Export odpovědí: Exam 3/2
Omezení: odpovídající dle výběru | jen nejnovější průchod
1. Affanyi, Nana Yaa (stud FSS MU), učo 504170 (0b)
2. Corchero, Rodrigo (stud CST MU), učo 532375 (0b)
3. Dalla Battista, Daniele (stud FSS MU), učo 533247 (0b)
4. Furutani, Ayaka (stud CST MU), učo 505141 (0b)
5. Golány, Eszter Ágnes (stud FSS MU), učo 538027 (0b)
6. Gündüz, Doruk (stud FSS MU), učo 531419 (0b)
7. Chanchi, Marilyn Ngekwi (stud FSS MU), učo 491320 (0b)
8. Mania, Gio Patrick Chavez (stud FSS MU), učo 531300 (0b)
9. Martin, William Christopher (stud FSS MU), učo 533254 (0b)
10. Naw, Seng (stud FSS MU), učo 530082 (0b)
11. Nguyen, Thai Nam Phuong (stud FSS MU), učo 522040 (0b)
12. Novotny Aziz, Basil (stud FSS MU), učo 522044 (0b)
13. Raffin, Thalia (stud FSS MU), učo 533448 (0b)
14. Sheludko, Nadiia (stud FSS MU), učo 538666 (0b)
15. Thihan OO, Saw (stud FSS MU), učo 529958 (0b)
16. Tkachova, Yevheniia (stud FSS MU), učo 540831 (0b)
17. Tsujino, Ryo (stud CST MU), učo 532160 (0b)
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1 Affanyi, Nana Yaa (stud FSS MU), učo 504170
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations are binding legal acts of the year and its entirety and applicable directly in all member states.
Although directives are also binding illegal acts, they give member countries goes to achiweve on their own
terms. Leave in it to the discretion of the member dtates. Regulations are directly applicable in all member states
while directives first need to be trsansposed into national legislation. Regulations are applied automatically
and uniformally to all member states but with directives, member states are given time to adopt measures to
incorporate them into national law.
2. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• According to Norman, he debunked the claim that war was beneficial to the winner. He further elaborated on
how expensive and divisive war was politiclally since it caused disruption in the international system in term of
trade of commerce. This led to the creation of Kellogg-Briand pact of 1928 as a those who thoughts in line with
him that the only time countries where allowed to go to war was when it was for self defense. Hence, people
with same principle as Norman, believed in collecting security as an alternative.
3. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• European Comimission: as part od the four politiclal institutions od the EU, in charge of initianting propodals
by engaging in general policy and legislative discussions with comsission represnatives who are mostly european
parlametn conmitte members. Submitting legislative proposals to the parkament and the cpuncil of EU.
European parliament: also part of the four political institutions of EU reviews and amends propose legislatiopns.
Gives consent to a legislative proposal. Accepted proposed laws are adopted if agreed with the council of
EU after review. Council of EU: as made up of government ministers from each EU country according to the
topic of discussion in the policy area. Through the general approach, the council gives the parliament its stance
on the legislative proposal of the commission to speed up the legislative process.
4. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Rational people make decisions by comparing the costs and benefits through systematic, deliberate calculations.
Misperceptions and selective perceptions: when compiling information on the likely consequences of your
choice, that is taking in only a selected or kind of information. before a decision is made, information must be
filtered and that is where the problem lies. Information screening becomes biased since they often ignore information
that does not fit their expectation. Affective biases: a positive or negative feeling towards an individual.
emotions affect a decision to be taken about an individual or state during the calculation of costs and benefits.
A positive information about a disliked person or negative information about a favourite person is screened out
making it difficult or impossible to accurately assess the cost and benefits of decisions to be taken.Cognitive
Biases: unintentional distortion of rational calculations due to the limitation of the human brain and this has
nothing to do with emotions. The failure to produce a cognitive balance or reduce cognitive dissonance resulted
in the biases. Ignoring or not accepting cognitive bias is justification of efforts.
5. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• Main contribution: through the treaty, the community went beyond its original economical objective of creating
a common market and political ambition was birthed. Creating the EU consisting of three pillars. That is the
European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy and police and judicial corporation in criminal
matters. Changes/improvements: introducing the concept of european citizenship over and above national citizenship.
Every citizen who is a national of a member state is also a citizen of the union according them so many
rights. The treaty established a common foreign and security policy with the aim of safeguarding the common
values. Fundamental interest and independence of the union. Adoption of single currency of all member states
on 1st January 1999. It outlined a three-stage plan to achieve this.
6. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
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• Actors: before the 20th century, state had monnoploies on authorized violence and so, during old wars, the states
were the primary actors. Such wars were fought by regular armed forces of states. Hence, an interstate war. In
new wars, states are no longer the primary actors. The primary actors are the non state actors. Particularly,
factions (nations) defined by a common belonging which is often informed by hostility toward another group.
Goals: old wars were waged for geopolitical interests or territorial reasons. To either take over a state or territory.
Wars after the 20th century are less about territory and states than about identity politics, economic and selfish
purposes. Sometimes, a group of people qwho find themselves marginalized in a community can decide to pick
up arms to fight for their rights. Although they di not have political aims, through political mobilization around
identity, violence is instigated and war becomes the end result. Methods: because states were the primary actors
in the old wars, the national armed forced fought on behjalf of them. So soldiers were the primary targets on a
defined battlefield and the wars were won on the battlefield with the enemy forces as the target. Civilians are
targeted in new wars on no defined battlefields, especially those of different opinions and ethnic groups. Due
to this, the casualties in new wars were high as compared to the old wars. Forms of finance: old wars reflected
political declarations so were supported by national mobilizations. These wars financed from public sources
according to the intensity. New wars are those of the era of globalization so funding comes from the same means
such as diasporas, external support and aids of larger organized groups from different countries.
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2 Corchero, Rodrigo (stud CST MU), učo 532375
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• According to norman angells thinking, the idea that war can lead to a economic gain is in his words a “great
illusion”. He and other thinkers with similar thoughts, supported the idea on internationalism, actually believed
the opposite of the idea tht war can bring economic gain; That war leads to economic loss for all actors involved
in it and their solution is to support international cooperation and the demilitarization or disarmament. They
argue that war , when nations are interdependent is morally unjustifiable and economically irrational
2. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• When talking about wars, it is possible to differentiate between two theoretical currents, the old wars and
the new wars. The latter have certain differences and advances with respect to the so-called old wars. These
differences, among others, can be found when talking about the actors. Thus, while in the old wars the actors
were mainly composed of states or national actors, the reality today has changed, with non-state actors being
the most present. These include militias and criminal organisations. Moreover, there has also been a change in
motivations, from fighting solely for political or land conquest objectives to today, where struggles often have
an economic motive or the implementation of an idea. Another possible difference can be found in financing.
