Waste management Jakub Hanák Outline SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Aims of waste legislation • proper waste management >=l> without adverse impacts on environment and human health C-297/08 : failing to ensure that, Campania region has sufficient installations enabling it to dispose of its urban waste close to the place where that waste is produced, the Italian Republic has failed to meet its obligation to establish an integrated and adequate network of disposal installations (see 88) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Aims of waste legislation (2) • reduce generation of waste • improve resource efficiency • limit hazardous substances in waste • waste can be a resource Natural resources Take Make Dispose SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 S0C044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 EU waste legislation: system • general framework • Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (WFD) • Regulation (EC) 1013/2006 on shipments of waste (WSR) • waste management operations • Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste • Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions: for waste incineration • specific waste streams (e.g.) • Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste • Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles (ELV) • Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators • Directive 2012/19/El) on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Life without waste 10 zero waste bloggers you should know European Commission Going Zero Waste/Facebook — The amount of trash created by Kathryn Keitogg in one year SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Waste management hierarchy SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 8 Waste management hierarchy (2) Prevention Preparing for re-use Recycling Includes Using less material in design and manufacture. Keeping products for longer; re-use. Using less hazardous material. Checking, cleaning, repairing, refurbishing, repair, whole items or spare parts. Other recovery Turning waste into a new substance or product including composting if it meets quality protocols. Including anaerobic digestion, incineration with energy recovery, gasification and pyrolysis which produce energy (fuels, heat and power) and materials from waste; some backfilling operations. DiSpOSdl * m Landfill and incineration without energy recovery. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 9 Figure 2 - Treatment method by waste category in EU28, 2012 Metal Batteries and accumulators Discarded vehicles Paper and cardboard Glass Equipment Textile Animal and vegetable wastes Recyclable waste Plastic Common sludges Rubber Waste containing PCB Chemical and medical wastes Wood All waste streams Mineral and solidified wastes Mixed ordinary waste Landfill / Disposal 0% 20% Incineration without energy recovery 40% 60% 80% 100% Incineration with energy recovery ■ Backfilling Recycling Data source: Eurostat (env wastrt), 2015. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Figure 1 - Municipal waste treatment methods and waste per capita in the EU-28 (2014) 90%--------------------------------7fl0 I R I / \ L 600 70% \l /\l li l/l 6o% "v"\A iili uli I^IIUIIIINIII500 so% IVvflnl ■! iJmvVI ■■■ "c'° 40% II lllllllllllllllir 20% -J 10% I 100 0% M aterlal recycl ing Co m posti ig a nd digestion La rdf il I I n c i n erati on -•- waste pe r ca p ita (in kg) Data source: Eurostat [env wasmunh 2016. Data for IE, EL and RO relate to 2013. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 ^10375^224 Targets (e.g.) • by 2016/2020 - biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 (art. 5 Landfill directive) • by 2020-the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials such as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly from other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight (art. 11 WFD) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Circular economy package: new targets • four directives (2018/849-852), implementation bys July 2020 • the main elements of the amendments are: • increase of the preparing for re-use and recycling target for municipal waste to 60 % by 2030; 65 % by 2035 • gradual limitation of the land filling of municipal waste to 70% by 2035 • mandatory separate collection of bio-waste by 2024, textiles by 2025 • food waste should be reduced by 30% by 2025; 50% by 2030 • + simplification of the legal framework on by-products and end-of-waste status SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 13 Definition of waste • „any object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard11 • these types of waste are excluded: • e.g. gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere • land (in situ) including unexcavated contaminated soil and buildings permanently connected with land (see case C-i/03 Van de Walle) • radioactive waste • excluded to the extent that they are covered by other Community legislation • wastewaters • waste from extractive industries (Directive 2006/21/EC) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Scope of WFD Wastes from wood processing Natural non-hazardous forestry material SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Definition of waste (2) • European List of Waste: Commission Decision 2000/532/EC 20 MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL. INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS 20 01 separately collected Tract ions fe\cept 15 01) 20 OL 01 paper and cardboard 20 0L 02 glass 20 0L OS biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste 20 OL L0 clothes 20 01 11 textiles 20 OL L3* solvents 20 OL L4* acids 20 OL L5* altalincs 20 OL L7* photochcrnicals 20 0L [9* pesticides SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 16 