avoids affective bias in
the group so no one will make decide how the policy must be carried out based on their feelings likes or dislikes.
It also eliminates filtering of data and adds many points which would more likely avoid a conflict. It consists of
many personalities, so it is supposed to lead to wishful thinking as it avoids the persons to take approaches that
may cause chaos. If we have a look at Vietnam, we can see how it made decision-making process less rational
as decisions were mainly taken by a group of people not a single person. Groups are also under the influence
of group psychology phenomena such as over estimation of the outcome, plus the groups tend to be biased
towards the opinions of the leader of the group.
4. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• Small states tend to have a better security rate than the bigger ones. If we are taking about a small state being
a hegemon it is related by a regional power that is rather smaller state in size but still has an advantage for
economic angle. If we look at Saudi Arabia for example, they are a regional power and an ally to the west. They
have economic interests that attaches the US. They also play an important role in the security issues as a military
power that may host foreign bases. Thanks to deals and treaties it signed, it is considered to be an ally to the
west and it benefits its economy as it does not have a vast population so the wealth is spread proportionally. It
also has a security advantage in the region as it is located in the Middle East a region that is a bit problematic.
The main point is to remain to be a small state maybe in size or economy but to choose your side correctly.
Israel can also be exemplified in this case. A state that is young but still a hegemon in the region thanks to its
economy and military power (also backed by the US)
5. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Economically, Realism backs a sort of strong state model so the economy could be controlled by the government
partially in one way. While liberal economy after the works of economic thinker Adam Smith who brought a
different approach to liberal economy is different as he thought the best way to bring wealth to the country
is to have free markets that shares wealth among nations. Realist are sceptic when it comes to globalism as
they consider it as an act that does not really work. They assume every single state must bear its own national
interests and globalism is only needed to avoid wars and integrate. When it comes to the liberal approach
to this context, they are quite supportive to globalism as they believe it is inevitable and is needed to boast
coorparation and common interests between the nation. Realists believe in the nation states and they are very
sceptic of international organisations but they still tend to enroll them and meet the common goals. Their ideals
mainly trust in the common states not an anarcis order that would be easily spread. However, liberals have
taken entirely different approach to them as they are big supporters of international organisations. That is why
they are also called Wilsonists after former us president who supported the establishment of the league of the
nations. Realists also believe that the human nature is corrupted and it should be regulated and restricted to
eliminate an outbreak of chaos and mayhem while LIberals are quite utopic about it as J.S Mill mentioned if a
person’s bad behaviour does not affect the people around him then he should be allowed to do it but the realist
believe in the opposite.
27
6. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies are one of the most important aspects on the European history. It studies the European way
of life including culture history and politics. The sphere it covers ranges within the geographical map of the
continent. While EU studies only focus on the European integration and the policies of the European Union. It
concentrates on the political developments in the member states not in Europe. For example, there are 27 EU
member states and the duty of the EU studies is to focus on the progress these nations make while the European
studies are also interested in the process that is made by non EU but European countries. The UK, Switzerland
or Norway are non EU states and European studies also study the current developments or comparisons between
these states. EU studies may only focus on the expantion of the European integration in this case.
28
23 Teterina, Aleksandra (stud FSS MU), učo 504689
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers!
I. průchod: 9. 2. 2021 10.00 (0b)
1. Provide and briefly explain two important events related to the process of the European integration in 80s.
(4 points)
• 1. Relaunched the Single Market 2. Prepared way for transformation from the Community to the Union 3.
Prepared EC for new challenges (breakdown of the „ Iron Curtain“)
2. Which types of the EU power can be found in the Lisbon Treaty? Provide their names and briefly explain
them. (6 points)
• The European Central Bank gained the official status of being an EU institution. The Civil Service Tribunal
and the European Court of Justice, along with the General Court, were established as sub-courts of a new EU
institution named the Court of Justice of the European Union. The European Council officially gains the status
of an EU institution, thus being separated from the Council of ministers. The legislative power of the European
Parliament increases, as the codecision procedure with the Council of the EU is extended to almost all areas
of policy. Also it was the move from unanimity to qualified majority voting in at least 45 policy areas in the
Council of Ministers, a change in calculating such a majority to a new double majority. Long-term President
of the European Council and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy were
stated.
3. What are the features of groupthink that make decision-making less rational? Why? (4 points)
• First, it is overestimation, as groups are more optimistic about chance of success and they overestimate their
own morality. Second, closemindedness, when a group rationalize warnings and stereotypes opposition. And
third, uniformity that could be performed through the both direct pressure or tendency not to raise alternative
solution
4. Compare liberalism and realism on their approach to economy, globalisation, international organisations,
and human nature. (6 points)
• Realism: International organizations serve only to help a state reach its objective in that idea of security or
increased power. Human nature is ambivalent – people are driven by their hunger for power. Globalisation:
power defined in terms of national interests Liberalism: International organisations: state is not the only actor
in the system. Actors also play a role Strong presumption of human rationality – human as a rational actor
with correctly constructed organizations, institutions, and laws. Economy: freedom of navigation on the seas,
lowering trade barriers Collective security idea embodied in League of Nations
5. What is the advantage for a small state of having a hegemon in the international system from security and
economic angle (4 points)
• Small states can exploit the competition between great powers to make economic gains and ensure security
while maintaining their autonomy. Cooperation among these small states and of economic liberalization for the
effectiveness of this reinforcing dynamics are necessary.
6. Explain the difference between European studies and EU studies. (4 points)
• European studies have Area studies approach. They stand beyond the EU integration process. And they have
multidisciplinary focus. At the same time in EU studies European integration is not a topic for Area studies.
And their focus is on the political science and methods and theories.
29