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International Organisations I
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International Organisations II
International Security Policy, October 14, 2024
Vendula Divišová, FSS MU, vendula.divisova@mail.muni.cz

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International Organisations II
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Structure
̶International security organisations (part II)
̶European Union
̶OSCE
̶Council of Europe
̶

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European Union: Key facts
̶1951 - the European Coal and Steel Community founded [Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands]
̶1958 - European Economic Community (EEC)
̶1993 - name changed to the European Union
Aim: “promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples“ (Art. 3, Lisbon Treaty)
•area of freedom, security, and justice; internal market; economic and monetary union
•combat social exclusion and discrimination, promote social justice and protection….
•external relations - peace, security, sustainable development, human rights…

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European Union: Membership
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27 member countries
24 official languages
1 February 2020 - the UK left the EU
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Candidate countries
•Albania
•Bosnia and Herzegovina
•Georgia
•Moldova
•Montenegro
•North Macedonia
•Serbia
•Türkiye
•Ukraine

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European Union: Structure
̶7 key institutions
̶European Parliament (Brussels/Strasbourg/Luxembourg)
̶European Council (Brussels)
̶Council of the European Union (Brussels/Luxembourg)
̶European Commission (Brussels/Luxembourg/Representations across the EU)
̶complemented by other institutions and bodies - including:
̶Court of Justice of the European Union (Luxembourg)
̶European Central Bank (Frankfurt)
̶European Court of Auditors (Luxembourg)
̶
decision-making institutions

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European Council
̶heads of state or government of EU countries + President + President of the Commission
̶determines the EU‘s political direction and priorities (x does not make laws)
̶decisions taken by consensus
European Parliament
̶represents citizens of EU countries - elected directly by them
̶decides on European laws (jointly with the Council of the EU)
̶approves the EU budget
̶
̶
̶
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European Union: Institutions
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Charles Michel
elected by the EC, 2,5 years
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European Union: Institutions
Council of the European Union
̶national ministries (depending on the topic)
̶decides on European laws (with EP) and coordinates policies
̶decisions taken by a qualified majority
European Commission
̶main executive body, represents common interests of the EU
̶proposal for new laws, ensures the application of the Treaties and measures
̶27 commissioners
̶headed by President of the Commission (elected by EP and appointed by EC)
Ursula von der Leyen
at least 55 % members (15 states), representing at least  65 % of the population
rotating presidency (6 months)
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European Union: Institutions
Court of Justice of the European Union
̶ensures that EU law is followed, Treaties are correctly applied
̶includes the Court of Justice, the General Court and specialised courts
VIDEO (EU Institutions explained)

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Common foreign and security policy (CFSP)
̶established by the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in 1993, updated by Lisbon Treaty
̶aim: to preserve peace and strengthen international security (UN Charter)
̶implemented by the High Representative and members states
̶defined and implemented by the EC and the Council acting unanimously
̶
Josep Borrell Fontelles
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
̶conducts the EU CFSP, ensures consistency of the Union‘s external action
̶presides over the Foreign Affairs Council
̶shall be a vice-president of the Commission
̶

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Common foreign and security policy (CFSP)
European External Action Service (EEAS)
̶manages the EU's diplomatic relations + conducts EU foreign & security policy
̶delegations all over the world
̶led by + supports the EU HR
̶
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Foreign Affairs Council
̶responsible for the EU's external action
̶chaired by the High Representative
̶composed of the foreign ministers from all EU member states (or defence / development / trade)
̶
assisted by
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Common foreign and security policy (CFSP)
̶Main instruments of the CFSP
̶Civilian and Military Capabilities (Common Security and Defence Policy)
̶Sanctions
̶EU Special Representatives
̶Non-proliferation and disarmament projects
̶European Peace Facility (EPF)
̶
̶complementary strategies and tools [diplomacy, humanitarian aid, development cooperation, climate
action, human rights, economic support, trade policy]

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Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
̶established in 2009 by the Lisbon Treaty, a specific part of the CFSP
̶allows the UE to deploy civilian and military missions and operations abroad - including:
̶conflict prevention
̶peace-keeping
̶joint disarmament operations
̶military advice
̶humanitarian assistance
̶post-conflict stabilization
̶
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decisions adopted by the Council (unanimity!)