Definition of waste: interpretation (3) • restrictive interpretation is forbidden - high level of protection • classification as 'waste' is to be inferred primarily from the holder's actions • —> only the holder of the products can prove that he intends not to discard those products (C-113/12; 38,64-burden of proof) • it is necessary to consider all circumstances—» see 19 SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 17 Definition of waste: indications (4) • the object is a production residue • produced intentionally =>product • substances which are capable of economic reutilization (recovery) are not excluded • limit the amount of object produced • the object holder accepts that it is waste • composition of the object is not suitable for the use made of it • the method of production indicates that the object is unwanted • no danger to environment • degree of likelihood that the object will be used SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Is it waste? SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 By-products • substance (object) is result from production process • but primary aim is not the production of the substance • conditions: • the substance is produced as an integral part of a production process • the substance can be used directly without any further processing other than normal industrial practice • further use is lawful • i.e. the substance fulfils all relevant product, environmental and health protection requirements for the specific use • will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impact • further use of the substance is certain SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 20 End-of-waste criteria • waste has undergone a recovery and complies with specific criteria based on these conditions: • the substance is commonly used for specific purposes • a market or demand exists for such a substance • the substance fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products • the use of the substance will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 21 Commission Regulation (EU) No 1179/2012 establishing criteria determining when glass cul let ceases to be waste Commission Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 establishing criteria determining when certain types of scrap metal cease to be waste • 'recovery' means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Types of waste • environmental impact • hazardous vs. non-hazardous waste • source • industrial • household • commercial • mining waste • etc. • physical state • liquid-solid SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 23 Waste generation by economic activities and households, EU-28,201G Wholesale of Waste/ water eurostat SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Hazardous waste • is mentioned in the List of waste (*) • displays one or more of the properties listed in Annex III of WFD; Regulation (EU) No 1357/2014 • packaging and labelling requirements • traceability from production to final destination • ban on the mixing of hazardous waste with other waste or substances • C-358/11 (Lapin) - products from waste SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Proper waste management • MS shall take the necessary measures to ensure that waste management is carried out without endangering human health and the environment • hand waste over to persons licensed to handle waste • permits for waste treatment facilities • may be granted for a specified period • shall contain • the types and quantities of waste that may be treated • the method to be used for each type of operation • new facility: EIA, IPPC, planningand buildingacts SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Landfi 11 i n g of waste • landfi 11 i ng is the worst waste management option • greenhouse gas- loss of resources-soil and water pollution • landfill: „waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land (i.e. underground)11 • landfill classes • for hazardous - non-hazardous - inert waste • closing and after-care • closed after final on site inspection carried out by competent authority • operator remains responsible for maintenance and control of the site SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 27 Court of Justice of the European Union PRESS RELEASE No 99/18 Luxembourg, 4 July 2018 Judgment in Case C-626/16 Commission v Slovakia For having delayed in implementing EU law on the landfill of waste, Slovakia is fined a lump sum of €1 000 000 and a penalty payment of €5 000 per day of delay The Court had already found, in a judgment from 2013, that Slovakia had failed to fulfil its obligations In a judgment of 25 April 2013,1 the Court of Justice found that, by authorising the operation of the Žilina - Považský Chlmec landfill site (Slovakia) without a site-conditioning plan and in the absence of a definite decision on its continued operation on the basis of an approved site-conditioning plan, Slovakia had failed to fulfil its obligations under the directive on the landfill of waste.2 Press and Information SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Economic instruments • Art. 14 WFD - „ In accordance with the polluter-pays principle, the costs of waste management shall he home by the original waste producer or hy the current or previous waste holders." • broad discretion by MS • land filling fee • incineration fee • local fee for handling of household waste • payment for recovery and recycling of packaging waste SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 29 Costs of landfill disposal •... whatever the national rules may be governing landfill sites, they must ensure that that all the operating costs of such a site is actual ly borne by the holders of the waste deposited in the landfill for disposal. • C-i7z/o8- Pontina Ambiente SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 30 GENERAL INFO Waste collection fee How to pay De-register when leaving FAQ Recycling Useful Links Waste collection fee All foreign citizens who intend to stay in Brno for longer than 3 months have the responsibility to pay the waste collection fee in the same amount as Czech citizens. The responsibility to pay the fee is placed on individual residents, not Landlords or property owners. If utilities are included in your rent, ask your Landlord if he or she has also paid the waste collection fee (it is unusual, though). If not, please follow the easy instructions below. The fee is paid once a year by May 31. If you arrive later in a year than that (after May), you are obliged to pay within 15 days after your arrival. The municipality has announced the regulation in several Languages, including English here. X BRNO EXPAT CENTRE SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 PPP: guiding prindple 'Pay as you throw' cuts waste and encourages recycling, French report finds By Marine Jobert | Journal de i'environnement | translated by Samuel White 139.3.2016 Recycling habits improve with "pay as you throw" schemes. [KaliAntye/Shutterstock] SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 C-335/16 (VG Cistoca d.o.o. v Vladika) • financing an urban waste management and disposal service • the competent national authorities have a wide discretion with regard to determining how prices are calculated • the price charged shall not result in the imposition on certain 'holders' of costs that are manifestly disproportionate to the volume or to the type of waste that they are liable to produce • criteria relating to the type of property that the users occupy, its surface area and use, the productive capacity of the waste 'holders', the volume of the containers provided to the users, and the frequency of collection, in so far as those parameters are liable to have a direct impact on the amount of the costs of waste management and disposal. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 33 Extended producer liability • duties of producers of products from which the waste came • an acceptance of returned products • subsequent management of the waste and financial responsibility for such activities • costs of waste management could be borne partly or wholly by the producer of the product • e.g. packaging waste, end of life vehicles, batteries, electric and electronic equipment SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Packagingwaste • packagi ng: „all products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods11 • technical requirements • standards-concentration levels of heavy metals • recycling targets for materials contained in packagingwaste • collection systems - producer responsibility organisations • separate collection shall be set up for at least the following: paper, metal, plastic and glass (art. 11 WFD) • obligation to offer re-usable packaging SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 35 Making bins more convenient boosts recycling and composting rates Date: April 21, 2017 Source: University of British Columbia Summary: Want to recycle or compost more? Try moving the bins closer, new research suggests. The study shov/s that placing bins 1.5 meters away from suite doors drastically boosts recycling and composting rates by 141 per cent. The findings highlight how small changes in convenience can have a big impact on performance. Share: f # in B RELATED TOPICS FULL STORY Earth & Climate > Recycling and Waste > Environmental Issues > Sustainability > Environmental Science Science & Society > Environmental Policies > Ocean Policy > Resource Shortage > World Development Placing bins 1.5 metres away from suite doors boosts recycling and composting rates by 141% Placing bins 1.5 metres away from suite doors drastically boosts recycling and composting rates by 141 per cent. Credit: University of British Columbia SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Figure 2 - Recycling rates for packaging waste by material in the EU-28 (2013) ■ All packaging Paper and cardboard packaging A Plastic packaging Wooden packaging X Metallic packaging • Glass packaging Data source: Eurostat (env waspac), 2016. Data for Romania relate to 2012. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Problem Plastics Pile Up as China Refuses to Take the Westi Recycling Officials in Britain and the West are scrambling to cope with growing piles of plastics like this one in China. Beijing banned the import of many recyclables on Jan.l. Fred Dufour/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Where European plastic waste goes to rest Thousand metric tons ■ Hong Kong ■ China ■ Taiwan Thailand ■ Indonesia ■ India ■ Turkey ■ Vietnam Malaysia Other Plastic carrier bags • directive (EU) 2015/720 of 29 April 2015 • aim: sustained reduction in the consumption of lightweight plastic carrier bags (wall thickness below 50 micron) • annua! consumption level does not exceed 90 lightweight plastic carrier bags per person by 31 December 2019 • or by 31 December 2018, lightweight plastic carrier bags are not provided free of charge at the point of sale of goods SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 Experiences England's plastic bag usage drops 85% since 5p charge introduced Number of single-use bags handed out dropped to 500m in first six months since charge, compared with 7bn the previous year © Plastic bag floating underwater at Pulau Bunaken, Indonesia. Around 8m tonnes of plastic flows into the world's oceans each year. Photograph: Paul Kennedy/Getty Images SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring2019 'nesusti'm *mojetaska *!äfkov6 #neplastu Czech Republic Bids Farewell to Free Plastic Bags in 2018 © 18.12.2017 - Q !n the Mews - 0 1 Comment - R Expats.cz