Monopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 1 of 9 27.2.2005 14:34 By Francisco Millarch London, UK February, 1998 This paper was originally submitted as a partial requirement for my Master Degree in Hypermedia Studies at the University of Westminster !" # # $ $ % & $ # ' ( ) % * & & + , - . /011 # * & & 12 # 3 *+( ( 4 5 & & & # 6 , 3 # 4 7 & & 3 3 7# 4 /" # 4 & & # * 8 & # 4 & & # 9 : & - 3 5 & 3 # & & & " # 9 & # * % & * ( 3 5 & & # ; & 3 & & " & % # # ( 6 , # 4 & & # & & , & , 3 5 & # 4 3 & , , & & # * & & & 6 # * # $ /0<= 3 /<>2 * + ( " & # - & *+( & ?2 " >2@ % A , " 3 1"# *+(, & #%# A & 5 # 4 #%# & *+( & # & 3 *+( & & & # * / % % 6 . %%. " & , 3 . *4 , # ) & *+( =2B *+( =2? & 3 ?"# % *+( 3 5 3 & # ( *+(, # 4 / , & & & & 3 # *+( 3 /<0/ & 4 8 # + *+( 5 3 + ! & 5 , *+( 8 , # * & *+(, & & Monopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 2 of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onopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 3 of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onopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 4 of 9 27.2.2005 14:34 3 5 & # 8 , 8G( L-)%# 3 & ( %IC2 222 (% -)% *+( # ; *+( ( & & 8 # *+( (% -)% & & *+( 8 & & -)% & 8G( & (% -)% 6 3 3 8G( & # ( & & 3 3 & /B"# + - & ( , (% -)% 8G( - -)%# * ( (% -)% B#B /<0= - -)% & # * /<<2 & -)% & - -)% ( 7 & -)%7 & 3 - -)% $ # 9 ( & (% -)% C#2 & - -)% & " & & & & 3 - -)% /?"# ( 6 (% -)% ( , & (% -)% # 3 8 & ( # . & ( , )% 7 7 # + /<02 ( 3 M (% -)% 02@ # ( & 3 # ! / 1 B ; 8 & # # $ % & ' * & ; & B#2 ( /<<2 ( & # * 4 /<<1 ( B#/" 7 7 " & & -)%# + & ; & ( & & 5 3 & & ( , # ( & 3 ; & & & # * * . & & & ( - H # 5 & 3 ( , # ; 6 4 % & /<<=" & ! E ' /<<>" & & & & 6 ; & & 7 7 /C"# ; & 3# + & 3 F ( ) % ; & B#2 & ( . B#2 ; & ; 1#2 ; & # ! ; 8 ; & & # * & ( , 3 & , 3 # ( 3 7 ; 7 & , & 3 # $ & & ( & 5 3 )!." ; & . & & /="# 4 & 3 & Monopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 5 of 9 27.2.2005 14:34 # ( , 3 & ; & & # 4 /<<1 3 7 ; & 7 4 & % )% ; & />"# ( 3 3 & ) % # + 3 & 3 & & ( 3 # & ) - & ( , )!. # ) & ; & )!. & ( , # 4 ( 3 & & & D (%) & ) ! % % # + /<<> ( & 3 0C@ & <2@ 3 & # + & ) ( 3 & * # *% + , - , /<<2 & F : & 3 & & # * * & /<C & 3 12"# 0 1 ! Monopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 6 of 9 27.2.2005 14:34 * & & 3 * 3 3 # 4 * 3 /<" . 10" ( * 1<" % & 3 B2" ' B/" ( 8 D B1"# ; ( 3 # * 3 & , & 7 7 3 7 7# 4 , + A 3 5 100 & & * . # * < A 5 # + A , & /<0<# ; A & 3 8 ( 4 A ! # ; /0 /12 # / %-IC22 G BB"# ; & & & ; 6 3 # + & & 3 , ; & * . # 4 & # * 3 & & % , + 4 ( 3 *+( ( # * 5 # 4 & # 3 % # * & , )% 3 A & & # + # 3 & # $ + , " *+(, & & % " * % ( " ; ; ; , - . / ' . , . " & & & # 5 3 # Monopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 8 of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onopolies x Open Standards - Francisco Millarch http://www.millarch.org/francisco/papers/monopolies.htm 9 of 9 27.2.2005 14:34 1# 3 " />" ( + # ( ( # GG&&&# # # GR G /B# 1# 3 " /0" # 8 # ;B * # 1CG/2G/<= //B 22# , # # # # 3 " 1?" & # $ ( ; ( ; ' & ( + A ( # /># 3 " 1C" 8 3 4 +## H ; ; & # ' /<<> GG&&&# # G G ?0G # 3 " 1=" ' - # & " # ( 8 /<<> <<# 3 " 1>" GG # # G 3 " 10" GG&&&# # G 3 " 1<" GG # # G 3 " B2" GG&&&# & 3# G 3 " B/" GG&&&# # G 3 " B1" GG D # # G 3 " BB" & # $ ( ; ( ; ' & ( + A ( # 1C# 3 " B?" ' - # & " # CB# 3 " BC" A + # 4 # 8 + 3 /<<= >C# 3 " B=" % 3 - # - % % * A # ' . /<<> CB# 3 "