European integration and disintegration, UK, Spain REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEXES VĚRA STOJAROVÁ Integration in Europe u1949 NATO uThe Council of Europe 1949 u1975/1991 OSCE u1949 COMECON u1955 Warsaw Pact European integration u1952 European Coal and Steel Community u1957 Euroatom u1957 European (Economic) Community u1992 EU Maastricht (3 pillars, EC, CFSP, justice and interior) u2009 Lisbon Treaty European integration u1952 Fr, Ge, Benelux, It uNorthern enlargement (1973): the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark. Norway failed to ratify the treaty of accession. uTwo southern enlargements (1981 and 1986): Greece, Spain and Portugal. u„Residual“ enlargement (1995): Austria, Sweden and Finland. uGreat eastern“ enlargement (2004): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech r., Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus. u„Additional eastern“ enlargement (2007): Romania, Bulgaria. uSmall additional: Croatia (2013) u Who is next?? uBalkan uUkraine, Georgia, Moldova?? uWho is entitled?? Who refuses to be European?? uNorway uSwitzerland European integration uSupranational institution uNo european demos uDisputes within uWeak uNo common stand for foreign policy uNo one official language uEuropean elections UK - integration and desintegration u12th century Ireland under English king u1301 Wales part of England u1707 England and Scotland United u1801 UK of Great Britain and Ireland u1922 independence of Ireland u2016 Brexit u Historical background to NI conflict u12th century, pope gave control of Ireland to King Henry II of England u16th century England tried to force Protestantism on the largely Catholic population u17th century English and Scottish settlers moved to Ulster creating Protestant majority u1845-49 potato famine u1916 Easter Rising u1922 Ireland partioned Protestants vs. Catholics uProtestants u58 % population u„Unionists“ – keep United with GB uLoyalists –extreme Unionists who will use force uMembers of the Church of Ireland and other Protestant churches uUlster Unionist Party (UUP), Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) u uCatholics u42 % of the population u„Nationalists“ – independent from GB uRepublicans are extreme Nationalists uSocial Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) Sinn Fein u Language 2011 census in NI u (10.65%) claim to have some knowledge of Irish, of whom 104,943 (6.05%) can speak the language to varying degrees. u Some 4,130 people (0.2%) use Irish as their main home language. The Troubles uSince late 1960s uIRA, Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Ulster Defence Association (UDA) uBritish army, RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary), NI police force uOver 3 500 people killed u1960s called for elimination of job discrimination, house allocation discrimination, one man – one vote, end to gerrymandering electoral bounderies, reform of the police force, repeal of the Special Powers Act (allowed police to search without warrant, arrest without trial, used exclusively against Nationalists) u1972 Bloody Sunday in city of Derry uhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFM7Ty1EEvs u1973 Sunningdale Agreement – power sharing u1981 Hunger strike and Bobby Sands u1998 Good Friday Agreement – devolution and self-government uhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/troubles. uhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zrhrd2p/revision/7 (Special Category Status: prisoner of war (POW) status, providing them with some of the privileges of POWs - prisoners did not have to wear prison uniforms or do prison work, were housed within their paramilitary factions, and were allowed extra visits and food parcels. Sunningdale Agreement 1973 uAttempt to establish power-sharing NI Executive and cross-border Council of Ireland uGeneral strike and Violence broke out in 1974 so the agreement failed u Downing Street Declaration 1993 uJoint declaration of prime ministers of uk and republic of ireland (John Major, Albert Reynolds) uaffirmed both the right of the people of Ireland to self-determination, and that Northern Ireland would be transferred to the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom only if a majority of its population was in favour of such a move. u principle of consent - the people of the island of Ireland had the exclusive right to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent. Good Friday Agreement uInternal Multi-Party Agreement and international British-Irish Agreement uProvisions: u1. the status of NI within UK u2. Relationship between Republic of Ireland and NI u3. Relationship between Republic of Ireland and UK