Violence: A Glossary Lecture 2 SPRb1130 SUSANTHA RASNAYAKE Simple but serious few questions 1. What do you mean by violence? 2. Have you ever been a perpetrator or victimized by violence? 3. If yes, what did you feel? What was your reaction? 4. Finally, can you defend/justify your violent behaviour as being a perpetrator We find, for example, that violence—regardless of the form it takes—is usually perpetrated for the same kinds of reasons. (Alvaxz & Bachman, 2017, P.19) Violent people often feel they are acting legitimately and morally to protect something they value or to give an appropriate penalty to someone who has wronged them. Violent people often feel they are acting legitimately and morally to protect something they value or to give an appropriate penalty to someone who has wronged them (p. 29) A preventable public health problem §Forty-Ninth World Health Assembly (1996) declared, violence a major and growing global public health problem. §An overarching definition World Health Organization: ‘‘the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation’’. §How do you distinguish a road accident from violence ????? §Violence is thus distinguished from injury or harm that results from unintended actions and incidents. Violence results §Injury §death §psychological harm §maldevelopment or deprivation Categories According to who has committed the violence: ◦self-directed ◦Interpersonal ◦collective According to the nature of violence: ◦Physical ◦Sexual ◦Psychological ◦Deprivation or neglect ◦ Not always mutually exclusive Eg. intimate partner violence may result P/S/P/D Self-directed violence §Includes suicidal thoughts or actions and forms of self-harm §Fatal suicidal behaviour- suicidal behaviour results in death §Non-fatal suicidal behaviours/attempted suicide/self-harm- suicidal behaviour does not result in death Interpersonal violence Image result for images of neglected child 143,295 Assault Images, Stock Photos & Vectors | Shutterstock 19,504 Criminal assault Images, Stock Photos & Vectors ... include acts of violence and intimidation that occur between family members, between intimate partners or between individuals Interpersonal violence may involve assault, sexual assault, neglect, abandonment and maltreatment Collective violence A crowd of people surrounded the red man. Accusation of crime, mob law over a person, lynch court. The leader in the center, the leader, an example for diving. Angry crowd ‘‘instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group…against another group or set of individuals, in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives’’. Collective violence includes §War §Terrorism §Violent political conflict between or within states §Violence perpetrated by states (genocide, torture, systematic abuses of human rights) §Organised violent crime such as gang warfare Sexual violence Man's hand holding a woman hand for rape and sexual abuse concept, Wound domestic violence rape, concept photo of sexual assault, International Women's Day §can occur at an interpersonal or collective level §non-consensual sexual contact and non-consensual non-contact acts of a sexual nature, such as voyeurism and sexual harassment §Acts qualify as sexual violence if they are committed against someone who is unable to consent or refuse, for example because of age, disability, misuse of authority, violence or threats of violence Gender-based violence §Violence that occurs within the context of women’s and girl’s subordinate status in society, and serves to maintain this unequal balance of power §Also known as violence against women includes violence against women occurring within the family, geographically or culturally specific forms of abuse such as female genital mutilation, ‘‘honour killings’’ and dowry-related violence as well as various sexual violence, including rape during warfare, trafficking of women and forced prostitution Intimate partner violence Violence at home - aggressive man beating his wife §Refers to physical, sexual or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse §Can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy §More commonly- women at the hands of men §Masculine identities Domestic violence vector flat design illustration on the theme of mental health. a very sad girl needs psychological support. she may be a victim of domestic violence. helping hands reach out in her. mental healthcare. §Interchangeable with intimate partner violence §Not only considered physical aspect, more serious the emotional and psychological abuse the perpetrators use to maintain control over their partners. § Family violence Refers to child maltreatment, sibling violence, intimate partner violence and elder abuse The interconnectedness of family violence, ◦Suicide ◦Crime ◦Drug and alcohol abuse ◦Cycle of violence/intergenerational transmission of violence ◦Poverty ◦ Three strong African women stand together. - Royalty-free Female vector images Child maltreatment 10,470 Child Labour Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images A young African child being abused. Child maltreatment and child abuse are sometimes used interchangeably WHO- Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, ◦sexual abuse ◦neglect or negligent treatment ◦commercial or other exploitation ◦resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power Youth violence Collection of fighting children. Conflicts between kids, violent behavior among teenagers, violence at school. Flat cartoon characters isolated on white background. Colorful vector illustration. §Youth is a significant risk factor for becoming both victim and perpetrator §WHO : ‘‘homicide and non-fatal attacks perpetrated by or against a person aged 10–29 years of age” Elder abuse Senior with Bruises Begs for Mercy - Royalty-Free Elder Abuse Stock Photo §An act of commission or omission and may be intentional or unintentional § §The International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse: ‘‘a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person Workplace violence Workplace Harassment | Law Offices of Wyatt & Associates PLLC ILO -Incidents where staff are abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances related to their work, including commuting to and from work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being or health §Bullying within at workplace involve threats to professional status, threats to personal standing, isolation, overwork and destabilization §Harassment at the workplace is very common Harassment at work is any conduct based on age, disability, HIV status, sex, sexual orientation and other factors that is unreciprocated and unwanted and affects the dignity of men and women at work Structural violence September 2021, Afghanistan, Kabul: Two Afghan men consume drugs on the side of a road in Kabul. Photo: Oliver Weiken/dpa South African police arrest a Zulu man suspected of being a sniper, a few weeks before South Africa's free elections of April 1994. Severe conflicts... ‘‘Structural violence’’ refers to the physical and psychological harm that results from exploitative and unjust social, political and economic systems. §Racism in America, Africa §Caste discrimination in India §Slavery §Armed conflicts §Forms of structural violence operate globally against women, children, indigenous peoples and those in poverty Armed conflict Exhibition: 'WAR/PHOTOGRAPHY: Images of Armed Conflict and ... § §The term ‘‘armed conflict’’ is often used in preference to ‘‘war’’ and changing nature of political violence §War typically suggests armed conflict between two states, but we are increasingly facing internal armed conflicts Complex emergencies Army soldiers stand guard outside the Presidential Secretariat in Colombo after removing protesters, July 22, 2022. May be an image of one or more people, outdoors and crowd ‘‘a humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict Terrorism Black smoke billowing over Manhattan from the Twin Towers §Violence against civilians and the state, in order to create fear and achieve political, economic, religious or ideological goals. §UN- any act intended to cause death or bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants for the purpose of either intimidating a population or compelling a government or a government institution to do or not to do something Genocide Ntarama Memorial In Rwanda any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) killing members of the group (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Thank you