The fact that the participants were states meant that the financing came from them and their funds. Nowadays,
in today’s globalised world, funding can come from anywhere in the world. Thus, funding will have different
origins. The last of the differences to be mentioned can be found in the tactics or ways of fighting. Thus, while
military forces used to be the main targets, nowadays it is normal to see indiscriminate attacks against the
population, even resorting to the tactic of terror on many occasions. All in all, we can say that the new wars
have changed in the main characteristics of the old ones, although in the end the main features coincide.
3. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• There are several behavioral phenomena that can negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits
by decision makers on an individual level such as : Confirmation bias Tendency to interpret information to
support one´s beliefs Availability heuristic: Base decisions on information that is accessible easily Overconfidence
: Exagerated confidence in one´s actions Emotions : allowing one´s emotions to interfere in the process
of decision making Sunk cost fallacy: Tendency to continue investigating rather that think about future costs
4. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The maastrich treaty ( Treaty on European Union) was signed in 1992 and marked a milestone in the European
integration process.The treaty introduced major changes such as : The creation of the European Union: It created
the European Union as a entity replacion the old European Community Introduction of the Euro: The euro as a
single currency was introduced and sinced then it has been the currency of the European Union Expansion of
competences: Expanded Eu´s competences in areas like foreign security policy, justice, and the internal market.
5. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• When talking about European legislation, it is possible to find different instruments in the hierarchical pyramid.
Among them are regulations and directives. Regulations are binding regulations and must be applied directly
by the member states. Thus, these regulations will have direct effect. In other words, the states do not have to
carry out any process to integrate the regulation into their legal system, but without any action, the regulation
will come into force. Secondly, there are directives. Thus, directives, unlike regulations, will not be directly
binding. In other words, directives can be described as objectives that the EU imposes on countries. Also,
another possible difference can be found in the implementation process. Unlike regulations, directives entail a
process of implementation by national governments in their respective legal systems. All in all, we can say that
regulations have more legal authority than directives, being higher up the pyramid of supremacy. Moreover, as
already mentioned, they will also differ in the methods of integration into national regulations.
6. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
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• When talking about the organisations that make up the European framework, it is possible to find different
institutions. All of them play a role in the process of adopting EU secondary legislation. The first of these, the
European Commission, can be understood as the initiator and drafter of European legislation. In other words, it
is the one that introduces the issues that will later be turned into laws. Not only that, but it will also be in charge of
implementing the policies proposed by it. Its last function, and perhaps the most important, is to be responsible
for ensuring that European legislation is properly applied by the countries that make up the Union. Secondly,
there is the European Parliament. As with national governments, its members are democratically elected by
European citizens. In the whole process of European law-making, its main function will be to give the green
light to new laws to be adopted that come from the EC. In addition, thanks to this capacity, it will also be able to
reject laws proposed by the Commission. Thirdly, and outside the law-making process as such, is the Council
of the EU, composed of representatives of each member country. As representatives of their nations, their main
function is to implement legislation in their respective countries. In order to do so, it is important that there is
close cooperation with the other institutions. Thus, as we can see, each institution plays a crucial role in the
European regulatory process. The European Commission will be in charge of proposing new legislation which
will then pass to the Parliament, where it will be accepted or rejected. This is the most direct representation
of European citizens. Finally, in the last link is the Council of the EU, made up of representatives from each
country and responsible for applying the regulations in their countries. Throughout this process, the European
Commission will also be in charge of observing and monitoring that the regulations are being properly applied.
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3 Dalla Battista, Daniele (stud FSS MU), učo 533247
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.01 (0b)
1. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty, or treaty of the EU first of all transformed the the European Community in the European
Union, establishing also the EU citizenship to travel and live freely around Europe, also created the Europol to
cooperate at a European Level in terms of police forces, and also confirmed the previously defined intention
of the now Union to achieve the European Single Currency, the euro, which was achieved actually in 1999 in
digital format. It also introduced the Committee of Regions as an advisory body, and gave more power to the
EP.
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• Basically these three are the most impotant institutions of the EU: - the European Commission is the main
agenda-setter, in a sense that it proposes legislation (through either community method where the Commission
has much autonomy and used for treaty-based legislative proposals, or by Intensive transgovernmentalism
through which Governments have more autonomy in legislating mostly over CFSP and Enlargement, or by
Supranational Centralization, over competion and monetary policies where the Commission is the only proposer),
it has a role of mediator since Commission is the neutral body that help others to work out differences,
it is a supervising actor in a sense that can sue non-complining states to the court if they dont conform with
EU law, and in the case of areas like competion they are the Executive body. -the EP instead is a co-legislator
together with the Council of the EU in approving commission’s drafts, it is an important budget-setter since it
can influence commission with the annuary budget cycle, directly represent citizens of EU (only one), control
and supervise executive. -the Council of the EU/ministers instead is the other co-approver of legislation and act
as a permanent policy forums on complicated matters.
3. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• When we talk about old wars, we refer to the Pre-Modern warfare, which was a kind of war that was seasonal, in
a sense that did not occur in times of harvest or plantatio, and of course the Modern style of Warfare, which was
defined as ”Total war” style, in a sense that those wars were fought by entire societies against other societies,
with huge mass-conscription, huge armies, huge size of populations. The style of war was led by nationalist
sentiment, which was exploited by the leaders to drag people to war, and was also characterized by the use of
recent technological innovations, mostly coming from the recent industrial revolutions, and they were characterized
by importance of international law. Importance of State actors, at the center. the so-called ”new wars”
instead can also be looked at as Post-modern style of warfare, characterized by the importance of non-state actors,
like NGOs and IGOs with their humanitarian interventions, and illegitimate and terrorist groups like drug
cartels, guerrilla groups, which in this kind of wars are in conflict against the central government. Characterized
by civil wars or insurgencies, and not by attention to international law. They are so intrastate kind of war of the
recent years which are not won only based on the size of your army, but also on the level of technologies youn
possess (e.g. drones). It is a more identity incentrated kind of war based on ethnicity, religion... Here it is the
poverty the main driver of war.
4. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Normal Angell was inspired by idealist (utopian liberalist) ideas, in a sense that believed in peace. It believed that
peaceful development was possible and achievable. He firmly critisized war because war is unuseful, outdated,
something for the past. It makes no sense for him to make war cause not only the loosers but also the winners of
wars loose as well, or at least they loose more than they gain. He of course talks mostly in economic terminology,
it is not convinient to get into war because of the economic distruction it brings. He was unfortunately kinda
anticipating the distruction of the two WWs, the 1st and 2nd, when he wrote his famous book in 1909, and
I beieve he kind of predicted what was going to happen without wanting it of course. I mean, as I said before,
he represented the liberalist school of thought, and assumed that Human rationality is so strong and present
(in terms of our human nature) that we would certainly prefer, in order to prevent anorther war, to bet on
international law and multilateralism over the use of war as a mean of diplomacy. Thta would have been possible
through treaty-based agreements that everyone would have respected and that would have had the crucial role
of assuring this peaceful stability of the international system.
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5. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Individual decision-makers are negatively impacted in their choices by limited rationality, which assumes the
form of Misperceptions and selective perceptions which let us filter the information to make evaluations; then
the Affective biases which means that emotions play a role as well, and sometimes udnermine our calculations of
the cost and benefits of our choices; and Cognitive biases that are limits of our brains like when we overestimate
the probability of wanted outcome, when we make absurd analogies, and when we put too much effort in a idea
and do not want to change it.
6. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• The Regulations and Directives are legal acts that the EU can use to boud the EU MS to apply EU law in
national legislations. Regulations are enirely and directly applicable in all the EU member states and override
national legislation on the legiferated matter. While Directives are different in a sense that they are not directly
applicvable, but the EU gives just the framework, but then, when the directives are transposed into national
legislation the single governments can decide the method and form of their application.
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4 Furutani, Ayaka (stud CST MU), učo 505141
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• On individua level, some biases affect decision-making. For example, physical and mental stress from time
contrain and lack of sleep meke the decision maker think emotinally. An image of target as a enemy, and
time constrain. Too much amount of information also make the decision maker take inproper the selection and
misinterpretation of the information.
2. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations are usually ordered EU directly to the member states, and the member states cannot exceed the
power of process to implement the secondary law. Although directives are also usually launched by EU to the
member states, there is some space for the member states in the process to achieve the implementation of the
EU secondary law in the domestic legislative/political system.
3. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• He disagree with the idea that the war bring prosperity and benefit to the nation, so they propse political and
economic cooperation among states, instead of damaging the economy each other. Liberal, free market, trade,
and common democratic ideology would connec the world without dominant hegemon or hieralchy in the
international stage.
4. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty strengthened the sense of integraiton. For example, Providing ”citizenship” of EU created
aims the stronger, more integrated identity of EU. Moreover, as a second major pillar, CFSP addresses further
European cooperation and integration in a new field, foreign policy and security, which promote further common
sense in the international stage. The third pillar, cooperation in the field of Justice and Home affairs, involve
the citizens daily life directly.
5. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• European Comission deliver daily work by launching the law by writing a draft of the law. European Parliament,
whose MEPs are elected by the citizens directly, read the draft written by Commission, and approve it with
Council of EU. Council of the EU also approve the draft of the law together with Parliament. Howeer, since
the members are ministers of each member states, they represent and try to reflect the national interests of each
member state.
6. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Old war are primarly subject to state system. New wars are characterized by information as a central resorce,
represented by American RMA. Not only hired/conscripted soldires, but also children and women may be
involved the wars fighting with new weapons that can be easily used by them. Since globalization weakened
the sovereing system, it does not fit within scheme of international law more and more. On a sub-state level,
criminal networs become wider beyond national borders. Moreover, seeking personal wealth is more impotant
than policial power of one state.
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5 Golány, Eszter Ágnes (stud FSS MU), učo 538027
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• Council of the EU contains the representatives of every member state who represent their state , prime minsiters
mostly and have the authority to act on behalf of their government. These representatives could be also other
ministers who are representing their government, but they can also be other ministers depending on the issue
being discussed. the European commission is an independent branch with legal power, executive branch who
are responsible for legislation and also instrument to the council and the parliament of europe. the european
parliament got 3 role: legislative power, power in budget and supervisory power. they can also could make
amendments and pass or reject laws but not in every single case and also they need to pass it to the council.
2. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• new wars emerges since the mid 1980. the driving force is the globalization. these conflicts are based around
the struggle for control of the state by opposing groups. new wars occurs in the situation where the economy of
the state is performing very poorly or collapsing.new wars structures could be different, militias, mercenaries,
private armies, terrorist groups also on the scene. these elemenets changed the course of war completely. also
the weaponries are modernized and changed the rythm, make it assymetric especially in iraq, when us invaded
the country. old wars struggle for the balance of power, use of old weapons, infrantry, combat, and measures
the seasonal harvesting.
3. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Decision-makers’ personalities, attitudes, and beliefs, as well as widespread psychological elements that deviate
from reason, all have an impact on the decisions which an individual decision-makers make. Misperception,
selective perception, emotional biases, and cognitive biases are some of these causes. worldwide event is the
outcome of individual decisions, whether those decisions were meant or not. Individual decision-makers typically
act quickly and are accountable for the results of their actions. President Harry Truman, for instance, had
two alternatives when he decided to drop American nuclear bombs on two Japanese cities in 1945. If he opted
to use the bomb, more than 100,000 civilians would perish. If he didn’t, the conflict might last for months and
cost the United States tens of thousands of lives. Truman was forced to decide. Some individuals support his
choice, while others criticize it. Truman, though, had to make a choice and accept responsibility for the results,
for better or worse.
4. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Author outlined the disuitilty of wars and which created to imply that governmnets would henceforth be restrained
in the use of force. he believed in peaceful prosperety of the countries. the opponents argue about it and
said that this opportunity is not possible at all.
5. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• The regulations are the solid base of application. They are binding in all their elements and must be directly
applicable in all Member States. Decisions are not similar to regulations, due to the fact that, they are not
havinggeneral application and bind only to whom they are addressed, and unlike directives, they are binding
in all their elements. secondary law could come with regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and
opinions.
6. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty entered into force on 1 November 1993. introducing the following principles, Member
States are about to impose a check on how EU institutions how they use their powers. There are 3 key principles
of the EU power: conferral, proportionality, and subsidiarity. Conferral means that the EU must act in accordance
with the content of ratified EU treaties that Member States adopted. Proportionality can be defined as the
inability of the EU to surpass the required actions to attain the goals that were written in the EU treaties. Finally,
subsidiarity involves the division of powers between several levels of government, a principle that forms the
institutional basis of federal states. the principle of conferral controls when the Eu is able to act, the principle
of subsidiarity when the Eu should act and the principle of proportionality how the Eu should act.