uNew institutions: uStrand 1: NI Assembly and NI Executive uStrand 2: North-South Council, Parliamentary Association, Consultative Forum uStrand 3: British-Irish Intergovernmental conference, Parliamentary body, council. Good Friday Agreement uAs part of the agreement, the British parliament repealed a territorial claim over all of Ireland u uRepublic of Ireland repealed a territorial claim over Northern Ireland. (articles 2 and 3 of the constitution of ireland) u uGood Friday Agreement approved by referendum in NI uChange in the constitution approved by referendum in Republic of Ireland Sunnningdale vs. Belfast Agreement u„Sunningdale for slow learners“ uDifferences: bringing IRA in, principle of self-determination, recognition of both national identities, British-Irish Cooperation, uUnited Ireland: u1. the cession of territory from one state to another state has to be by international agreement between the UK and Irish governments. u the people of Northern Ireland can no longer bring about a united Ireland on their own; they need not only the Irish government but the people of their neighbouring state, Ireland, to also endorse unity. uthe 1998 agreement and the consequent British legislation did expressly foresee the possibility of a united Ireland. Further reading uSorj Chalandon: Return to Killybegs , Traitor uFilms: In the name of the Father, Hunger, Boxer, The Crying game, The wind that shakes the Barley, Derry Girls, u https://www.compulsivecontents.com/detail-event/the-murals-that-make-ireland/ u u Brexit and NI Protocol uthe Good Friday agreement is an absolute priority. uThat meant keeping the land border open and avoiding new infrastructure such as cameras and border posts. uThis was easy to do when both Ireland and Northern Ireland were part of the EU. ua new border has effectively been created in the Irish Sea. uUK thinks to suspend NI Protocol uEU respond??? uProtests and demonstrations And what about Scotland? u2014 referendum – 55% voted NO to independence u62% in Scotland opposed Brexit uScottish National Party calls for referendum 2021 Spain integration and desintegration uCatalonia uBasque Catalonia uCatalonia has its own language and distinctive traditions upopulation nearly as big as Switzerland's (7.5 million). u It is one of Spain's wealthiest regions u making up 16% of the national population uaccounting for almost 19% of Spanish GDP. uIt's also a vital part of the Spanish state, locked in since the 15th Century. uBarcelona – tourism, footbal, 1992 Olympics u Catalonia u1931-9 2nd Spanish Republic (self-governance, language) u1939-75 Franco régime u1978 Constitution – autonomy regained, language u2014 Self-determinationan referendum u u Language 2011 census u73.2% (5,350,000 people) of the Catalan population aged 2 or more can speak Catalan, and 55.8% can write it. u95.2% of the Catalan population say they understand Catalan. uIf compared to the 2001 census, the speakers percentage has suffered a slight decline of one point, down from 74.5%. Referendum 2017 uSpanish Constitutional Court ruled the referendum was "unconstitutional and null" u"Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "Do you want this State to be independent?" uEstimates for the turnout 40 % u 80.8% of the cast votes supported the Yes–Yes option, 10.1% the Yes–No, 4.5% the No option uReferendum marred by violence and police brutality u2017, a trial against the leading politicians by the Supreme Court of Catalan Justice uArticle 155 of the constitution and control over catalonia u ticle 155 is only two short paragraphs of the 1978 Constitution of Spain. It says that if a regional government “doesn’t comply with the obligations of the Constitution or other laws it imposes, or acts in a way that seriously undermines the interests of Spain”, the national government can ask the Senate to vote on the use of the measure. In the aftermath – local elections 2017 uthree separatist parties won a total of 70 seats in the 135-seat regional parliament u80 % turnout uGreat polarization uDemocratic credentials of Spain damaged Basque country u2016 of all people aged 16 and above in the Basque Autonomous Community, 33.9% were fluent Basque speakers, 19.1% passive speakers and 47% did not speak Basque. u2008 proposed referendum History of Basque country uFranco régime provoked backlash u1959 ETA criticising both sides , paramilitary, leftist u2010 ceasafire and giving up of weapons u2018 ETA dissolved u Further reading and videos uCatalonian referendum explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqixnYEgJEw (6 minutes) uhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaQ4_v0fz6k (5 minutes), catalonian referendum explained by bbc