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CSDP: Strategic Compass
̶ambitious plan of action for strengthening the EU's security and defence policy by 2030
̶a shared assessment of the strategic environment + actionable proposals
̶4 pillars:
1.Act more quickly and decisively when facing crises;
•EU Rapid Deployment Capacity (up to 5 000 troops)
2.Invest in the capabilities and technologies we need;
3.Partner with others to achieve common goals;
4.Secure our citizens against fast-changing threats
̶

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CSDP: EU Battlegroups
̶part of the European Union's military rapid reaction capacity to respond to emerging crises and
conflicts around the world, operational since 2007
̶intended for smal-scale rapid response missions
̶multinational, military units, usually composed of 1500 personnel
̶principle of multi-nationality
̶2 Battlegroups on standby for a period of 6 months
̶deployment requires a unanimous decision of the Council
̶
̶
̶
EUBG have never been deployed

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European Union: Mutual defence clause
“If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States
shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in
accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific
character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States.“
“Commitments and cooperation in this area shall be consistent with commitments under the North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation, which, for those States which are members of it, remains the
foundation of their collective defence and the forum for its implementation.“
activated only once
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Treaty of Lisbon: Art. 42,7

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European Union: Solidarity clause
“The Union and its Member States shall act jointly in a spirit of solidarity if a Member State is
the object of a terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or man-made disaster. The Union shall
mobilise all the instruments at its disposal, including the military resources made available by
the Member States (…)
Should a Member State be the object of a terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or manmade
disaster, the other Member States shall assist it at the request of its political authorities. To
that end, the Member States shall coordinate between themselves in the Council.“
Article 222 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU):

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CSDP: Structure (overview)
–The Political and Security Committee (PSC)
–European Union Military Committee (EUMC)
–Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM)
–The Politico-Military Group (PMG)
–Security and Defence Directorate (SECDEFPOL.DMD)
–The European Union Military Staff (EUMS)
–The Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC)
–The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC)
–European Defence Agency (EDA)

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CSDP: Structure
The Political and Security Committee (PSC)
̶keeps track of the international situation
̶helps to define policies within the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) including the CSDP
̶provides guidance to the MC
̶composed of member states' ambassadors
̶
preparatory body for the Council of the EU

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CSDP: Structure
European Union Military Committee (EUMC)
̶highest military body within the Council, advices PSC on all military matters
̶composed of the Chiefs of Defences, also represented by their mil representatives
̶forum for military consultation and cooperation (field of conflict prevention and crisis
management)
̶directs all military activities (planning / execution of mil ops)
̶
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EUMC - Chiefs of Defence
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International Organisations II
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CSDP: Structure
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM)
̶provides advice to PSC on civilian aspects of crisis management
The Politico-Military Group (PMG)
̶preparatory work in the field of CSDP
Security and Defence Directorate (SECDEFPOL.DMD)
̶responsible for coordinating and managing the EEAS overall contribution to addressing external
security threats
The European Union Military Staff (EUMS)
̶source of mil expertise, coordinates the military instrument

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CSDP: Structure
The Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC)
̶responsible for an autonomous operational conduct of civilian CSDP operations
The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC)
̶operational planning and conduct of the EU’s non-executive military missions + one executive
military operation of the size of an EU Battlegroup
European Defence Agency (EDA)
̶supports the development of defence capabilities and military cooperation among its Member States
̶headed by the HR
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OSCE: Key facts
̶1975 - Helsinki Final Act, followed by meetings/conferences to monitor implementation - Conference
on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE)
̶1995 - CSCE more institutionalised and renamed the OSCE
̶idea of a comprehensive approach to security
̶a cooperative security organisation
̶
„Decalogue“ (10 fundamental principles)
number of key commitments (politico-military, economic and evironmental, HRs issues

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OSCE: Membership
̶most of the staff and resources are deployed in the OSCE’s field operations in South-Eastern
Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia
̶57 participating States
̶6 Mediterranean and 5 Asian Partners for Co-operation
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encompasses three continents - North America, Europe and Asia (more than a billion people)
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3 dimensions: politico-military + economic and environmental + human
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OSCE: Activities (politico-military dimension)
̶Arms control  - a comprehensive set of confidence- and security-building measures (Vienna
document, Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe, Open Skies Treaty… )
̶Border management
̶Conflict prevention and resolution - network of field operations, Conflict Prevention Centre
̶The Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
̶conflict-related formats (The Minsk process, The Transdniestrian settlement process, The Geneva
International Discussions)
̶Countering terrorism
̶Policing
̶Reform and co-operation in the security sector
̶OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security - basic norms for the democratic
control of armed and security forces
̶guidelines on security sector governance and reform
̶