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6 Gündüz, Doruk (stud FSS MU), učo 531419
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• Maastricht treaty has created the EU we know today. Before that, there was a various degree of cooperation. But
Maastricht treaty carried it to a whole new level. First of all, with Maastricht treaty a common foreign policy was
established. It also helped the further integration of monetary policies and establishment of a common currency.
It also increased and integrated judicial and justice institutions for members states. ıt also had new integrated
policies on consumer protection and social policies. Alongside these, it established an EU citizenship.
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• European Commission - It is made up of representatives from all EU countries. It’s task is to draft up resolutions
for EU council and parliament to pass, and then implement them. European Parliament - It is the only popularly
elected body of the EU (through the votes of EU citizens). Alongside the EU council, it adopts laws. Alongside
that, it also monitors the EU budget. European Council - Together with the European Parliament, it passes laws
proposed by the European Commission. It is made up of the heads of states of all EU countries. It also sets the
common foreign agenda and policies of EU.
3. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• accordıng to Norman Angell the great ıllusıon means that war has become obsolete ın the modern ındustrıal
ageö ıt means that wınners of war also lose more than they gaın from war maınly due to the cost of war. He was
a thınker of Utopıan lıberalısmç These were type of lıberalıst thınkers, they assumed that human ratıonalıty ıs
strong. they belıeved wars could be prevented wıth multılateralısm and law meanıng sıgnıng treatıes
4. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• The concept of new wars are created to describe wars in post cold war world. Compared to the old wars, these
kinds of wars happen not only between countries. We can include terror activities, crimes and even human
rights violations. Indeed old wars and new wars share the interstate conflicts, where two states wage war with
a political agenda. But we can also include gang violence, which a small amount of individuals cause violence
for their own ends, such as bank robbery. We can also include terrorism, which mostly happens on ideological
grounds by different non-state actors. Lastly, we have the state violence, who violates human rights and such
others within its own territory and population.
5. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Group thinking influences and individuals thoughts in a way that the individual might feel pressured to comply
with the wider group. This can eradicate, whether the greater group’s assessment is right or wrong, different
views within the group thus hindering the importance of the views of the individual. Intuition can also negatively
impact rational assessment. Due to the prior beliefs or ideas of the individual, it can influence the decision
making without or spite of conducting experiments or consuming unbiased sources.
6. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations and directives are actually rather similar to each other. Both set up a goal for all EU members. In
regulations, the EU member has to achieve a certain goal in the specific way EU asked them to do. While in
directives, countries can follow any method they desire as long as they reach the final goal. To simplify it; in
regulations means are necessary to achieve the end, while in directives only important thing is the end.
10
7 Chanchi, Marilyn Ngekwi (stud FSS MU), učo 491320
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• According to Marry Kaldor, New wars we have today greatly differ from old wars that use to exitsin a fews
waysold wars principally between states and nations mainly politically motivated had a standard procedure of
war far New wars new wars are largly intra state wars new wars have taken many forms far from the traditional
nortion of war such as : Biological warfare, scientific ware fare etc new wars have evolved to be as a result of
many complicated causes new wars dont have a standard method of war fare new wars use make use of heavy
technology
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• Council of Eu The council of Europe has the power to pass laws into existence; also the EU council could amend
already existing laws. The Council of EU works closely with the European parliament in passing legislation
in existence European parliament European Parliament The European Parliament plays a vital role in creating
EU legislation ,firstly the European parliament has the power to debate legislation to determine whether its
relevant and appropriate for the course its meant. The Eu parliament also has the responsibility to pass and
reject legislation as well European Commission The European commission also plays a vital role in creating EU
secondary law. The EU Commission submits a legislative proposal of laws they have draftedto the Parliament
and Council.
3. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• According to Angel Norman the great illusion of war the belief that nations gained or benefited in the event
of war. in other words this is to say that there are no winners in a war, all parties suffer considerable looses at
different levels. To Angel Norman the ideology that countries stand anything to gain by starting or engaging
in a war is what he calls the ”great illusion ” The thinkers in Angel norman strand of thought propose peace
development as a real alternative where states can stand to make absolute gains. They arguered that international
trade would create close relations between state, under peacefull conditions where states can maximise real gains
4. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• A significant phenomenon that negatively affect a rational assessment of cost and benefit of decision makers at
individual level is the concept of insufficient information. Sometimes an individual making a rational decision
may not have all the information or knowledge that is necessary to take the right decision, which has a direct
impact on the cost and benefits they will get also, the responsibility is an aspect that negatively affects the
rational assessment of cost and benefit in decision makers. Decision makers know that as individuals they
are directly responsible for their actions and would be held accountable as a person, this could give them the
tendency to play safe there by negatively impacting the rational assessment process
5. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty was a significant document in contributing to Eu integration process in the following
ways The Maastricht Treaty formed a monitory union within the EU and created the first security union The
Maastricht Treaty It created European citizenship status and allocated rights to it European citizens The Maastricht
treaty lead to the re-formation of the European commission where its level of accountability was increased
, it has to submit and seek the consent of European Parliament at all times
6. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• The council of Europe has the power to pass laws into existence; also the EU council could amend already
existing laws. The Council of EU works closely with the European Parliament in passing legislation in existence
European parliament The European parliament plays a vital role in creating EU legislation ,firstly the European
parliament has the power to debate legislation to determine whether its relevant and appropriate for the course
its meant. The Eu parliament also has the responsibility to pass and reject legislation as well The European
commission also plays a vital role in creating EU secondary law. The EU Commission submits a legislative
proposal of laws they have drafted to the Parliament and Council.
11
8 Mania, Gio Patrick Chavez (stud FSS MU), učo 531300
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
•
2. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations are considered a ”binding” act towards all the members of the European Union, regardless of
major differences it must be applied by all member states of the EU. A Directive on the other hand is a type
of legislative act that is passed with the intention of all the members states to eventually pass it, however the
member states have autonomy if they will pass it or not. Therefore, the main differences of these two is that,
Regulations have the ability to ignore or override the national laws of its member states and the law must be
passed at all costs, meanwhile Directives on the other hand gives the states an obligation to pass the law but the
individual national laws of its member states must be put into attention first before the law can be passed.
3. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht treaty is responsible for the creation of the Euro, the common currency which has significantly
helped with the integration process of the EU, due to the fact that the market becomes more integrated into
a single one and this makes the consumers in the EU market enjoy a wide variety of goods and services. The
establishment of 3 body pillars that was responsible for the creation of the EU namely, the European Communities,
the Justice and Home Affairs, and lastly the Common Foreign and Security Policy, established the notion
of being a European Citizen, which helped the EU more integrated by helping establish the freedom of mobility
inside the EU. The security of the EU members states become more integrated and secure by enhancing
the cooperation for security and crime between the states. The treaty was also responsible for the creation of
Erasmus+ programs, that helped the integration process by letting youths experience and expose to the different
cultures within the EU.
4. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Normal Angell argues that the said ”great illusion”, about war is not a bad idea or rather it was for a good
reason after all, he argues that the main culprit for wars is the greed for territorial conquest and the appetite for
the states to seek more materials in foreign states. Thinkers in his same strand of thought propose the idea of
International organization, simply because these organizations can help to restrain the cunning people, because
they do argue that the main idea of ’realpolitik’ where a traditional selfish world where cunning people thrive
and rule the world, and these international organization do play a part in helping these people be restrained
because the international laws enforced by these organization. That is why International organization that is set
up by everyone is signification because it makes diplomacy more fair for all.
5. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• New wars or conflicts tends to happen on countries plagued by corruption and a poor state of economy and a
failing economic state of the country, where the state government loses the ability to control its own crucial
government functions, and contributes to the fertile ground for growing organizing crime and paramilitary
groups. Because of this, the political legitimacy of the said country is questioned on their ability to govern, this
can be seen in the countries located in the Middle East region such as Syria. in the new wars, the most affected
were innocent civilians unlike in the wars fought in the old times which were primarily soldiers. Partly due
to the fact that advanced technology contributed for the easier mobilization of population for war. While old
wars were fought primarily for territory and was also connected to a creation of a state, the destabilizing nature
of new wars tend to create the opposite effect of the collapse of entire nations.In the old wars, war campaigns
were funded by the use of state funds via the means of taxation, meanwhile the finances for new wars are now
financed through more underhanded schemes such as illegal actives such as trafficking, drug trade or the black
market. The new wars also has the tendency to see women and children getting more involvement than the
previous wars where only men primarily saw participation because of the military draft only being applied to
men.
6. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
•
12
9 Martin, William Christopher (stud FSS MU), učo 533254
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Old wars mean that 1. the more land achieved led to more agriculture, and in turn, wealth. 2. Religious differences
were not honoured, nor 3. was sovereignty until the Peace of Westphalia. 4. Wars were fought on the field,
face to face. There were also no globalised institutions. New wars revolved around 1. identity politics. Ideology
is no longer dominant. 2. These wars can be fought by different actors, not just states - terrorist networks.
Technology also made wars fought with greater distance from the enemy. 3. Their financing wasn’t so much
based on territorial gain, as states by this point derive income from taxes. Instead, new war is more about 4.
political control, rather than land control - more so the intention of terrorism who try to push ideology through
violence upon civilians.
2. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Angell’s ’great illusion’ argued war, more so aggression toward other nations was self-destructive toward the
waging state. That it was not the way to bring advantages toward the state. Instead, he insisted on collective
security - institutions that would come together to prevent a war-mongering, troublemaking state from upsetting
the world order. Scholars and other leaders noted that the beliefs of institutions would ultimately ’police’ the
world, and that Angell’s theory wasn’t as pacifist as made out to be. For example, seeing states ally together to
wage war in the modern era to ’spread democracy.’
3. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Groupthink is a threat to rational assessments. The costs/benefits can be skewed or compromised by the individual
level out of a will to please higher positions of power. They have a desire to please the powers that be
and will resort to being ’yes-men.’ They may be closed minded toward the truth of a situation. It is also human
instinct to want to conform to the beliefs of others in our same level of position. Some will often ignore their
gut or own belief on the matter and instead side with the majority in the group.
4. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• In EU secondary law, made by EU institutions, regulations are the actual legally-obliged written law that will
apply to member states. Directives, on the other hand, are more the goals for desired results that can form into
laws by the member states themselves. How the member states achieve these results is up to them.
5. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• The European Commission is the one who proposes a law. The European Parliament, who debates legislation,
handles budgets and looks after institutions, and the EU Council who consists of representatives of member
states who strive for their home states’ wishes, amend and approves laws and work together to do so, despite differences
in opinions. The two must come into agreement with each other. During this process, the Commission
supervises. The Commission can even withdraw the proposal all together.
6. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty united Europe after the fall of the Soviet Union, including former eastern block states
with western states. Three improvements from this treaty: 1. A stronger foreign policy strengthened Europe’s
security and reflected it’s principals of democracy and independence. 2. A common currency was established
for member-states. 3. Freedom of movement (citizens of member states a part of the EU could travel across
borders without showing a passport. 4. Students could also easily study in other member countries because of
this. 4. Laws’ jurisdiction expanded, some would argue streamlining legal process.
13
10 Naw, Seng (stud FSS MU), učo 530082
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• It is assumed that actors are rational, informed decision-makers who strive to maximize value and benefits for
the state. State-level analysis is conducted, with states generally seen as more or less unified rational actors.
Rationality is a fraught term, lack of information pervasive and so is time-constraint. Furthermore, The rational
approach to decisions is based on scientifically obtained data that allow informed decision-making, reducing the
chances of errors, distortions, assumptions, guesswork, subjectivity, and all major causes for poor or inequitable
judgments. Such an information and knowledge based approach promotes consistent and high quality decisions,
and reduces the risk and uncertainties associated with decisions.
2. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• For a regulation, it is An ”act” that is legally binding and must be applied across the EU is called a ”regulation”.
As an example, when the regulations on roaming charges expiring in 2022 were put in place by the European
Parliament and Council, a new regulation was adopted to not only make sure the previous one was clearer but
also to ensure a unified approach towards roaming charges for another decade. For directives, A ”directive” is
a legislative act that mandates an objective for all EU countries to achieve. It’s up to the individual countries to
come up with their own laws on how to get there. As an example, the EU single-use plastics directive reduces the
environmental effects of certain single-use plastics by cutting down or prohibiting them altogether, like plates,
straws and cups for drinks. Their difference: For regulation, regulations have binding legal force throughout
every Member State and enter into force on a set date in all the Member States. For directive, it lay down certain
results that must be achieved but each Member State is free to decide how to transpose directives into national
laws.
3. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• For the new war of Mary Kaldor, she mentioned that the new war are fought by varying combinations of
networks of state and non-state actors – regular armed forces, private security contractors, mercenaries, jihadists,
warlords, paramilitaries, etc., and the new war fights in the name of identity (ethnic, religious or tribal). In
new wars, battles are rare and territory is captured through political means, through control of the population.
A typical technique is population displacement – the forcible removal of those with a difference. identity or
different opinions. Violence is largely directed against civilians as a way of controlling territory rather than
against enemy forces. But when it comes to old war, it is inter-state warfare where militaries are focused on
territorial conquest. These wars were centralized and financed by the state machinery through taxation of the
public. ‘Old wars’took place across the nineteenth and twentieth century and were fought over nationalistic
and ideological reasons respectively. The battle is the decisive element in wars with the state’s military forces
as the main target of the warfare.
4. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty is one of the pacts that led to the creation of the European Union (EU). Signed in 1992
in the Dutch city of Maastricht, it came into effect in 1993 and allowed for greater collaboration between the 12
nations that were a part of it. This was achieved through encouraging unified citizenship, harmonized economic,
social and development policies. The treaty further set the groundwork for a single currency – the euro. For
example, it It was a giant leap forward for European Integration, It introduced the criteria that countries must
meet to join the euro andit established the European Union
5. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Normen Angell argued that war was economically and socially irrational and that war between industrial countries
was futile because conquest did not pay.Angell’s political thought went through an important evolution.he
devoted more attention to the principle of collective security – a system that included the potential use of force
against a violator. Angell’s the great illusion was a liberal anti war tract. And it also represents the major
development in the tradition of liberal internationalism.
6. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
14
• The Commission is the main partner of Parliament in regards to lawmaking and budgeting. Increasingly, parliamentary
oversight of the Commission’s activities and its performance are essential for ensuring more democratic
legitimacy across EU governance. The annual draft budget proposes the budget to be submitted to the European
Parliament the prior year (year n -1). The Commission also provides this proposal to national parliaments for
informational purposes. Additionally, the Commission produces an individual statement of estimates which
is sent separately to both Parliament and Council for approval. Conforming to Article 319 TFEU, Parliament
has the right to grant discharge from duties to the Commission. For council, National interests articulation, and
Co-decides EU budget and for European commission, the Commission helps to shape the EU’s overall strategy,
proposes new EU laws and policies, monitors their implementation and manages the EU budget. It also plays
a significant role in supporting international development and delivering aid. It also represent to international
community as a whole of EU.
15
11 Nguyen, Thai Nam Phuong (stud FSS MU), učo 522040
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Decision making at individual levels is often negatively impact by at least 3 ways. First is misperceptions
and selective perceptions which mean the decision-makers take only some kinds of information and often this
information filtering process is bias. This is call information screens. Second, the calculation is affected by
emotional influence the decision-makers have towards his or her object. Third is the cognitive bias which is the
limitation of human brain when making choices. When human try to balance this cognitive bias it usually leads
to justification of effort and wishful thinking (overoptimistic) that underestimate the likelihood of a problem.
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• The commissions role in the process of adopting EU secondary law is to draw on and complete the decisions
that were made by the Parliament and EU Council. The EU council makes new ideas and is also a legislator.
The parliaments purpose is to be a supervisor and also advise of decisions that should be made.
3. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• About actors, new wars are fought not only by state but also by non-state actions including paramilitaries,
jihadists, while old war was fought between armed state. About goals, new wars are fought in the name of
identity and personal pursuit, while old wars were fought for political gain, territorial interest. About method,
battles are rare in new wars, the method is often capturing population. In old wars, victory is decided through
battle. About target, new wars targeting ordinary inhabitant while old wars targeting adversary’s army.
4. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations and directive are 2 types of EU legal binding acts. Regulations are fully binding and immediately
applicable throughout every member state when they come into force; they do not need to be converted into national
legislation.When activated, any existing national legislation of the member states that are in contradiction
with the substantive requirements of the rules are removed. They are intended to guarantee that EU legislation
is applied consistently throughout all member states. Directives allow member states to freely decide how to
achive a goal while securing their commitment to the desired results. Unlike regulations, directives need to be
adopted into national law first. Directives are only allowed to be directed at a certain set of member states, even
if they are often implemented to all member states in reality.
5. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• A great illusion adopted the liberal view, that war is too socially and economically costly so that states do not
hope to provoke war so that the terrible world war that happened was just the miscaculation and misperception
of nations.
6. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• With regards to the Maastricht Treaty (1992), three main pillars were introduced for the integration process of
the European Union: the European Communities, a common foreign and security policy, and enhanced cooperation
in home (domestic) affairs and justice. As such, The European Economic Community was renamed the
European Community (EC) by the treaty. The accord provided the EC more authority, including formal control
over community policies on consumer protection, social and economic integration, education, and public
health, as well as a larger role in environmental protection. Based on these basis, a new European citizenship
was created, and the right to vote regardless of nationality. New policies were introduced in the Treaty. The EU
is then in charge of consumer protection, youth problems, education and vocational training, industrial policy,
and culture. To combat organized crime and drug trafficking, more immigration and asylum cooperation was
to be achieved, including the establishment of the European police intelligence agency (Europol). It’s also the
first time the public’s view must be considered during the integration process
16
12 Novotny Aziz, Basil (stud FSS MU), učo 522044
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• The European Commission- The role of the EU commission is that it essentially checks that national law is in
confirmity with the guidelines set by EU law, it involves monitoring EU framework legislation, which usually
comes in forms of directives. It also makes sures that New national laws are not in conflict with existing EU law.
European Parliament- within secodary law the EP is one that due to it being separted in different ’groups’ it is
one that puts front possible EU new EU secondary law, while the decsion is not within whether in adopting the
law, it is still important in terms of introducing the motion to implement that specfic law and then it goes in the
framework through the European Comission and the Council of ministers. Council of the EU- The reponsilibity
of the council is for providing framework for the routine and day to day operations of relations between EU
member states and thus becomes a key EU decsion maker, in terms of accepting decsions and implementing
them.
2. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Mary Kaldor purports that new wars characteristics can only be analyzed within the context of globalization,
linking it to the evolution of society and world. She further stresses that “new wars”don’t neccarisly need
to be new. In that they have no claim in history, however she insists on keeping the term new wars as there
is still a definite need for new policy responses, one that the concept of old wars linking to the warfare of pre
globalization era. She further stresses her claims in 4 aspects. The first being that new wars originate from the
disintegration of a state and the struggle for power in the wake of the collapse between factions fighting over
the identity and population of the state, whereas old wars were fought over the emergence of ‘new states’.
