PF_PPT pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB Zápatí prezentace FORM OF TESTAMENT JUDr. P. Salák jr. Ph.D. www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled Zápatí prezentace 2 Table of contents nImportance of the form nKinds of form nOral nWritten nBy one´s own hand nBy somebody else´s hand nForm – content nWitnesses nSignature nDate n pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT Zápatí prezentace 3 IMPORTANCE OF THE FORM www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled Zápatí prezentace 4 Why form? nReligious reasons nTestamentum calatis comitiis nIn procicntu – after auspices n nReason of legal certainty nMancipation testament nGradual replacement of oral ones by written ones pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT KINDS OF FORM Zápatí prezentace 5 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled ORAL TESTAMENT nPROS nIt is easier in some ways: nIlliterate population (see ABGB § 584: „…cannot or does not want…“) nIt could mend formal imperfections (written one with a hand print instead of a signature is like an oral one Gl. U.) nToday at making a will with relief (§ 1542 par.1 new CC) n n nCONS nThe question of legal certainty is limited by witnesses: nTrustworthiness nMemory nLife Zápatí prezentace 6 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled WRITTEN TESTAMENT nPROS nHigher legal certainty than at oral one nText is clear (x memory of witnesses at oral one) nHigher use-by than at oral ones (in fact it is limited by life of witnesses) nCONS nUsually only one specimen – may be in danger of destruction nNot all people can read and write (limited on its obtaining x they do not have to write it by themselves) nThere are situations when it is not possible to write nModern media – audio, alternatively audio-visual record of a will Zápatí prezentace 7 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled PUBLIC X PRIVATE TESTAMENT nPUBLIC nHigher legal certainty (office guarantee an authenticity) nCertainty of correct content (notary is legally educated – testament should not be incorrect x sometimes happens) nPRIVATE nThe easiest obtaining – testator can make it at home, sometimes there is no necessity of witnesses nNot connected with financial costs Zápatí prezentace 8 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled HOLOGRAPHIC x ALLOGRAPHIC TESTAMENT nHOLOGRAPHIC nThe easiest form – ordinarily the testator does not need anyone, makes it by himself nX nThe problem is legal awareness – it can contain mistakes, the contain can be unintelligible, it can be invalid as a consequence nNoone can know about the existence of the testament – appropriate to deposit it nAlLOGRAPHIC nIf the testator can not write x if it is typewritten and not handwritten nTwo moments: nDrawing up a testament nDeclaration that it is testator´s will+ signatures of witnesses nIndependent on itself – i.e. a heir can draw up a testament too x then he can´t be a witness of the declaration that it is a testator´s will n n Zápatí prezentace 9 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled REQUIREMENTS nWitnesses – to testify testator´s will nThey do not have to know the content of the testament x or do they? nSignature + sign showing they are witnesses (Hungarian law – missing sign „witness“ is a reason to invalidity of the testament) nPlace – obligatory (BGB until 1938) x facultative (ABGB) x not mentioned - CC2012 nBGB (before 1938) – signature, date and place at holographic testament also written in one´s own hand (§ 2231 par. 2) – i.e. a testament written on a headed paper with a pre-printed statement of the place (e.g. company, or „Hotel X, Hamburg Altona) – is invalid Zápatí prezentace 10 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled DATE nBGB until 1938 - obligatory nABGB – facultative nCC2012 – facultative x if there are several contradictory testaments, or the date is essential for interpretation and there is no date, the testament is invalid n nExplicitly mentioned x must be apparent (i.e. possible to conclude from the content of the testament) n nForm of date nDay, month and year – 24. 12. 1977 x Christmas Eve 1980 - is it the same? nHungarian law (judicature from 1895) - yes nInterpretation of CC 1950, 1964 – no – must be in the form stated by law n nOnly one day, or is it possible to write more days? (not requirement of unitas actu) n n n 11 pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT Thank You for Your attention P. Salák jr. Zápatí prezentace 12