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OSCE: Activities (politico-military dimension)
The Vienna Document
•annual exchange of military information
•prior notification of major military manoeuvres (or invite to observe)
•explanations request
•inspections
•evaluation visits
•annual implementation assessment meeting
•RF no longer cooperates
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE)
•setting equal limits on the number of tanks, armored combat vehicles (ACVs), heavy artillery,
combat aircraft, attack helicopters
•2007 - RF "suspension", 2023 withdrawal → NATO suspension
(NATO x Warsaw Pact)
Open Skies Treaty
•short-notice, unarmed reconnaissance flights over the other‘s territories to collect data on
military forces and activities
•both US and Russia withdrew
prior notification: at least 9,000 troops, 250 battle tanks, 500 armored combat vehicles, 250
artillery pieces (…)

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OSCE: Structure (decision-making bodies)
Chairmanship
̶each year held by one state = Foreign minister as the Chairperson-in-Office
̶assisted by previous and succeeding Chairperson = Troika
Summits
̶set the priorities and orientation of the organisation, attended by Heads of State / Government
̶
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OSCE: Structure (decision-making bodies)
The Ministerial Council
̶central decision-making and governing body
̶composed of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
̶ministerial meetings - convened once a year + additional meetings
Permanent Council
̶the principal decision-making body for regular political consultations and for governing the
day-to-day operational work
̶implements tasks / decisions by OSCE Summits and the MC
̶composed of delegates of the participating states
̶
̶

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OSCE: Structure (decision-making bodies)
Informal subsidiary bodies
̶3 committees - discuss issues in their dimensions (including implementation)
̶Security Committee
̶Economic and Environmental Committee
̶Human Dimension Committee
Forum for Security Co-operation
̶helps implement confidence and security-building measures, develops norms in different areas
(e.g., non-proliferation)
̶
̶

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OSCE: Structure (decision-making bodies)
Parliamentary Assembly
̶323 members
̶a forum for diplomacy and debate
̶leading election observation missions
̶developing and promoting mechanisms for the conflicts prevention and resolution
̶
̶

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OSCE: Structure (executive bodies)
Secretariat
̶operational support to the OSCE
Secretary General
̶representative of the Chairperson-in-Office
̶supports negotiations, provides early warning, ensures implementation, oversees field operations
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
̶
Kate Fearon (temporary SecGen)
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provisional leaders for all 4 functions

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OSCE: Decision-making
̶negotiations - Plenary Meetings of the Permament Council
̶inclusive and relatively transparent decison-making process
̶decisions require consensus of all delegates → decisions become politically binding

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Council of Europe: Key facts
̶based in Strasbourg, France
̶founded in 1949 (the Statute of the Council of Europe)
̶46 member states
̶goal: to advance human rights, democracy and the rule of law
̶all members are obliged to sign The European Convention on Human Rights
̶
̶

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Council of Europe: Membership
̶46 member states
̶observer states: Canada, Holy See, Japan, Mexico and United States of America) + Israel (observer
to the Parliamentary Assembly)
̶March 2022 - Russia expelled
̶

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Council of Europe: Structure
Secretary General
̶strategic planning and direction of programm and budget
̶elected by the Parliamentary Assembly, 5-year term
Committee of Ministers
̶decision-making body, ministers of foreign afffairs / permanent diplomatic representatives
̶decised policy, approves budget and programme of activities
Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) - 306 members
̶elects the SecGen, the Human Rights Commissioner and the ECHR judges
̶a forum for debate
̶
Marija Pejčinović Burić

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Council of Europe: Structure
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities
̶responsible for strengthening local and regional democracy
European Court of Human Rights
̶permanent judicial body
̶guarantees the rights safeguarded by the European Convention on Human Right
Commissioner for Human Rights
̶independently addresses and brings attention to human rights violations.

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Council of Europe: Activity / Achievements
̶strengthening of human rights
̶the European Convention on Human Rights (adopted in 1950)
̶abolition of the death penalty (Protocol No. 6 + 13 to the ECHR)
̶countries subject to independent monitoring mechanisms
̶issues of common concerns (Freedom of Expression, Gender Equality, Discrimination, Racism,
Trafficiking in Human Beings, Corruption, Cybercrime, Sport, Data Protection… )
̶election observation - role of the Pace and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities

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Council of Europe: Treaties
̶output international treaties (different names - convention, agreement, charter… )
̶negotiations → Comittee of Ministers' decision to adopt the final text of a treaty → open for
signature
̶legal existence given by the consent of the MSs that sign and ratify the treaties
̶published in European Treaty Series (ETS) and Council of Europe Treaty Series (CETS, no. 194 and
following)
̶reservations can be made by individual states
̶
list of treaties and protocols
protocol - legal instrument complementing / modifying the main treaty
can be opened for signature by non-members