Another aspect is the blurring of the line between civilian and soldier in contrast to the ‘old’conventional
warfare where the lines are clearly drawn. Similar to that aspect, the feminzation of warfare has differentiated
new wars from the old. Not speaking simply in the way of more women participating in war but more women
becoming a casualty of war. The fourth and final aspect is who the wars are fought between. In new wars they
are fought inside the state itself while old wars are fought between states.
3. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• The ”great illusion” about war is that the vast majority of people in a state, think that going in war is of benefit
towards their state/country and that it is beneficial towards the winner. Norman Angell, stresses that this is not
the case as in modern times the sucesss in war is not neccarily beneficial towards the winner, as modernization
demands that states get things from outside, meaning creating new inventions to succeed in war, this is also one
that due to modernization the definition of win as changed and can mean differently for a particular person or
state. Thinkers in this strand focus on liberalism policies, focusing on peace as means of emphasis on foregin
policy and introducing international organization as a way to meditate between conflicts and govern international
law, which in turn should secure peace. This was seen with the idea of the league of nations during that
time period.
4. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The 1993 Maastricht Treaty, also known as the Treaty on European Union, came into force by establishing what
is known today as the EU by encompassing the EC and being one of the main changing points of the EUs core
concept of integration and unity. This was seen by the treaty establishing three pillars; an expanded/stregthened
EC, a common foregin policy and secuirty policy. The common foregin/ security policy was seen as one that
really cemented the way EU would be seen within the International Arena, with foregin polciy that would
collectively represent its member states. Another major change was that the treaty contained provisons that
resulted in the creation of the EMU, thus creating the a common european currency (euro) to be used by most
member states as a means of having one single currrency for most of its member states, this was an eventual
proposal that came adopted by member states shortly after. It also created provisions for European citizenship,
including the meaning of being a ’EU citizen’, thus creating further integration that was not seen in the past
with the EC.
5. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
17
• Regulations are binding in their entirety and are directly applicable in all member states, they can be adpoted in
several forms by several actors, the council of ministers and by the council/EU parliament jointly and lastly the
European Commission. The moment regulations come into force, they override all local national laws of the
member states dealing with the same subject matter and keeping it the same across all member states. While
in the otherhand, Directives bind member states to the results to be achieved, while the means of achieving
that result (the choice of form and method) are left open to the member states. While regulations are directly
applicable to all member states, directives first need to be transposed into national legislation. Directives can
be addressed to specific group of member states only, although reality shows that they are always, with the exception
of agricultural policy field, applied to all member states. As with regulations, directives can be adopted
by the Council, Council and Parliament together or by the Commission. However the mean difference being is
that they are not directly inforced or binded as apposed to regulations.
6. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• The phenomena that negatively impacts the rationality of assement of costs can be undermined by emotions that
decisions makers meaning individuals feel while thinking of the consequences of their actions, an effect that
is referred as affective bias. As much as the decision maker may try to be impartial in his/her decision-making
process, they are bound to be influenced by strong feelings that may ’cloud’ their asseement of the cost and
benefits in making the decision and the outcome of that specific decision, thus having a negative impact on a
rational assessment of costs and benefits.
18
13 Raffin, Thalia (stud FSS MU), učo 533448
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• The European Commission is proposing and implementing laws, they can propose to the European Parliament.
The European parliament is reporting on proposal for a ”legislative text” which is ,presented by the European
Commission. The parliament is on a equal footing with the council, which mean they have only some cases
when they have only consultative role.They are all working together.
2. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Old wars, were the founding and creations of states? Before it was were fought primarily over territory. But
New wars is connected to collapse of states, also it is involving non-state actors like paramilitaries and also
jihadists.New wars is happening when the corruption is high and when the economy of the state is on the brink
of collapsing. That mean the government do not have control anymore over the country but also the populations.
You can find this situation in the Middle East. In the new wars, civils are hurts which its different compare to
the old wars. Also in new wars they are using new technology, which make the conflict between actors you
don’t fight front of you but from faraway.
3. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht treaty created the euro, our common currency for the European Union. This of course helped
with the European integration because the countries can operate together in a single market, which mean more
choice of goods. The Erasmus program bought young people all over the EU, students can enjoy the cultural
experience ion the other country abroad. Also the treaty created the EU under a body of 3 pillars which are
European communities, the common foreign and security policy and also the justice and home affairs. That mean
it established the European citizenship and also allowed European citizens to move as they want everywhere in
the zone. It provide cooperation between states with the security with the development of europol.
4. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• The rational assessment is unrealistic assumptions, they expect that people can process information easily but
they cannot. Aldo sometimes they do not have the knowledge to make decisions or even propose their ideas
when they find one proposition bad.
5. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• According to Norman Angell, who is actually a liberal idealist ”a great illusion” about war, many people think
that war is fought for only good reasons and can be profitable. He argue that war happen because of the need and
want to conquest a new territory, and the need to search for materials in the foreign country. Liberal idealists
like him argue about that the idea of realpolitik is traditionally selfish world where people try to rule. But under
international organizations, these cunning people are blocked why the international laws from these organizations.
International organizations are made so that everyone can benefit from it. Also this type of diplomacy is
as we say reasonable and fair for everyone.
6. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulations are what we can call ”binding”, it act towards all the EU members, without regarding to all differences
it should be applied to all members states, they do not have choice. But a directive it is a legislation that
is made in orders to see the members states accept it but they have the right to choose to don’t and to modify it
depending on the situations of the state.The main differences are that regulations can just be applied it without
caring about the state law or condition, this law should be pass. But the directives can be modify by the member
state to fit better with his country situation.
19
14 Sheludko, Nadiia (stud FSS MU), učo 538666
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• The regulation is a legislative act that is binding. It must be immediately applied in full in all member states
and takes precedence over national laws. The directive is a mandatory result, the result of which EU countries
must achieve. Instead, it reserves the right to choose the form and means that are appropriate for achieving the
specified result by the authorities of the member states. The main differences are that the provision is completely
mandatory and the directive is only a mandatory result. The regulation takes precedence over national law and
the directive leaves the right of choice to the authorities of the member states.
2. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Benefits of individual decisions making: they have unique personalities - personal experience, intellectual skills
and based on it they could make their own decisions. Truman was example of it.They play in 3 different systematic
ways(misperceptions, information screens, selective perception. Phenomena:
3. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• News war emerges since the mid 1980. The driving force is globalization.These conflicts are based around
the struggle for control of the state by opposing groups. NW occurs in the situation where the economy of the
state is performing very poorly or collapsing. Old wars - struggle for the balance of power, use of old weapons,
infantry combat, seasonal
4. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• MT is important because of the its creation of European Union, providing opportunities for a single currencies,
created the EU citizenship
5. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• In the Treaties of the European Union, the ordinary legislative procedure is described as follows. The commission
submits a legislative proposal to the Parliament or the Council. In the first reading, the Parliament expresses
its position. If the Council agrees with the opinion of the Parliament, then such an act will be considered adopted.
If not, then the Council should express its own opinion on this matter and send such an act back to the
Parliament with its explanations. The Commission also informs the Parliament about its position on this issue.
In the second reading, the act is considered adopted if the Parliament approves the text submitted by the Council
or does not take any decision. Parliament can reject the text submitted by the Council, leading to the rejection
of the act, or improve it and send it back to the Council. The commission expresses its opinion for the second
time. Those amendments rejected by the Commission can be adopted by the Council only unanimously, not by
a majority of votes
6. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• Author outlined the disutility of wars and which created to imple that governments would henceforth be restrained
in the use of force. He believed in peaceful prosperety of the countries. The opponents argue about it and
say that this opportunity isn’t possible at all
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15 Thihan OO, Saw (stud FSS MU), učo 529958
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.01 (0b)
1. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Misperception and selective perceptionAffective bias Cognitive biases Bounded rationality Prospect theory:
descriptive rather than prescriptive
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• European Commission: submit a proposal to council and parliament. *Can initiate the EU Legislative.Council
of the EU and European Parliament: co-legislation bodies. *Can adopt the proposal after first reading or the
second reading. *Can not initiate
3. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• Regulation: binding legislative act. Directive: a legislative act that sets out a goal that all EU member states
must achieve. Differences Regulation: must be applied all entire EU. Directive: up to individual member states
to devise their own laws and own ways to get the goals
4. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Conflicts over identity Conflicts over territory New wars follow a pattern of warfare that had been typical since
1950s Occur in countries with lacking development and economic insecurity
5. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• According to Angell, the economic interdependence between the industrial countries would be the real guarantor
of the good behavior of one state to another. The cost of war is so great and so no one will be disastrous by
starting a war. Peaceful developments
6. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• Increased the cooperation between European countries significantly how the EU we know today is. Three major
changes: - Common foreign and security policy - Justice and home affairs - EU citizenship
21
16 Tkachova, Yevheniia (stud FSS MU), učo 540831
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
• The regulations are binding in their entirety and applicable in all member states. Directives oblige member
states with regard to the results to be achieved while the means of achieving this result remain open.That is,
directives are more of an order that is issued to create a policy, while a regulations is an act that is subject to
immediate implementation as a law.
2. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• - unrealistic assumptions. The process sometimes constrained by insufficient information. - time limitations People
are often driven by emotions
3. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• That war is obsolete that today’s industrial age. Modernization and independence are better. - peaceful development
- improved education would make a war irrational - people use a logical decision -making process that
takes into account the costs and benefits, weighing the options.
4. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• European Commission: It provides much of the power behind the functioning and momentum of the EU. The
Comission checks that national law is in conformity with EU law. It’s also major ”agenda-setter” The European
Parliament is considered to be the voice of the people since it is the only representative of the EU citizens in
the policy making process. Parliament’s roles : legislative, supervisory, budgetary. The Council of the EU: it
has a political superiority over the other institutions since it involves very important actors like the Head of the
State, Governments of the memberstates. The main role: adapting and mediating the regulations together with
the European Parliament.
5. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• New wars: asymmetric. In mist cases is non-state actors that are not governed by the schemes of international
law. The greatly increased of the media.
6. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• Maastricht treaty is based on the creation of the EU. The principal intent also was to construct a federal union. It’s
main goals:, promoting the socio-economic progress of member countries by creating a space without internal
borders, introducing a common currency, formation of common foreign policy.Treatment also introduced the
position of ombudsman .
22
17 Tsujino, Ryo (stud CST MU), učo 532160
Pokyny: There are 6 questions to be answered. Time limit is 40 minutes. All answers will be checked by anti-plagiarism
system, so no copy-paste answers.
I. průchod: 3. 2. 2023 10.00 (0b)
1. What is according to Norman Angell „ a great illusion“about war and what do thinkers in his strand of
thought propose as an alternative? (6 points)
• In ”a great illusion”, Norman Angell said that war had become obsolete, so modernization and interdependence
are far better. However, Realist such as E.H. Carr thought that the League like the League of nation lacked the
attention to power, and he argued that laws against war are eventualy not possible to prevent one (war).
2. Characterize the role of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in the
process of adopting EU secondary law. Briefly describe major tasks of each particular institution (6 points)
• In the process of adopting EU secondary law, the European Commission is a Supranational institution. It works
as major Agenda-Setter of the EU and ’engine’ of EU iintegration processes. The European Parliament is also
a Supranational institution and represents EU citizens. It works for legislation processes and budget of the EU.
The Council of the EU is an intergovernemntal institution, and it has tasks of national interests articulation,
Co-legislator, and Co-decides actor for budget.
3. Characterize the main contribution of the Maastricht Treaty providing and explaining at least three major
changes/improvements this document delivered for the process of European integration (4 points)
• The Maastricht Treaty, also called as the Treaty of European Union greatly changed the process of European
integration. Due to this treaty, the EU strengthened Eastern enlargement. In the treaty, it was also decided that
to launch a single currecy, later called ’euro’ for EU area, and the treaty proposed the necessity of institutional
reform.
4. Briefly compare the concept of „ new wars“by Mary Kaldor to the ”old wars” on 4 aspects. (4 points)
• Comapare with ”old wars”, ”new wars” by Mary Kaldor is a type of pre-modern era. In ”new wars”, wars are
outsourced, non-state actors has important role, and wars are much asymmetric and on the sub-state level, such
as Civil War or insurgencies. On the other had, in ”old wars”, wars were total-war, and and they were war
between state and state.
5. What are phenomena that negatively impact a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers
on individual level? (4 pts)
• Individual decision-makers only have limited rationality, and they tend to do misperception and selective perception
in a rational assessment of costs and benefits of the decision-makers. It because individual decisionmakers
have affective biases and cognitive biases based on heuristics.
6. Define regulations and directives. Explain main differences between these two types of EU secondary law (4
points)
•
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